High myopia is a refractive abnormality characterized by excessive elongation of the eye axis.The sclera,as an important part of the eye axis regulation,plays a key role in the occurrence and development of high myopia.In this pa-per,based on the domestic and international articles,the pathological changes and related regulatory molecules of the scle-ra in high myopia were systematically summarized from the features of scleral lesions in high myopia and the gene regula-tion and signaling pathways affecting the ultrastructure and mechanical properties of the sclera,thus providing a theoretical basis for the study of the pathological mechanism of high myopia.

Objective:To investigate the immunological characteristics, particularly the alterations in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets, including Th17 and Treg cells, cytokine dysregulation, and their clinical significance in patients with SAPHO syndrome.Methods:Fifty-three patients with SAPHO syndrome admitted to the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from January 2012 to December 2023 in the department of dermatology and venereology and rheumatology with complete data were retrospectively analyzed as the study objects. At the same time, 55 healthy subjects matched by age and sex were included as healthy control group. General clinical data such as age, sex, clinical manifestations and results of laboratory tests were collected. We employed flow cytometry to assess the absolute counts of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and utilized cytokines detected by the flow cytometry-based multiplex protein quantification technique (CBA) to measure serum cytokine levels. We compared the differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and cytokine levels between the two groups using the rank-sum test and Spearman correlation analysis.Results:① Patients with SAPHO syndrome exhibited significantly elevated absolute counts of total B cells [240.77(180.65, 303.87)/μl vs. 165.00(132.00, 223.00)/μl, Z=-3.25, P<0.001], CD8 + T cells[504.6(381.43, 735.36)/μl vs. 429.00(357.00, 579.00)/μl, Z=-2.71, P=0.007], and CD4 + T cells 898.47(755.61, 1 019.68) vs. 637.00(544.00, 819.00), Z=-3.94, P<0.001], along with reduced NK cells[212.59(123.02, 307.72) vs. 283.00(189.00, 406.00), Z=2.95, P=0.003]. Compared with healthy controls, both Th1 [159.56(105.01, 233.09)/μl vs. 47.18(9.73, 99.12)/μl, Z=-6.52, P<0.001] and Th17 cells[17.88(12.97, 23.69)个/μl vs. 5.38(4.06, 7.42)/μl, Z=-7.11, P<0.001] and the Th17/Treg ratio[0.59(0.38, 0.84) vs. 0.17(0.13, 0.29), Z=-6.85, P<0.001] were significantly higher in the CD4 + T subset, with statistical significant difference; however, no significant differences was observed in Th2[13.09(7.98, 20.60)/μl vs. 10.22 (5.36, 15.60)/μl, Z=-1.73, P=0.084] and Treg cell [30.08(22.14, 45.16)/μl vs. 33.58(22.15, 42.13)/μl, Z=0.07, P=0.985] levels between the two groups. ② Subgroup analyses based on the presence of peripheral joint involvement and skin manifestations revealed no significant differences in lymphocyte subsets among the groups ( P>0.05). ③ No significant correlation was found between Th17, Treg cells, Th17/Treg ratio, and clinical data (ESR, CRP, skin manifestations, joint symptoms) in patients with SAPHO syndrome patients( P>0.05). ④ The serum IL-2 level in patients with SAPHO syndrome was significantly lower than in healthy controls [1.74 (1.18, 2.36)pg/ml vs. 2.73(1.76, 3.49)pg/ml, Z=4.00, P<0.001], while levels of IL-6[5.72(4.63, 7.75)pg/ml vs. 3.17(2.67, 4.06)pg/ml, Z=-7.13, P<0.001], IL-10[3.15(2.29, 4.15) pg/ml vs. 2.02(1.68, 3.13)pg/ml, Z=-0.40, P<0.001]、IL-17[8.11(4.31, 11.2)pg/ml vs. 1.47(1.15, 2.88)pg/ml, Z=-5.51, P<0.001]、IFN-γ[3.79(2.93, 5.05)pg/ml vs. 1.50(1.31, 2.09)pg/ml, Z=-7.12, P<0.001]、TNF-α[2.14 (1.56, 3.11)pg/ml vs. 0.27(0.00,1.43)pg/ml, Z=-6.84, P<0.001] were markedly elevated. ⑤Correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between IL-17 and Th17 cells ( r=0.49, P<0.001) as well as between Th17/Treg ( r=0.37, P=0.006). Conclusion:Patients with SAPHO syndrome exhibit an increased ratio of proinflammatory Th17 cells leading to immune imbalance and disturbances in proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, which may contribute to disease development. The reduction in IL-2 levels indicates a deficiency in IL-2 and decreased inhibition of Th17 cells, resulting in Th17/Treg immune imbalance, suggesting that low-dose IL-2 therapy could be beneficial to patients with SAPHO.

