Plant virus nanoparticles(PVNPs)have inherent immune stimulation ability,which has been widely studied as an immune adjuvant to stimulate the anti-tumor immune response.PVNPs not only have the potential to be used as vaccine adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy,but also as delivery systems for single immunotherapy or combination therapies.Among them,PVNPs have achieved great success in preclinical research of cancer immunotherapy.The new immunotherapy strategy is to use PVNPs as in situ vaccination(ISV),which can effectively inhibit tumor growth and produce a widening systemic anti-tumor immune response after in-tratumoral administration;in addition,PVNPs in combination with other tumor treatment modalities may also improve the local and systemic anti-tumor immune response.In this review,the application and prospects of plant virus nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy are reviewed,in order to provide new ideas for cancer immunotherapy.

Objective To investigate the risk factors of febrile seizures(FS)in children,construct a visualization nomogram predic-tion model of FS and verify its effectiveness.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 1320 children with fever admitted to the Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital(Gansu Provincial Central Hospital)from January 2019 to De-cember 2022.The samples were randomly divided into the training set and the validation set at a ratio of 7∶3.The clinical characteristics and laboratory examination of the two groups were compared.LASSO regression was used to select the risk factors for FS,and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed on the predictors,and construction a prediction mode,and the discrimination,calibration and clinical applicability of the model were evaluated.Results The results showed that age,low body weight,peak temperature,diurnal changes in onset,upper respiratory tract infection,serum sodium,serum calcium,white blood cell,procalcitonin were independent risk factors for FS in children.A predictive model was constructed and a nomogram was developed with these factors.The area under the re-ceiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve of the training set and the validation set were 0.870(95％CI:0.847-0.893)and 0.855(95％CI:0.817-0.894),respectively.The calibration plots and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test showed its satisfactory cali-bration.The decision curve analysis(DCA)curve showed that the model provided a good net benefit with threshold probabilities when training set was＞5％,while in the validation set it was＞8％.Conclusion The risk prediction model based on LASSO-Logistic re-gression analysis can provide reference for early risk assessment of children with FS.

Plant virus nanoparticles(PVNPs)have inherent immune stimulation ability,which has been widely studied as an immune adjuvant to stimulate the anti-tumor immune response.PVNPs not only have the potential to be used as vaccine adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy,but also as delivery systems for single immunotherapy or combination therapies.Among them,PVNPs have achieved great success in preclinical research of cancer immunotherapy.The new immunotherapy strategy is to use PVNPs as in situ vaccination(ISV),which can effectively inhibit tumor growth and produce a widening systemic anti-tumor immune response after in-tratumoral administration;in addition,PVNPs in combination with other tumor treatment modalities may also improve the local and systemic anti-tumor immune response.In this review,the application and prospects of plant virus nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy are reviewed,in order to provide new ideas for cancer immunotherapy.

