Errors in forensic medical examination have been reported both domestically and internationally,leading to criminal wrongful convictions.As the ancients said,"No one is a saint without faults".No one is perfect,and people will make mistakes.Errors in forensic medical examination are an objective phenomenon,and we should have a correct understanding of them.There are many reasons that can cause errors in forensic medical examination,including the eligibility,competence and cognitive bias of forensic medical examiner.Errors in forensic medical examination are subjective,multidimensional,and relative.The evaluation criteria for errors in forensic medical examination should be based on three aspects:errors related to human behavior,errors caused by technical errors involving instruments,and errors related to more fundamental methodological factors inherent in the relevant field.A quality management system for forensic medical examination should be established,and a fault-tolerant mechanism for actively detecting,reporting,and correcting errors should be established.Training for forensic medical examiners should be strengthened,and a forensic communication mechanism between forensic medical examiner and relevant parties should be established to minimize the occurrence of errors in forensic medical examination.

The mixed samples of sperm and epithelial cells have long posed a technical challenge in forensic identification due to complex examination process,limited separation efficacy,and intricate result interpretation.To address this issue,it is beneficial to optimize the characterization of sperm cell-specific aptamer parameters using techniques such as molecular docking,high-throughput sequencing,and other molecular biology and chemical cross-fusion approaches.This will aid in enriching and separating single-source STR typing of sperm cells.This review examines,the development status,advantages and existing problems of aptamer technology,while exploring its potential application in forensic identification of spermatogenic mixed spot.The goal is to provide a new research idea for the detection and identification of mixed DNA samples,and also provide a basis for the evidentialization of the interpretation of mixed sample results,so as to promote the maximization of litigation benefits of scientific detection and identification results.

Objective To verify the applicability of a pig STR multiplex amplification system for detecting processed foods containing pork and their digestive samples,and to evaluate its potential in food safety and forensic biological evidence analysis.Methods DNA profiles were obtained using the pig STR amplification system from food samples with different levels of processing(raw pork,boiled pork,fried pork,and sausage)and from digestive samples(rat gastric contents).The influence of processing methods on DNA integrity was assessed.The uniformity of large-scale processed ham products,the consistency of DNA profiles from different parts of the same sample,and the DNA degradation patterns after rat digestion were examined.Results STR profiling of pig DNA was successful in all tested samples.Short fragments showed high amplification stability,while long fragment signals weakened with increasing processing complexity.In processed ham products,DNA profiles were consistent across all sampled parts,with fragment drift within±0.5 bp.Analysis of rat gastric contents showed slight DNA degradation within 2 hours;after 3 hours,long fragment signals weakened,and after 4 hours,some loci signals were lost.Conclusion The pig STR multiplex amplification system exhibits excellent performance in detecting processed pork products and their digestive samples.It can meet the requirements of food traceability and forensic biological evidence analysis for processed pork,providing new insights for the advancement of forensic testing techniques in this field.

Errors in forensic medical examination have been reported both domestically and internationally,leading to criminal wrongful convictions.As the ancients said,"No one is a saint without faults".No one is perfect,and people will make mistakes.Errors in forensic medical examination are an objective phenomenon,and we should have a correct understanding of them.There are many reasons that can cause errors in forensic medical examination,including the eligibility,competence and cognitive bias of forensic medical examiner.Errors in forensic medical examination are subjective,multidimensional,and relative.The evaluation criteria for errors in forensic medical examination should be based on three aspects:errors related to human behavior,errors caused by technical errors involving instruments,and errors related to more fundamental methodological factors inherent in the relevant field.A quality management system for forensic medical examination should be established,and a fault-tolerant mechanism for actively detecting,reporting,and correcting errors should be established.Training for forensic medical examiners should be strengthened,and a forensic communication mechanism between forensic medical examiner and relevant parties should be established to minimize the occurrence of errors in forensic medical examination.

The mixed samples of sperm and epithelial cells have long posed a technical challenge in forensic identification due to complex examination process,limited separation efficacy,and intricate result interpretation.To address this issue,it is beneficial to optimize the characterization of sperm cell-specific aptamer parameters using techniques such as molecular docking,high-throughput sequencing,and other molecular biology and chemical cross-fusion approaches.This will aid in enriching and separating single-source STR typing of sperm cells.This review examines,the development status,advantages and existing problems of aptamer technology,while exploring its potential application in forensic identification of spermatogenic mixed spot.The goal is to provide a new research idea for the detection and identification of mixed DNA samples,and also provide a basis for the evidentialization of the interpretation of mixed sample results,so as to promote the maximization of litigation benefits of scientific detection and identification results.