High myopia is a refractive abnormality characterized by excessive elongation of the eye axis.The sclera,as an important part of the eye axis regulation,plays a key role in the occurrence and development of high myopia.In this pa-per,based on the domestic and international articles,the pathological changes and related regulatory molecules of the scle-ra in high myopia were systematically summarized from the features of scleral lesions in high myopia and the gene regula-tion and signaling pathways affecting the ultrastructure and mechanical properties of the sclera,thus providing a theoretical basis for the study of the pathological mechanism of high myopia.

Objective:To investigate the immunological characteristics, particularly the alterations in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets, including Th17 and Treg cells, cytokine dysregulation, and their clinical significance in patients with SAPHO syndrome.Methods:Fifty-three patients with SAPHO syndrome admitted to the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from January 2012 to December 2023 in the department of dermatology and venereology and rheumatology with complete data were retrospectively analyzed as the study objects. At the same time, 55 healthy subjects matched by age and sex were included as healthy control group. General clinical data such as age, sex, clinical manifestations and results of laboratory tests were collected. We employed flow cytometry to assess the absolute counts of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and utilized cytokines detected by the flow cytometry-based multiplex protein quantification technique (CBA) to measure serum cytokine levels. We compared the differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and cytokine levels between the two groups using the rank-sum test and Spearman correlation analysis.Results:① Patients with SAPHO syndrome exhibited significantly elevated absolute counts of total B cells [240.77(180.65, 303.87)/μl vs. 165.00(132.00, 223.00)/μl, Z=-3.25, P<0.001], CD8 + T cells[504.6(381.43, 735.36)/μl vs. 429.00(357.00, 579.00)/μl, Z=-2.71, P=0.007], and CD4 + T cells 898.47(755.61, 1 019.68) vs. 637.00(544.00, 819.00), Z=-3.94, P<0.001], along with reduced NK cells[212.59(123.02, 307.72) vs. 283.00(189.00, 406.00), Z=2.95, P=0.003]. Compared with healthy controls, both Th1 [159.56(105.01, 233.09)/μl vs. 47.18(9.73, 99.12)/μl, Z=-6.52, P<0.001] and Th17 cells[17.88(12.97, 23.69)个/μl vs. 5.38(4.06, 7.42)/μl, Z=-7.11, P<0.001] and the Th17/Treg ratio[0.59(0.38, 0.84) vs. 0.17(0.13, 0.29), Z=-6.85, P<0.001] were significantly higher in the CD4 + T subset, with statistical significant difference; however, no significant differences was observed in Th2[13.09(7.98, 20.60)/μl vs. 10.22 (5.36, 15.60)/μl, Z=-1.73, P=0.084] and Treg cell [30.08(22.14, 45.16)/μl vs. 33.58(22.15, 42.13)/μl, Z=0.07, P=0.985] levels between the two groups. ② Subgroup analyses based on the presence of peripheral joint involvement and skin manifestations revealed no significant differences in lymphocyte subsets among the groups ( P>0.05). ③ No significant correlation was found between Th17, Treg cells, Th17/Treg ratio, and clinical data (ESR, CRP, skin manifestations, joint symptoms) in patients with SAPHO syndrome patients( P>0.05). ④ The serum IL-2 level in patients with SAPHO syndrome was significantly lower than in healthy controls [1.74 (1.18, 2.36)pg/ml vs. 2.73(1.76, 3.49)pg/ml, Z=4.00, P<0.001], while levels of IL-6[5.72(4.63, 7.75)pg/ml vs. 3.17(2.67, 4.06)pg/ml, Z=-7.13, P<0.001], IL-10[3.15(2.29, 4.15) pg/ml vs. 2.02(1.68, 3.13)pg/ml, Z=-0.40, P<0.001]、IL-17[8.11(4.31, 11.2)pg/ml vs. 1.47(1.15, 2.88)pg/ml, Z=-5.51, P<0.001]、IFN-γ[3.79(2.93, 5.05)pg/ml vs. 1.50(1.31, 2.09)pg/ml, Z=-7.12, P<0.001]、TNF-α[2.14 (1.56, 3.11)pg/ml vs. 0.27(0.00,1.43)pg/ml, Z=-6.84, P<0.001] were markedly elevated. ⑤Correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between IL-17 and Th17 cells ( r=0.49, P<0.001) as well as between Th17/Treg ( r=0.37, P=0.006). Conclusion:Patients with SAPHO syndrome exhibit an increased ratio of proinflammatory Th17 cells leading to immune imbalance and disturbances in proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, which may contribute to disease development. The reduction in IL-2 levels indicates a deficiency in IL-2 and decreased inhibition of Th17 cells, resulting in Th17/Treg immune imbalance, suggesting that low-dose IL-2 therapy could be beneficial to patients with SAPHO.

