Ferroptosis is a form of cell death elicited by an imbalance in intracellular iron concentrations, leading to enhanced lipid peroxidation. In neurological disorders, both oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage can contribute to ferroptosis, resulting in nerve cell dysfunction and death. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) refers to a cellular pathway in which specific proteins are tagged with ubiquitin for recognition and degradation by the proteasome. In neurological conditions, the UPS plays a significant role in regulating ferroptosis. In this review, we outline how the UPS regulates iron metabolism, ferroptosis, and their interplay in neurological diseases. In addition, we discuss the future application of small-molecule inhibitors and identify potential drug targets. Further investigation into the mechanisms of UPS-mediated ferroptosis will provide novel insights and strategies for therapeutic interventions and clinical applications in neurological diseases.
Ferroptosis/physiology* ; Humans ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism* ; Nervous System Diseases/metabolism* ; Animals ; Ubiquitin/metabolism* ; Iron/metabolism*

Objective:To develop and validate clinical predictive models for identifying poor short-term response to recombinant human growth hormone(rhGH) treatment in children with short stature.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 118 children diagnosed with growth hormone deficiency or idiopathic short stature who were treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and two other hospitals between January 1, 2020, and January 1, 2024. A poor response to rhGH was defined as a height increase of less than 0.2 standard deviation score(SDS) after 6 months of rhGH treatment. LASSO regression was used to identify predictive variables from baseline and follow-up data. Two logistic regression models were conducted: Model A(incorporating baseline variables only) and model B(incorporating both baseline and follow-up variables), and nomograms were created for visualization. External data and internal resampling were used for dual validation of the models, and their performance was compared.Results:A total of 118 children with short stature were included. Six baseline predictive variables(diagnosis, initial height SDS, bone age, bone age-chronological age difference, rhGH dose, and gender) and one follow-up variable(height SDS after 3 months of rhGH treatment) were identified. Area under the curve values for Model A and Model B were 0.753(95% CI 0.696-0.811) and 0.930(95% CI 0.891-0.975), respectively. Calibration curves, decision curve analysis, and other evaluation metrics demonstrated good discrimination and clinical utility for both models. Model B, incorporating the 3-month follow-up variable, showed superior predictive performance compared to Model A. Conclusions:The clinical prediction models developed in this study(Model A and Model B) are practical and reliable tools for quantitatively, conveniently, and intuitively identifying children with short stature at risk of poor response to rhGH treatment.

Hungary, as the first European country to legislate TCM, its legislation experience has significant implications for the international development of TCM. This article reviewed the historical process of TCM legislation in Hungary, summarized its legislative achievements, and analyzed the problems encountered during the implementation process. It was found that the current challenges faced by TCM legislation in Hungary mainly include constraints from the dominance of modern medicine, restrictions from strict qualification requirements, insufficient public awareness, difficulties in TCM registration, and challenges in policy coordination and cooperation. Based on these findings, the article proposed countermeasures such as improving the legal framework, strengthening educational cooperation, enhancing public awareness, promoting the mutual recognition of standards between China and Europe, and deepening China-Hungary collaboration. These measures aim to further improve the legislation and implementation of TCM in Hungary, thereby promoting the healthy development of TCM in Hungary and the global service trade of TCM.

In the current process of talent cultivation in biology majors,some challenges like teaching content that lags behind the forefront of scientific research,instructional models that deviate from the principles of effective knowledge transmission,and evaluation systems that lack dimensions reflecting scientific innovation.As a strategy of tackling challenges,the Genetic Engineering teaching team,drawing on theoretical analysis and extensive teaching practice,has explored a reform of the instructional model from the perspective of integrating theory with practice.This effort led to the development of a research-oriented teaching model characterized by four iterative stages:knowledge instruction,thinking exercises,practical operation,and feedback evaluation.This model is ground-ed in five core elements of scientific thinking:criticality,coherence,simplicity,logic,and integrity.Imple-mentation follows the four-step framework,emphasizing structured knowledge delivery,cultivation of analytical thinking,hands-on experimentation,and comprehensive feedback.After one semester of application,it was found that through reconstructed knowledge systems,immersive simulations of research contexts,realistic problem-solving of technical bottlenecks and all-round feedback,this teaching model effectively fosters scientific thinking among both instructors and students,significantly enhances students'scientific research ca-pabilities and improves overall teaching effectiveness.

