Astrocytes are the largest glial population in the mammalian brain. However, we have a minimal understanding of astrocyte development, especially fate specification in different regions of the brain. Through lineage tracing of the progenitors of the third ventricle (3V) wall via in-utero electroporation in the embryonic mouse brain, we show the fate specification and migration pattern of astrocytes derived from radial glia along the 3V wall. Unexpectedly, radial glia located in different regions along the 3V wall of the diencephalon produce distinct cell types: radial glia in the upper region produce astrocytes and those in the lower region produce neurons in the diencephalon. With genetic fate mapping analysis, we reveal that the first population of astrocytes appears along the zona incerta in the diencephalon. Astrogenesis occurs at an early time point in the dorsal region relative to that in the ventral region of the developing diencephalon. With transcriptomic analysis of the region-specific 3V wall and lateral ventricle (LV) wall, we identified cohorts of differentially-expressed genes in the dorsal 3V wall compared to the ventral 3V wall and LV wall that may regulate astrogenesis in the dorsal diencephalon. Together, these results demonstrate that the generation of astrocytes shows a spatiotemporal pattern in the developing mouse diencephalon.
Mice ; Animals ; Astrocytes ; Neuroglia/physiology* ; Diencephalon ; Brain ; Neurons ; Mammals

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of modified Xiaoyao powder for postpartum depression (PPD) by conducting a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: The Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure Databases (CNKI), the Chinese Scientific Journals Database (VIP), Wanfang, Google Scholar, the SinoMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and PubMed databases were searched from their inception to April 25, 2023. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to assess the quality of the trials. We applied the risk ratio to present dichotomous data and the mean difference to present continuous data. Data with similar characteristics were pooled for meta-analysis and heterogeneity was assessed using I2. Results: This review included 35 trials involving 2848 participants. The quality of the included studies was low (unclear randomization processes and insufficient reporting of blinding). Participants treated with modified Xiaoyao powder plus Western medicine showed lower Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) depression score than those who used Western medicine alone (mean difference = −2.15; 95% confidence interval:−2.52 to 1.78; P < .00001), and higher effective rate (relative risk = 1.19; 95% confidence interval: 1.15 to 1.24; P < .00001), When comparing modified Xiaoyao alone with Western medicine, the HAMD depression score remained low, however, the efficacy rate was higher in the modified Xiaoyao group. Regarding adverse events, the modified Xiaoyao group reported weight gain, nausea, and diarrhea, but no severe adverse events were reported. Conclusion Modified Xiaoyao may help relieve depression in PPD when used alone or in combination with Western medicine, with minor side effects. Therefore, future high-quality, large-sample size RCTs are warranted.

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of FOCUS-PDCA model in enhancing the quality of official hospi-tal documents in a Zhejiang-based hospital.Methods The FOCUS-PDCA model was adopted to identify and address the issues present in the hospital's document management system in 2021.An improvement team was established,tasked with identifying the root cause of the poor quality of documents through group ability assessments,critical factor voting,and brainstorming.High-risk,high-frequency,and error-prone issues were prioritized for improvement.The FOCUS-PDCA model,along with tools such as the 5W1 H and Gantt chart,were utilized to continuously enhance the quality of the hospital's official documentation.The pass rate of document preparation pre-and post-improvement was compared using SPSS software.Results After the improvement,the approval rate for hospital document writing increased from 25.4％to 51.2％,exceeding the target value and achieving the antici-pated outcome.The most significant improvement was observed in document formatting,which now adheres to national standards at a 100％standard rate.Conclusion The FOCUS-PDCA model,coupled with measures such as top-level system design,train-ing,and strict auditing,can significantly improve the quality of hospital documentation.This approach effectively enhances the standard of document management within the hospital,contributing to modernization efforts.