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture (EA) in controlling myopia in children and its effect on retinal blood flow. Methods: Sixty-eight myopic children were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, with 34 cases in each group. The control group was given auricular acupressure treatment alone, and the observation group was treated with EA once a week in addition to the treatment used in the control group. The spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) were measured at baseline, and after 3 months and 6 months of treatment. Optical coherence tomography angiography was used to measure the vessel density (VD) and perfusion density (PD) in the surface layer of the retina. Results: After 3 months and 6 months of treatment, the changes in SER between the two groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05). After 3 months of treatment, the changes in AL between the two groups were not statistically significant (P>0.05); after 6 months of treatment, the change amount of AL in the observation group was smaller than that in the control group (P<0.05); after 3 months and 6 months of treatment, the changes in VD and PD in the surface layer of the retina in the observation group were significantly greater than those in the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion: EA treatment once a week for 6 months can delay the increase of AL and improve the retinal surface blood flow in myopic children.

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of phillygenin （PHI） on the inflammation in L02 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide （LPS） and adenosine triphosphate （ATP） and the expression of purinergic 2X7 receptor （P2X7R）， NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 （NLRP3）， and nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB） expression. MethodIn this study， the inflammation model was induced in L02 cells by 100 μg·L^-1 LPS treatment for 24 h and 5 mmoL·L^-1 ATP treatment for 5 h. The cells in the PHI groups were cultured with PHI （100， 50， 25 mg·L^-1） for 6 h in the LPS treatment period， followed by LPS treatment for another 18 h. After ATP treatment for 5 h， the mRNA and protein expression of interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， interleukin-18 （IL-18）， P2X7R， NLRP3， Caspase-1 precursor （pro-Caspase-1）， cleaved Caspase-1， NF-κB， and NF-κB inhibitor protein α （IκBα） in L02 cells was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） and Western blot， respectively. Molecular docking was used to predict whether P2X7R could bind to PHI， and DCFH-DA was employed to detect the accumulation of reactive oxygen species （ROS） in cells. P2X7R was silenced by small interfering ribonucleic acid （siRNA）， and then the mRNA expression of IL-1β， IL-18， P2X7R， NLRP3， Caspase-1， NF-κB， and IκBα was detected by Real-time PCR. ResultReal-time PCR and Western blot showed that compared with the normal group， the model group showed increased expression of IL-1β and IL-18 （P<0.05）， and compared with the model group， the PHI groups showed down-regulated IL-1β， IL-18 mRNA and protein expression （P<0.05）. Molecular docking suggested a good binding effect of PHI to P2X7R. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis showed that the expression of P2X7R in the model group was significantly up-regulated compared with that in the normal group （P<0.05）， and compared with the model group， the PHI groups showed down-regulated mRNA and protein expression of P2X7R （P<0.05）. DCFH-DA results showed that compared with the normal group， the model group showed increased content of ROS （P<0.05）， and compared with the model group， the PHI groups decreased the accumulation of ROS （P<0.05）. As demonstrated by Real-time PCR and Western blot， compared with the normal group， the model group showed increased expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB （P<0.05）， and compared with the model group， the PHI groups significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression of NLRP3 and cleaved Caspase-1， and up-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of NF-κB and IκBα （P<0.05）. Real-time PCR analysis showed that compared with the results in the model group， after silencing P2X7R by siRNA， the mRNA expression of IL-1β， IL-18， P2X7R， NLRP3， Caspase-1， NF-κB， and IκBα was decreased （P<0.05）. PHI exerted the same effect， and the mRNA expression was further reduced after the combination of them. ConclusionPHI is presumed to suppress the expression of the NLRP3/NF-κB signaling pathway by down-regulating upstream P2X7R to alleviate the LPS/ATP-induced inflammation in L02 cells， suggesting that P2X7R may be the target of PHI against inflammation.

Phthalate esters widely exist in the environment. It has been demonstrated that they are harmful to human bodies. Phthalate mono-esters are the first metabolite of phthalate esters. In general,biotransformation or metabolism of xenobiotics most frequently result in detoxification of the chemical and facilitates excretion from the body. However,this may not be the case for phthalates. In the present paper,metabolism of phthalate esters and the toxicity of the phthalate mono-esters were reviewed,not only the effect of their mutagenesis,teratogenesis and carcinogenesis,but also their toxicity on reproduction,development,hormones,nuclear receptor,inflammation and obesity were included.