Autoimmune diseases of the nervous system are a category of conditions in which a malfunction of the body's immune system leads to damage of nerve tissues, with B cells playing a critical role in their pathogenesis. Currently, the therapeutic approaches used in clinical practice (such as monoclonal antibodies targeting B cells) can effectively control the progression of these diseases, but fail to achieve a radical cure. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy uses genetic engineering to modify T cells derived from either patients or donors, enabling them to specifically target and durably eliminate peripheral B cells, which might remit or even functionally cure these diseases. Currently, multiple clinical studies on efficacy and safety of CAR-T cell therapy in neurological autoimmune diseases have been carried out successively, and initial results have been achieved. This article reviews the clinical research progress in this field, discusses its application prospects and challenges, aiming to provide some references for in-depth research in this area.

Taste is an important aspect that affects the application and development of oral liquid preparations of tradi-tional Chinese medicine,and bitterness is the main adverse taste of such preparations.In January 2024,the Chinese Society of Tra-ditional Chinese Medicine released the social organization standard"Technical Specification for Sensory Evaluation of Bitterness of Oral Liquid Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine"(standard number:T/CACM 1574-2024),led by the Chinese Medi-cine Preparation Branch of the Chinese Society of Traditional Chinese Medicine,the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,and Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,with the participation of 22 units nation-wide.It provided scientific guidance and good tools for the evaluation of bitterness of such preparations and lays a technical foun-dation for the subsequent implementation of taste improvement.This article provided a detailed introduction to the background and significance,formulation process,and main content of the standard development,which is beneficial for traditional Chinese medi-cine pharmacists to understand the standard better,apply,promote,and improve the group's standard,thereby promoting the im-provement of the taste quality and patient acceptance of such preparations,and promoting the development of the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective To explore the predictive value of MRI parameters of carotid artery plaque combined with low density lipoprotein cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C/HDL-C)ratio for predicting ischemic stroke in young patients with carotid atherosclerosis.Methods Totally 125 young patients with carotid atherosclerosis were prospectively included and divided into stroke group and non-stroke group based on whether ischemic stroke occurred within 3 months.Clinical data,laboratory indicators and carotid plaque-related MRI parameters were compared between groups.Based on carotid plaque-related MRI parameters being statistically different between groups,combined model 1 was constructed using multivariable logistic regression analysis,while combined model 2 was constructed combined with LDL-C/HDL-C ratio.The efficacy of each parameter and model for predicting ischemic stroke in young adults was analyzed.Results There were 48 cases in stroke group and 77 cases in non-stroke group.The levels of glycosylated hemoglobin,LDL-C,LDL-C/HDL-C ratio,carotid artery stenosis rate,plaque eccentricity index and plaque enhancement rate in stroke group were all higher than those in non-stroke group(all P＜0.05).The area under the curve(AUC)of LDL-C/HDL-C ratio,carotid artery stenosis rate,plaque eccentricity index,plaque enhancement rate,combined model 1 and 2 for predicting ischemic stroke in young adults was 0.816,0.757,0.768,0.805,0.883 and 0.936,respectively,of combined model 1 was higher than those of single parameter(all P＜0.05),while of combined model 2 was higher than that of combined model 1(Z=2.336,P=0.020).Conclusion MRI parameters of carotid artery plaque combined with LDL-C/HDL-C ratio could effectively predict ischemic stroke in young patients with carotid atherosclerosis.