Objective To investigate the effects of intraoperative fraction of inspiration oxygen(FiO2)30%and 80%on pulmonary function after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer in elderly patients.Methods Sixty elderly patients,aged≥65 years,BMI 18-30 kg/m2,ASA physical sta-tus Ⅱ or Ⅲ,underwent elective laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer were selected.The patients were divided into two groups:the FiO2 30%group(group L)and the FiO2 80%group(group H),30 patients in each group.After tracheal intubation,the patients were manoeuvred,and inhaled oxygen con-centration was adjusted by 30%until the removal of the tracheal tube in group L.In group H,inhaled oxy-gen concentration was adjusted by 80%until the removal of the tracheal tube.HR and MAP were recorded 5 minutes after admission(T0),1 hour after the start of surgery(T1),2 hours after the start of surgery(T2),and 30 minutes after extubation(T3),arterial blood gas analysis was performed to record PaO2 and PaCO2,and the oxygenation index(OI)was calculated.Electrical impedance tomography(EIT)monitoring was performed at T0 and T3 to assess the pulmonary ventilation function,and the percentage of the area of the central ventilation zone(CoV),dependent static zone(DSS),and non-dependent static zone(NSS)were recorded.Exertional expiratory volume in the first second(forecd expirtory volume in the first second,FEV1),exertional lung capacity(forecdvital cipitory,FVC),and 1-second rate(FEV1/FVC)were meas-ured on preoperative day 1,postoperative day 1,postoperative day 3 and postoperative day 5.The occur-rence of pulmonary complications such as atelectasis,respiratory infection,and pleural effusion within 5 days postoperatively were recorded.Results Compared with group H,the percentage of DSS area at T3 was significantly decreased(P＜0.05),PaO2 and OI were significantly increased(P＜0.05),FVC,FEV1,and FEV1/FVC on postoperative day 1 were significantly increased(P＜0.05),FEV1/FVC on postopera-tive day 3 was significantly increased(P＜0.05),the incidence of cumulative pulmonary atelectasis was significantly decreased in group L within 5 days postoperatively(P＜0.05).Conclusion Compared with FiO2 80%,FiO2 30%intraoperatively significantly improves pulmonary ventilation and oxygenation 30 mi-nutes after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy with early postoperative lung function in elderly patients,and reduces postoperative pulmonary atelectasis.

Objective:To assess the accuracy of two-dimensional (2D) photographs in measuring esthetic parameters of the maxillary anterior teeth by comparing them with measurements obtained from three-dimensional (3D) dental models.Methods:A total of one hundred volunteers (49 males, 51 females, aged 18-23 years) were recruited from School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University from January to February 2024. 3D digital models of their dentitions were obtained using an intraoral scanner, and standardized frontal 2D intraoral photographs were captured with a digital camera. The lengths, widths and width/length ratio of the bilateral incisors, lateral incisors and canines were measured on both the 3D digital models and the 2D intraoral photographs. The width ratios of adjacent maxillary anterior were also calculated on the 2D intraoral photographs and the frontal view of 3D digital models.Results:The widths of lateral incisors [(5.85±0.60) mm] and canines [(4.73±0.71) mm] and the lengths of canines [(8.72±0.96) mm] in the 2D intraoral photographs were significantly lower than those in 3D digital models [(6.65±0.59), (7.76±0.60), (8.90±0.86) mm] ( t=-18.24, P<0.001; t=-54.43, P<0.001; t=-4.40, P<0.001), while there were no significant differences in the lengths and widths of the other teeth ( P>0.05). The width/length ratios measured from the 2D intraoral photographs for the lateral incisors and canines (0.74±0.08, 0.55±0.08) were significantly lower than those measured in the 3D digital models (0.84±0.09, 0.88±0.09) ( t=-19.68, P<0.001; t=-50.21, P<0.001), and the width/length ratio of the central incisors showed no significant difference between the two groups ( P>0.05). The width ratios of canines/lateral incisors and lateral incisors/central incisors measured on the 2D intraoral photographs (0.72±0.06, 0.85±0.11) were significantly smaller than those measured in the frontal view of 3D digital models (0.75±0.06, 0.89±0.11) ( t=-9.31, P<0.001; t=-6.58, P<0.001). Conclusions:There is a difference between 2D and 3D measurement results of teeth in the esthetic area and the magnitude of the difference varies with their position in the dental arch. When analyzing the measurement of the anterior teeth, it is necessary to choose the appropriate method according to the target tooth position.

