ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics of gray matter structure and clinical symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease （AD） comorbid with apathy （AD-A）. MethodsThe study included 30 patients with AD-A， 30 AD disease patients without apathy （AD without apathy， AD-NA）， and 30 healthy controls （HCs） matched in gender， age， and years of education. All participants underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） scans. Voxel-based morphometry （VBM） was used to analyze changes in gray matter volume among the three groups. Additionally， the correlation between the identified abnormal brain regions and apathy scale scores was analyzed. ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences among the three groups in terms of age， gender， years of education， or total intracranial volume. Compared with the HCs group， both the AD-A and AD-NA groups showed significantly lower scores in cognitive function （P<0.001）. The AD-A group exhibited significantly higher apathy scale scores compared with the AD-NA group （P<0.001）. Compared with the AD-NA group， the AD-A group showed reduced gray matter volume in the bilateral caudate nucleus， left orbitofrontal cortex， lingual gyrus， inferior frontal gyrus， superior frontal gyrus， entorhinal cortex， right middle frontal gyrus and posterior cingulate cortex （FWE-corrected， P<0.05 for all）. Compared with the HCs group， the AD-A group exhibited reduced gray matter volume in the bilateral middle temporal gyrus， left fusiform gyrus， calcarine sulcus， postcentral gyrus， right inferior frontal gyrus and supramarginal gyrus （FWE-corrected， P<0.05 for all）. Compared with the HCs group， the AD-NA group showed reduced gray matter volume in the left precuneus， inferior temporal gyrus， and right inferior temporal gyrus （FWE-corrected， P<0.05 for all）. In the AD-A group， changes in the gray matter volume of the left caudate nucleus （r= -0.557， P=0.002） and right middle frontal gyrus （r=-0.620， P=0.001） were negatively correlated with the apathy evaluation scale （AES） scores. ConclusionPatients in the AD-A group exhibited significant atrophy in the frontal-temporal-basal ganglia circuit， and the degree of gray matter atrophy was correlated with the severity of apathy.

Alzheimer′s disease is a serious neurodegenerative disorder. Approximately 80% to 90% of patients are accompanied by behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), which manifest as a series of behavioral, psychological and mental abnormalities. These abnormalities can accelerate the cognitive deterioration and premature death of patients, and thus are regarded as important clinical symptoms. However, the pathogenesis of BPSD is still unknown, and treatment methods are limited. The pathogenesis of BPSD from the perspective of neuroimaging and pathophysiology, and possible treatment measures were analyzed in this article, in order to provide references for the early diagnosis and treatment of BPSD.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressively worsening neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by cognitive dysfunction, which increasingly impairs patients' quality of life as the condition worsened.Recent studies have found that the cerebellum not only plays a crucial role in motor coordination but also is key in learning, memory and executive functions.However, the mechanisms of the cerebellum influences cognitive function in AD patients remain unclear, and further research is needed to elucidate these processes in greater depth.This article reviews the latest research advances on the cerebellum and AD-related cognitive dysfunction, and explores the role of the cerebellum in the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and potential treatment strategies for AD, in order to provide valuable insights for future investigations into the pathological mechanisms and clinical therapies of AD.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressively worsening neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by cognitive dysfunction, which increasingly impairs patients' quality of life as the condition worsened.Recent studies have found that the cerebellum not only plays a crucial role in motor coordination but also is key in learning, memory and executive functions.However, the mechanisms of the cerebellum influences cognitive function in AD patients remain unclear, and further research is needed to elucidate these processes in greater depth.This article reviews the latest research advances on the cerebellum and AD-related cognitive dysfunction, and explores the role of the cerebellum in the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and potential treatment strategies for AD, in order to provide valuable insights for future investigations into the pathological mechanisms and clinical therapies of AD.

Alzheimer′s disease is a serious neurodegenerative disorder. Approximately 80% to 90% of patients are accompanied by behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), which manifest as a series of behavioral, psychological and mental abnormalities. These abnormalities can accelerate the cognitive deterioration and premature death of patients, and thus are regarded as important clinical symptoms. However, the pathogenesis of BPSD is still unknown, and treatment methods are limited. The pathogenesis of BPSD from the perspective of neuroimaging and pathophysiology, and possible treatment measures were analyzed in this article, in order to provide references for the early diagnosis and treatment of BPSD.