Objective To establish a risk factor model for intracranial artery stenosis in young patients with acute ischemic stroke(AIS)based on high-resolution magnetic resonance vascular wall imaging(HR-VWI).Methods Young patients with AIS(n=290)treated at Hengshui People's Hospital between January 2021 and January 2023 were retrospectively analyzed and randomly divided into a modeling set(203 cases)and a validation set(n=87)at a ratio of 7∶3.Patients in the modeling set were divided into the stenosis and non-ste-nosis groups according to whether they had intracranial artery stenosis.Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the clinical data and HR-VWI characteristics of the patients in the modeling set to screen for factors influencing intracranial artery stenosis in young patients with AIS.R software was used to construct and verify the risk factor model.Results Among the 290 patients,88 had intracranial artery stenosis(30.34％).The proportions of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),plaque load,smoking history,hypertension,and eccentric plaques were higher in the stenosis group than in the non-stenosis group(P＜0.05),and the minimum lumen area and remode-ling index were lower in the stenosis group than in the non-stenosis group(P＜0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that smoking history,hypertension,LDL-C level,plaque load,plaque morphology,and remodeling index were all factors influencing intracra-nial artery stenosis in young patients with AIS(P＜0.05).Based on the above risk factors,R was used to build a nomogram early warning model.The ROC results showed that the AUC of the nomogram model for predicting intracranial artery stenosis in the modelling and vali-dation sets were 0.872(95％CI:0.815-0.902)and 0.850(95％CI:0.789-0.891),respectively.The Hosmer-Lemeshow test results of the modeling and validation sets were x2=0.589,P=0.571 and x2=0.602,P=0.558,respectively.The calibration curves of the two groups were consistent with the standard curves.Conclusion The risk factor model for intracranial artery stenosis in young patients built in this study based on HR-VWI features exhibits good predictive efficacy,providing a new method for clinical prevention and treatment.

Taste is an important aspect that affects the application and development of oral liquid preparations of tradi-tional Chinese medicine,and bitterness is the main adverse taste of such preparations.In January 2024,the Chinese Society of Tra-ditional Chinese Medicine released the social organization standard"Technical Specification for Sensory Evaluation of Bitterness of Oral Liquid Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine"(standard number:T/CACM 1574-2024),led by the Chinese Medi-cine Preparation Branch of the Chinese Society of Traditional Chinese Medicine,the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,and Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,with the participation of 22 units nation-wide.It provided scientific guidance and good tools for the evaluation of bitterness of such preparations and lays a technical foun-dation for the subsequent implementation of taste improvement.This article provided a detailed introduction to the background and significance,formulation process,and main content of the standard development,which is beneficial for traditional Chinese medi-cine pharmacists to understand the standard better,apply,promote,and improve the group's standard,thereby promoting the im-provement of the taste quality and patient acceptance of such preparations,and promoting the development of the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective To explore the predictive value of MRI parameters of carotid artery plaque combined with low density lipoprotein cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C/HDL-C)ratio for predicting ischemic stroke in young patients with carotid atherosclerosis.Methods Totally 125 young patients with carotid atherosclerosis were prospectively included and divided into stroke group and non-stroke group based on whether ischemic stroke occurred within 3 months.Clinical data,laboratory indicators and carotid plaque-related MRI parameters were compared between groups.Based on carotid plaque-related MRI parameters being statistically different between groups,combined model 1 was constructed using multivariable logistic regression analysis,while combined model 2 was constructed combined with LDL-C/HDL-C ratio.The efficacy of each parameter and model for predicting ischemic stroke in young adults was analyzed.Results There were 48 cases in stroke group and 77 cases in non-stroke group.The levels of glycosylated hemoglobin,LDL-C,LDL-C/HDL-C ratio,carotid artery stenosis rate,plaque eccentricity index and plaque enhancement rate in stroke group were all higher than those in non-stroke group(all P＜0.05).The area under the curve(AUC)of LDL-C/HDL-C ratio,carotid artery stenosis rate,plaque eccentricity index,plaque enhancement rate,combined model 1 and 2 for predicting ischemic stroke in young adults was 0.816,0.757,0.768,0.805,0.883 and 0.936,respectively,of combined model 1 was higher than those of single parameter(all P＜0.05),while of combined model 2 was higher than that of combined model 1(Z=2.336,P=0.020).Conclusion MRI parameters of carotid artery plaque combined with LDL-C/HDL-C ratio could effectively predict ischemic stroke in young patients with carotid atherosclerosis.