Background: Metabolic dysregulation is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), in which the abnormalities in brown adipose tissue (BAT) play important roles. However, the cellular composition and function of BAT as well as its pathological significance in diabetes remain incompletely understood. Our objective is to delineate the single-cell landscape of BAT-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and their characteristic alterations in T2DM rats. Methods: T2DM was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of low-dose streptozotocin and high-fat diet feeding. Single-cell mRNA sequencing was then performed on BAT samples and compared to normal rats to characterize changes in T2DM rats. Subsequently, the importance of key cell subsets in T2DM was elucidated using various functional studies. Results: Almost all cell types in the BAT-derived SVF of T2DM rats exhibited enhanced inflammatory responses, increased angiogenesis, and disordered glucose and lipid metabolism. The multidirectional differentiation potential of adipose tissue-derived stem cells was also reduced. Moreover, macrophages played a pivotal role in intercellular crosstalk of BAT-derived SVF. A novel Rarres2+macrophage subset promoted the differentiation and metabolic function of brown adipocytes via adipose-immune crosstalk. Conclusion BAT SVF exhibited strong heterogeneity in cellular composition and function and contributed to T2DM as a significant inflammation source, in which a novel macrophage subset was identified that can promote brown adipocyte function.

This article introduces the contents of the latest edition Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies-of Exposure (ROBINS-E) published in June 2022 [ROBINS-E (2022)], and gives some examples about its usage. ROBINS-E is a tool for assessing the risk of bias in non-randomized studies-of exposure. Compared with ROBINS-E (2019), ROBINS-E (2022) adds more bias for observational studies, covers a more comprehensive range of bias, and adds the assessment of the external authenticity of the study. ROBINS-E (2022) adds a preliminary evaluation process to improve the efficiency of evaluation. In addition, ROBINS-E (2022) visualizes and instrumentalizes the use of signal problems in the form of path graph, making it more convenient to use. ROBINS-E (2022), although more consideration has been given to the issue of co-exposure, still does not address the problem of effect modification in co-exposure, and there is still room to expand the applicable research.

Objective:To analyze the monitoring results of iodine deficiency disorders in Nanning City in 2020, learn about the consumption of iodized salt among residents and the iodine nutrition status of key populations, and provide scientific basis for formulating or adjusting targeted prevention and control measures of iodine deficiency disorders.Methods:According to the Guangxi Iodine Deficiency Disorders Monitoring Plan, monitoring was carried out in all of 12 districts (counties) in Nanning City. One township (street) was selected from each of the five directions of east, west, south, north, and central. Forty non-boarding children aged 8 to 10 and 20 pregnant women were selected as monitoring subjects in each township (street). Edible salt samples were collected from children and pregnant women to detect salt iodine content, random mid-course urine samples from children and morning urine samples from pregnant women were collected to detect urinary iodine content; in addition, thyroid examination of children was conducted in Qingxiu District, Liangqing District, Long an County and Shanglin County.Results:In 2020, a total of 2 434 children aged 8 to 10 and 1 207 pregnant women were surveyed in Nanning City. The coverage rate of iodized salt, the qualified rate of iodized salt and the qualified iodine salt consumption rate were 99.67%(3 629/3 641), 97.99%(3 556/3 629) and 97.67%(3 556/3 641), respectively. The median urinary iodine of children was 182.0 μg/L, and the median values ranged from 146.5 to 234.8 μg/L in different districts (counties), there were significant differences in median urinary iodine between urban and non-urban areas, different gender and age groups ( U = 2.38, 2.41, P = 0.017, 0.016; H = 16.42, P < 0.001). The goiter rate of children was 0.99%(8/807), and the rate ranged from 0 to 2.00% (4/200) in the 4 districts (counties) examined, there were significant differences in thyroid volume between urban and non-urban areas and different ages ( U = - 3.52, P < 0.001; H = 47.67, P < 0.001). The median urinary iodine of pregnant women was 191.0 μg/L. The median urinary iodine of different districts (counties) ranged from 141.0 to 241.5 μg/L, and the difference was statistically significant at different gestational stages ( H = 24.37, P < 0.001). Conclusion:In 2020, the coverage rate of iodized salt, the qualified rate of iodized salt and the qualified iodine salt consumption rate by residents in Nanning City are high, and the iodine nutrition of both children and pregnant women are at an appropriate level.