Objective To investigate the risk factors of febrile seizures(FS)in children,construct a visualization nomogram predic-tion model of FS and verify its effectiveness.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 1320 children with fever admitted to the Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital(Gansu Provincial Central Hospital)from January 2019 to De-cember 2022.The samples were randomly divided into the training set and the validation set at a ratio of 7∶3.The clinical characteristics and laboratory examination of the two groups were compared.LASSO regression was used to select the risk factors for FS,and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed on the predictors,and construction a prediction mode,and the discrimination,calibration and clinical applicability of the model were evaluated.Results The results showed that age,low body weight,peak temperature,diurnal changes in onset,upper respiratory tract infection,serum sodium,serum calcium,white blood cell,procalcitonin were independent risk factors for FS in children.A predictive model was constructed and a nomogram was developed with these factors.The area under the re-ceiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve of the training set and the validation set were 0.870(95％CI:0.847-0.893)and 0.855(95％CI:0.817-0.894),respectively.The calibration plots and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test showed its satisfactory cali-bration.The decision curve analysis(DCA)curve showed that the model provided a good net benefit with threshold probabilities when training set was＞5％,while in the validation set it was＞8％.Conclusion The risk prediction model based on LASSO-Logistic re-gression analysis can provide reference for early risk assessment of children with FS.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the serum toll-like receptor 4(TLR4),matrix metalloproteinase-3(MMP-3),in-terleukin-1β(IL-1β)and peripheral blood helper T-cell 17/regulatory T-cell(Th17/Treg)levels in patients with chronic periodontitis infected with porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg),as well as their diagnostic value of Pg infection in patients with chronic periodontitis.METHODS Totally 390 cases of patients with chronic periodontitis who at-tended Tianjin Stomatological Hospital from Jan.2022 to Jan.2024 were selected as the study subjects,and were divided into the infected group(113 cases)and the uninfected group(277 cases)according to Pg infection,and those patients in the infected group were further classified into the mild group(31 cases),the moderate group(45 cases),and the severe group(37 cases)according to the condition of the disease.Serum TLR4,MMP-3,IL-1β,and peripheral blood Th17/Treg levels were compared between the infected and uninfected groups and patients with different conditions of chronic periodontitis Pg infection,and the infected group was included in the positive and the uninfected group was included in the negative,and the receiver's operating characteristics(ROC)curves were plotted to obtain the area under the curve(AUC)to analyze the diagnostic value of single and combined de-tection of serum TLR4,MMP-3,and IL-1β,Peripheral blood Th17/Treg for Pg infection in patients with chronic periodontitis.RESULTS Serum TLR4,MMP-3,IL-1β and peripheral blood Th17/Treg levels in the infected group were(20.41±5.12)ng/ml,(6.12±2.03)μg/L,(10.24±2.19)μg/L and(0.32±0.10),higher than those in the uninfected group(P＜0.05).Serum TLR4,MMP-3,IL-1β and peripheral blood Th17/Treg levels in the se-vere group were(22.58±6.10)ng/ml,(8.12±2.67)μg/L,(12.49±3.10)μg/L and(0.52±0.15),higher than those in the moderate group[(14.78±3.44)ng/ml,(6.15±2.07)μg/L,(7.23±1.99)μg/L and(0.22±0.07)]and mild group(P＜0.05),which in the moderate group was higher than those in the mild group(P＜0.05).The results of ROC analysis showed that the AUC of serum TLR4,MMP-3,IL-1β,and peripheral blood Th17/Treg combined test for diagnosing Pg infection in patients with chronic periodontitis was 0.937,which was higher than that of the four single tests(P＜0.05).CONCLUSION Serum TLR4,MMP-3,IL-1β and peripheral blood Th17/Treg were highly expressed in chronic periodontitis patients infected with Pg,and all four indicators can participate in the progression of the disease,and the combined detection of these four indicators has a higher diagnostic value for Pg infection in patients with chronic periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the serum toll-like receptor 4(TLR4),matrix metalloproteinase-3(MMP-3),in-terleukin-1β(IL-1β)and peripheral blood helper T-cell 17/regulatory T-cell(Th17/Treg)levels in patients with chronic periodontitis infected with porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg),as well as their diagnostic value of Pg infection in patients with chronic periodontitis.METHODS Totally 390 cases of patients with chronic periodontitis who at-tended Tianjin Stomatological Hospital from Jan.2022 to Jan.2024 were selected as the study subjects,and were divided into the infected group(113 cases)and the uninfected group(277 cases)according to Pg infection,and those patients in the infected group were further classified into the mild group(31 cases),the moderate group(45 cases),and the severe group(37 cases)according to the condition of the disease.Serum TLR4,MMP-3,IL-1β,and peripheral blood Th17/Treg levels were compared between the infected and uninfected groups and patients with different conditions of chronic periodontitis Pg infection,and the infected group was included in the positive and the uninfected group was included in the negative,and the receiver's operating characteristics(ROC)curves were plotted to obtain the area under the curve(AUC)to analyze the diagnostic value of single and combined de-tection of serum TLR4,MMP-3,and IL-1β,Peripheral blood Th17/Treg for Pg infection in patients with chronic periodontitis.RESULTS Serum TLR4,MMP-3,IL-1β and peripheral blood Th17/Treg levels in the infected group were(20.41±5.12)ng/ml,(6.12±2.03)μg/L,(10.24±2.19)μg/L and(0.32±0.10),higher than those in the uninfected group(P＜0.05).Serum TLR4,MMP-3,IL-1β and peripheral blood Th17/Treg levels in the se-vere group were(22.58±6.10)ng/ml,(8.12±2.67)μg/L,(12.49±3.10)μg/L and(0.52±0.15),higher than those in the moderate group[(14.78±3.44)ng/ml,(6.15±2.07)μg/L,(7.23±1.99)μg/L and(0.22±0.07)]and mild group(P＜0.05),which in the moderate group was higher than those in the mild group(P＜0.05).The results of ROC analysis showed that the AUC of serum TLR4,MMP-3,IL-1β,and peripheral blood Th17/Treg combined test for diagnosing Pg infection in patients with chronic periodontitis was 0.937,which was higher than that of the four single tests(P＜0.05).CONCLUSION Serum TLR4,MMP-3,IL-1β and peripheral blood Th17/Treg were highly expressed in chronic periodontitis patients infected with Pg,and all four indicators can participate in the progression of the disease,and the combined detection of these four indicators has a higher diagnostic value for Pg infection in patients with chronic periodontitis.