Objective To analyze the changes of liver and kidney function, blood glucose and lipid metabolism at different follow-up time points of different treatment regimens, and to provide reference for clinical optimization and adjustment of medication in HIV/AIDS patients. Methods The changes of liver and kidney function, blood glucose and lipid metabolism at seven follow-up time points were analyzed retrospectively. The baseline blood collection time of HIV /AIDS patients was set as the starting point, and the final follow-up time was set as the end point. The seven follow-up points were 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months respectively. Results There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of sex, age, education, marital status, WHO staging, infection route, and baseline CD4+T lymphocyte count among 605 enrolled patients based on different treatment regimens. Liver function: The level of T-Bil in group E was higher than that of baseline at 9M, 12M, 18M and 24M after treatment (P<0.01); In group F, the level of T-Bil was higher than that of baseline at 9M after treatment (P=0.001); The levels of ALT in group C at the six follow-up points after treatment were higher than the baseline (P<0.001); The level of AST in group C was higher than that of baseline after 3M and 6M treatment (P<0.05). Renal function: The level of UREA in group C was higher than that in baseline after 6M treatment (P=0.007); The level of UREA in group F was higher than that in the baseline after 12M treatment (P<0.001); The level of UA in group F was higher than that of baseline after 3M, 6M and 12M treatment (P<0.05). Blood lipid and blood glucose: The levels of Glu at some follow-up points after ART treatment in group A and group C were higher than that at baseline (P<0.05); The levels of TG at some follow-up points in group A, group E and group F after ART treatment were higher than those at baseline (P<0.05); The levels of TC at some follow-up points in group A, group B, group C, group E and group F after ART treatment were all higher than the baseline (P<0.05). Conclusion Regular monitoring of changes in laboratory indicators of different treatment regimens during ART is of great importance to the prognosis of patients. Different laboratory indicators should be monitored according to different treatment regimens to effectively prevent adverse reactions caused by different treatment regimens.

Alzheimer′s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease, is characterized by dysfunction in execution and cognition, for which there are few efficient early interventions. Synaptic plasticity is regarded as a critical mechanism for learning and memory. Therefore, improving synaptic plasticity is correlated with promoting recovery after cognitive and motor impairment in patients with AD. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been extensively utilized in AD rehabilitation for its potential to yield significant and enduring benefits in neural excitability and plasticity. This review overviews synaptic dysfunction in AD and primarily discusses the role of rTMS in alleviating clinical symptoms by influencing structural and functional plasticity of synapses, to explore its mechanisms for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, and at the same time, provide clues and directions for further clinical translations.

Objective:To understand the contents of edible salt iodine and urinary iodine of children and pregnant women in Yunnan Province, and to evaluate the iodine nutrition status, so as to provide a basis for scientific prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD).Methods:From November to December 2020, one county (city) was selected from each prefecture (city), two townships (towns and streets) were selected from each county (city) and two villages (neighborhood committees) were selected from each township (town and street) from each of the 16 prefectures (cities) in Yunnan Province as the investigation sites. A total of 20 non-boarding children (male and female balanced) aged 8 - 10 years old were selected from each primary school in each village (neighborhood committee) to collect salt and urine samples. A total of 80 children were investigated in each county (city). A total of 20 pregnant women were selected from each township (town and street) to collect salt and urine samples. A total of 40 pregnant women were investigated in each county (city). All salt samples and urine samples were tested for iodine contents.Results:A total of 2 009 salt samples and 2 041 urine samples (1 375 for children, 666 for pregnant women) were collected from children aged 8 - 10 years old and pregnant women in 16 counties (cities) of Yunnan Province. Among them, the median salt iodine was 26.0 mg/kg, the coverage rate of iodized salt was 100.0% (2 009/2 009), the qualified rate of iodized salt was 98.7% (1 982/2 009), and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 98.7% (1 982/2 009). The difference of salt iodine content in key populations in different counties (cities) was statistically significant ( H = 258.98, P < 0.01). The median urinary iodine of children aged 8 - 10 years old was 188.5 μg/L. There was statistically significant difference in urinary iodine content among children of different ages ( H = 29.45, P < 0.01), but there was no statistically significant difference in urinary iodine content among children of different genders ( H = 1.43, P > 0.05). In addition, the median urinary iodine of pregnant women was 141.9 μg/L, 52.1% (347/666) was < 150 μg/L. There was statistically significant difference in urinary iodine content of pregnant women in different counties (cities, H = 88.32, P < 0.01). Conclusions:The qualified rate of iodized salt, the coverage rate of iodized salt and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt in key populations of Yunnan Province are more than 90%, and the iodized salt supply is good. Iodine nutrition of children aged 8 - 10 years old is at an appropriate level (100 - 199 μg/L); iodine nutrition of pregnant women is in an state of iodine deficiency ( < 150 μg/L). It is suggested to strengthen IDD monitoring and health education among key populations, improve residents' awareness of disease prevention, and make scientific iodine supplementation.