Objective:A kinetic model of the clearance of protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) in maintenance hemodialysis patients is established to evaluate the effects of adding sorbents with different sorption efficiency to dialysate on the clearance rate of PBUTs, and to predict the sorption efficiency of sorbents using the model.Methods:The kinetic model was established by integrating the parameters of plasma flow rate ( Qp), dialysate flow rate ( Qd), free plasma fraction of PBUTs ( f1), free dialysate fraction of PBUTs ( f2), mass transfer coefficient of dialyzer ( K) and surface area of dialysis membrane ( A), and using the mass balance equation and Fick's first law. The model was also used to evaluate the relationship between the clearance rate of different PBUTs and the parameters of dialyzer and the sorption efficiency of sorbents. Results:The kinetic model of PBUTs clearance (CL): ?CL=Qp1-f1-f2γφf1-f2γ,?γ=QpQd,?φ=eKAf1Qp-f2Qd. The model was used to analyze the dialysis parameters of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate dialysis.The clearance rate of PBUTs increased with the decrease of its binding capacity to albumin in plasma and the increase of plasma flow rate in dialyzer, dialysate flow rate, mass transfer coefficient of dialyzer, surface area of dialysis membrane, and sorption capacity of sorbents in dialysate. The increasing trend of PBUTs clearance rate was particularly obvious after applying sorbents. Further analysis of the dialysate flow rate and the sorption efficiency of sorbents in the dialysate showed that the increase of the dialysate flow rate could make up for the difference of the sorption efficiency of sorbents. When the dialysate flow rate tended to be infinite, the sorption efficiency of sorbents in the dialysate had no effect on the clearance rate of PBUTs. Conclusion:Adding sorbents of PBUTs to the dialysate during dialysis can significantly improve the clearance rate of PBUTs, suggesting a promising clinical application value.

Objective:To explore the effect of mixed reality (MR) application in the reconstruction of mandibular defects.Methods:Eighteen patients with mandibular defects were enrolled in this study, including 10 male patients and 8 female patients, whose age ranged from 27 to 45 years, and the mean age was 35.4 years. All the patients were from the Stomatological Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, during October 2019 to May 2021. Fibular flaps were used for the reconstruction of the mandibular defects. The patients were randomly divided into three groups, six in each group. In group one, MR-guided mandibular defect repair and reconstruction technique was used. In group two, 3D printed guide-assisted mandibular defect repair and reconstruction technique was used, and in the control group, traditional jaw defect repair and reconstruction technique was used. All the procedures were performed by the same team. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was used for analysis of surgical accuracy, and questionnaires were used to evaluate the outcome of medical communication, occlusal relationship, appearance restoration, and medical experience satisfaction.Results:The mean surgical errors in the group one and group two were (1.75±0.44) mm and (1.81±0.16) mm respectively, which were both significantly lower than that in the control group (3.05±0.83) mm ( tMR=3.38, t3D=3.56, P<0.01). The medical communication (4.60±0.35, 4.52±0.28, tMR=2.90, t3D=2.77, P<0.05), occlusal relationship (4.17±0.32, 4.28±0.39, tMR=3.07, t3D=3.29, P<0.05), and medical experience satisfaction scores (4.26±0.45, 4.25±0.67, tMR=2.50, t3D=2.26, P<0.05) in the experimental groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (4.02±0.34, 3.58±0.33, 3.56±0.32, respectively). There was no significant difference in the satisfaction of appearance recovery among all the groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:MR-guided mandibular repair and reconstruction surgery has high accuracy and is also beneficial to the recovery of occlusal relationship and medical communication.