Single chain antibody fragment (scFv) is a small molecule composed of a variable region of heavy chain (VH) and a variable region of light chain (VL) of an antibody, and these two chains are connected by a flexible short peptide. scFv is the smallest functional fragment with complete antigen-binding activity, which contains both the antibody-recognizing site and the antigen-binding site. Compared with other antibodies, scFv has the advantages of small molecular weight, strong penetration, low immunogenicity, and easy expression. Currently, the most commonly used display systems for scFv mainly include the phage display system, ribosome display system, mRNA display system, yeast cell surface display system and mammalian cell display system. In recent years, with the development of scFv in the field of medicine, biology, and food safety, they have also attracted much attention in the sectors of biosynthesis and applied research. This review summarizes the advances of scFv display systems in recent years in order to facilitate scFv screening and application.
Animals ; Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics* ; Immunoglobulin Fragments/metabolism* ; Single-Chain Antibodies/metabolism* ; Peptide Library ; Mammals/genetics*

Objective:To investigate regional homogeneity(ReHo)and whole brain functional connectivity(FC)in patients with mild cognitive impairment(MCI), and to explore the mechanisms of MCI in the resting state.Methods:Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(RS-fMRI)was performed on 24 patients with MCI and 30 age, gender and nationality-matched normal controls.Abnormal brain areas in the MCI group were screened and analyzed by using the DPARSFA2.3 and SPM8 software programs.Whole brain FC analysis was performed with the posterior cingulate cortex(PCC)/precuneus as the seed points.Results:Compared with the control group, MCI subjects displayed higher ReHo values in the frontal-middle-Left, precentral-Left, postcentral-Left, rolandic-opercular-Left, and frontal-inferior-opercular-Left and lower ReHo values in the temporal-superior-right, temporal-middle-right, postcentral-right, and temporal -pole -superior -right(Voxel level, Alphasim correction, P<0.05). Whole brain FC analysis showed greater functional connectivity of PCC/precuneus with fusiform-right, thalamus-right, lingual-right and parahippocampal-right in subjects with MCI, and less functional connectivity of the PCC/precuneus with temporal-middle-Left, angular-Left, temporal-superior-Left and occipital-middle-Left in subjects with MCI(Voxel level, Alphasim correction, P<0.05). Conclusions:Abnormalities of the default mode network may be associated with the onset of MCI, and abnormalities in posterior cingulate/precuneus connectivity may be helpful in finding imaging evidence with high sensitivity to MCI.

Objective:To investigate the mechanism of subjective cognitive decline(SCD)in resting-state by using regional homogeneity(ReHo)and functional connectivity(FC)in SCD patients.Methods:Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(RS-fMRI)was performed in 25 SCD patients and 30 normal controls matched by sex, education and nationality.DPARSFA2.3 and SPM8 software were used to analyze and screen the brain areas with abnormal ReHo values in SCD group, with the posterior cingulated(PCC)/paruneus as seed points for whole-brain FC analysis.Results:Compared with the normal control group, the SCD group showed that ReHo values of right occipital gyrus and left precuneus were increased, and ReHo values of right inferior temporal gyrus, right orbital inferior frontal gyrus and bilateral thalamus were decreased(Voxel level, Alphasim correction, P<0.05). Using PCC/ precuneus as seed voxels, the whole brain functional connectivity analysis showed that the functional connectivity with cerebelum Crus 2 R was increased, and the functional connectivity with right orbital inferior frontal gyrus, left inferior temporal gyrus and temporal pole was reduced(Voxel level, Alphasim correction, all P<0.05). Conclusions:Default mode network may play an important role in the mechanism of SCD, and abnormalities in brain areas may first occur in PCC/precuneus.