Objective To verify the applicability of a pig STR multiplex amplification system for detecting processed foods containing pork and their digestive samples,and to evaluate its potential in food safety and forensic biological evidence analysis.Methods DNA profiles were obtained using the pig STR amplification system from food samples with different levels of processing(raw pork,boiled pork,fried pork,and sausage)and from digestive samples(rat gastric contents).The influence of processing methods on DNA integrity was assessed.The uniformity of large-scale processed ham products,the consistency of DNA profiles from different parts of the same sample,and the DNA degradation patterns after rat digestion were examined.Results STR profiling of pig DNA was successful in all tested samples.Short fragments showed high amplification stability,while long fragment signals weakened with increasing processing complexity.In processed ham products,DNA profiles were consistent across all sampled parts,with fragment drift within±0.5 bp.Analysis of rat gastric contents showed slight DNA degradation within 2 hours;after 3 hours,long fragment signals weakened,and after 4 hours,some loci signals were lost.Conclusion The pig STR multiplex amplification system exhibits excellent performance in detecting processed pork products and their digestive samples.It can meet the requirements of food traceability and forensic biological evidence analysis for processed pork,providing new insights for the advancement of forensic testing techniques in this field.

Objective Corruption is the most common cadaver phenomenon in forensic practice and an important basis for inferring time of death(PMI),but the definition of corruption degree and the construction of model inference models have always been difficult in the practice of forensic science.Methods In this study,the late postmortem phenomena were observed.Meanwhile,the microbial flora structure of gut and gravesoil and the nature of gravesoil were detected,for analyzing the changes before and after the key moment of abdominal rupture which naturally happened during the cadaver decay.Results The results found that from the macroscopic and microscopic levels,there were significant differences in cadaver decay,including microbial flora structure and gravesoil properties before and after the key moment of the natural abdominal rupture during cadaver decay.The phenomena are highly observable and can be accurately judged by forensic examinations,as well as related means in the field of biology and physiochemistry.In this study,this critical event was called Rupture Point.Conclusion The Rupture Point can be used as an important node for the assessment of cadaver decay degree in the practice of forensic medicine.It can be utilized for a cut-off point as well when constructing PMI inference models based on microbial flora structure changes.The accuracy of PMI inference models can be improved when the models were constructed in segments.

Objective To explore the feasibility of tracing the source of human biological samples by microbiome,and provide new ideas for case investigation.Methods Biological samples from buccal mucosa,foot arch,armpit and other parts of 10 volunteers were collected for three consecutive months.The microbial community structure of the samples was confirmed by using the 16SrRNA gene sequence information.And the microbial community diversity analysis and random forest classification prediction model were carried out.Results There were significant differences in the microbial community structure of the three parts of human body.In this study,a prediction model of random forest classification with an accuracy of more than 90%was successfully constructed.Conclusion In this study,a classification and prediction model based on the microbiome information of human biological samples was constructed to judge the source location,which broadened the forensic application scenarios of human microorganisms.

The DNA characterization of Cannabis sativa L.has been one of the key directions of anti-drug research at home and abroad.Previous research mainly focused on the identification of cannabis-species and gender differentiation,and have constructed a number of corresponding composite amplification systems.With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology,the whole genome of C.sativa and the sequences of key enzyme genes for its major physicochemical components have been sequenced successively,and intra-species differentiation studies of C.sativa based on specific molecular markers have gradually emerged.However,due to the high variability of cannabis subspecies-and variety-specific molecular markers,relevant foreign studies failed to provide ideal molecular marker support for the identification of intra-specific distinctions of Cannabis sativa in China.Based on this,this paper comprehensively analyzes the current situation and shortcomings of domestic and international research on intra-specific differentiation of C.sativa,and combines the previous research results of this group to elaborate on how to use high-throughput sequencing technology to solve the problem of the lack of intra-specific molecular markers of C.sativa in China.

Forensic medicine is the key force in crime scene investigations and identifications.It is also the traditional technique with the most personnel and the widest coverage of applications in criminalistics.Virtual autopsy is an innovative method of postmortem examination with high level scientific technology,high examining efficiency,and high digital value.Its unique advantages of non-invasiveness,digitalization,and reproducibility help to change the public's traditional concept of forensic autopsy.It can also improve the scientific and accuracy in identification of causes of death,help to accumulate data resources,and connect with the development of big data strategies and artificial intelligence in public security.Under the tide of developing new quality productive forces,forensic practitioners should focus on the opportunity of researches and practices on virtual autopsy.As a new quality identifying technology,virtual autopsy will strength the public security by fulfilling forensic mission and expanding medical-legal applications.