Objective:To explore the effect of visual processing patterns on emotional face processing in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).Methods:From June 2020 to August 2021, twenty-two AD patients (AD group) who met the conditions of this study were selected from the memory impairment clinic of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and demographically matched twenty-one elderly healthy people (control group) were selected from the patients' family members and community residents. The two groups of subjects performed emotional face visual scanning and facial recognition experiments after completing the evaluation of the cognitive scale and eye movement data were recorded in the emotional face visual scanning task. Statistical analysis of the obtained results was performed using SPSS 23.0 Windows version software. The data that conformed to the normal distribution were tested by independent samples t-test and variance analysis, and the data that did not conform to the normal distribution were tested by nonparametric test. Results:(1)In the emotional face recognition task, the total accuracy of facial emotion recognition of AD patients(0.52(0.42, 0.59)) was lower than that of the normal control group(0.67(0.64, 0.69)), and the difference was statistically significant( Z=-4.023, P<0.01), which was mainly manifested in recognizing complex facial emotion. (2) In the emotional face visual processing task, the saccade count ((1.96±0.97), (2.50±0.44)), fixation count ((3.93±2.58), (6.37±2.08))and fixation time ((1 205.89±727.32)s, (1 761.38±525.54)s)of AD patients were lower than those of the control group( t=-2.314, -3.402, -2.880, all P<0.05), and the surrounding facial fixation time (384.95 (276.51, 587.78)s, 276.06 (190.03, 384.55)s) was higher than that of the control group( Z=-2.478, P=0.013). Patients with AD had a lower fixation count than that in the control group on the eye area of surprise ((3.76±2.90), (6.25±2.19)), anger ((4.48±2.72), (7.06±2.55)) and disgust ((4.10±2.45), (6.67±2.45)), and the differences were statistically significant ( t=-3.164, -3.207, -3.436, all P<0.05). Patients with AD had a lower fixation time than those of the control group on the eye area of surprise ((1 150.26±753.22)s, (1 779.91±551.66)s), angry ((1 430.85±869.52)s, (1 944.51±612.63)s) and disgust ((1 266.14±765.67)s, (1 898.33±676.02)s), and the differences were statistically significant ( t=-3.115, -2.247, -2.865, all P<0.05). (3) Spearman correlation analysis showed that the accuracy of overall emotional face recognition was positively correlated with the fixation time in the eye area in AD patients ( r=0.429, P<0.05). Conclusion:The impaired visual processing of AD patients causes emotional face recognition disorders. Therefore, AD patients have different visual processing patterns in emotional face processing than age-matched normal controls, mainly manifested as the decreased fixation on the eye area.

Objective:To explore whether sleep quality suffers in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease(AD)and mild cognitive impairment(MCI), and to further investigate the correlation between sleep disorders and cognitive function in these patients.Methods:In this study, 30 mild AD patients, 39 MCI patients and 43 demographically matched healthy controls were enrolled.Sleep quality was assessed by the Pittsburgh sleep quality index(PSQI), and cognitive function was assessed by the mini-mental state examination(MMSE), the Montreal cognitive assessment(MoCA)and a set of neuropsychological scales.The correlation of sleep quality with cognitive function was analyzed for the three groups.Results:Differences were significant in sleep time score[0.0(1.0), 1.0(2.0) vs.1.0(1.0), F=8.18, P=0.02]and daytime function score[1.0(1.0), 1.0(1.0) vs.0.0(1.0), F=8.73, P=0.01]between mild AD, MCI and health control groups.Spearman correlation analysis suggested that scores of sleep disorders were negatively correlated with DSB( r=-0.43, P=0.02)and scores of daytime function were positively correlated with ADL( r=0.39, P=0.03)in patients with mild AD.In addition, scores of sleep quality were negatively correlated with the DSB score( r=-0.40, P=0.01), scores of sleep disorders were positively correlated with ADL( r=0.45, P<0.01), scores of daytime function were negatively correlated with DSF( r=-0.42, P=0.01), DSB( r=-0.62, P<0.01)and VFT-S( r=-0.33, P=0.04), and the total PSQI score was negatively correlated with DSF( r=-0.45, P=0.01)and DSB( r=-0.44, P=0.01)in the MCI group. Conclusions:Patients with mild AD and MCI have longer sleep time and impaired daytime function than healthy people, and sleep quality is correlated with memory, attention and daily living ability in patients with mild AD and MCI.