Objective: To assess the drinking water quality and its related factors in rural schools in Anhui Province from 2023 to 2025, so as to provide a basis for drinking water management of school. Methods: From July 2023 to December 2025, a total of 920 drinking water samples from rural schools were collected and tested in all 59 counties in Anhui Province by using stratified random sampling. The results were evaluated based on the Standards for Drinking Water Quality. Chi-square test, Chi-square trend test, and Logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results: From 2023 to 2025,the compliance rates of drinking water quality in rural schools were 79.06%,84.10%,87.15% respectively,with an overall compliance rate of 84.24%. The water quality compliance rate showed an upward trend over the three years ( χ 2 trend =5.99, P <0.05). Conventional treatment was the predominant water supply mode (74.57%), and rural centralized projects accounted for most water supply facilities (83.70%). Univariate analysis indicated that water samples from surface water sources, large scale water plants, municipal water supply, rural centralized water supply projects, conventional treatment processes and plants with sanitary licenses had significantly higher compliance rates ( χ 2=94.52, 74.39, 253.69, 218.34, 113.34，all P <0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjustment for survey year, water supply mode( OR =4.98, 95% CI =2.55-9.75), sanitary license( OR =2.36, 95% CI =1.29-4.31), and water plant type( OR =3.78, 95% CI =2.04-7.03) were factors associated with the compliance rate of drinking water (all P <0.05). Conclusions Drinking water quality in rural schools across Anhui Province has improved, but the compliance rates of water samples from supplies with unconventional treatment, self supplied facilities, and supplies without health permits are relatively low. The water treatment of water plants should be improved, sanitation management should be strengthened, so as to ensure the safety of drinking water in schools.

Objective To analyze the urban drinking water quality and its influencing factors in Anhui Province from 2014 to 2022, and to provide a scientific basis for water quality improvement and protection. Methods The data were collected, saved and monitored according to the Standard Test Method for Drinking Water (GB/T5750-2006) and evaluated according to the Hygienic Standard for Drinking Water (GB 5749-2006). Results A total of 20 941 samples were collected, and the overall qualified rate was 84.26%. The qualified rate of urban drinking water increased from 76.9% in 2014 to 93.3% in 2022, and the qualified rate of water quality was on the rise (χ²=544.43, P＜0.01). From 2014 to 2022, the qualified rate of water quality in dry season was higher than that in wet season (χ²=35.98, P<0.001), the qualified rate of surface water was higher than that of ground water (χ²=4440.8, P<0.001), and the qualified rate of peripheral tap water was higher than that of factory water (χ²=145.1, P<0.001). Among all kinds of disinfection methods, chlorination disinfection had the highest qualified rate (χ²=1483.8, P<0.001). The qualified rate of water quality increased with the increase of the scale of water plant. Among the inspected indicators, the main unqualified indicators were chlorine dioxide (7.72%), fluoride (7.41%), free residual chlorine (3.90%), and total bacterial count (2.13%). Conclusion The passing rate of urban drinking water quality in Anhui Province is on an upward trend, and the quality of urban drinking water has improved. However, it is still important to pay attention to the problem of excessive microorganism and fluoride in water, and the quality of drinking water varies from place to place.

Objective To explore the relationship between the outpatient visits for adult asthma and air pollution in a tertiary hospital in Hefei. Methods The number of outpatient visits for asthma in a tertiary hospital in Hefei from 2014 to 2020 was collected. The air pollutant data was obtained through the Hefei Air Monitoring Station, and the meteorological indicators of the same period were collected through the China Meteorological Network. The R statistical software was used to establish a generalized additive model to analyze the lag effect of air pollution on the number of outpatient visits for asthma. Results From 2014 to 2020, there were 7 220 asthma outpatients in the tertiary hospital in Hefei, including 3104 males and 4 116 females, 3 798 patients in warm season, and 3 422 patients in cold season. During the period, the average concentrations of SO₂, NO₂, CO, O₃, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5 were 11.9μg/m³, 40.1μg/m³, 0.9 mg/m³, 87.3μg/m³, 81.3μg/m³, and 55.7μg/m³, respectively. The results of the single-pollutant model showed that every 10μg/m³ increase in SO₂ concentration increased the risk of asthma by 0.74% (95%CI: 0.22%-1.29%), and the effect was the greatest on Lag2 day. NO2 increased the risk of asthma by 0.31% (95%CI: 0.13%-0.49%), with the greatest effect on Lag0 day. The analysis of the dual pollutant model found that whereas the effect of SO₂ decreased after the incorporation of NO₂, the effect increased after the incorporation of CO, O₃, PM₁₀, or PM_2.5, respectively. The effect of NO₂ on asthma decreased after the incorporation of SO₂, whereas the effect on asthma increased after the inclusion of CO, PM₁₀, or PM_2.5. Stratified analysis of cold and warm seasons showed that the effect of NO₂ on asthma was the greatest in lag0 in cold season. The effect of SO₂ was higher in cold season than in warm season, and it was the highest in lag2. The gender stratification analysis showed that the effects of SO₂ and NO₂ on male asthma were higher than those on females. Conclusion From 2014 to 2020, the increase of SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations in Hefei is positively correlated with the risk of asthma in the outpatient department of a tertiary hospital. The effect has a certain lag. It is of great significance to formulate relevant preventive measures for the occurrence and attack of asthma.