ObjectiveTo establish an animal model of atrial fibrillation（AF） that accurately reflects the phlegm-heat and blood stasis（TRYZ） pathogenesis in traditional Chinese medicine. MethodsForty SPF-grade SD rats were randomly assigned using a random number table to the following groups：the control group， the TRYZ+AF group，the AF group and the TRYZ group， with ten rats in each group. The TRYZ+AF and TRYZ groups underwent a high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide（LPS） injection to simulate the pathological alterations of TRYZ syndrome. Groups TRYZ+AF and AF were induced with acetylcholine-calcium chloride（Ach-CaCl₂） via caudal vein injection to induce AF. The control group received no intervention and was maintained under normal conditions. The modeling period lasted 3 weeks. Electrocardiography was used to assess AF episodes and duration， echocardiography evaluated left atrial dimensions and cardiac function， fully automated biochemical analyzer measured the levels of total cholesterol（TC）， triglycerides（TG）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol（HDL-C） and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol（LDL-C）， hemoreometer analyzed the whole blood viscosity， plasma viscosity， and whole blood reduced viscosity， a coagulation analyzer assessed prothrombin time（PT）， activated partial thromboplastin time（APTT）， thrombin time（TT）， and fibrinogen（FIB）， enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA） was used to determine the levels of C-reactive protein（CRP）， interleukin（IL）-1β， IL-6， IL-17， tumour necrosis factor（TNF）-α， matrix metalloproteinase-9（MMP-9）， galectin-3（Gal-3）， Collagen Ⅰ， and α-smooth muscle actin（α-SMA）. Hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining and Masson's trichrome staining were used to analyze pathological changes in atrial myocardium， Western blot was employed to detect MMP-9， Collagen Ⅰ and α-SMA protein expression in myocardial tissue， real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR） evaluated fibrous factor gene expression levels. Changes in the TRYZ syndrome were assessed via body weight， tongue color［red（R）， green（G）， and blue（B）］， and rectal temperature. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS） was employed to detect differential metabolites between the control group and the TRYZ+AF group. ResultsFollowing three weeks of sustained modeling， compared with the control group， rats in the TRYZ+AF and the TRYZ groups exhibited reduced body weight， dry faeces， elevated rectal temperature， dark red tongue， decreased RGB values on the tongue surface， and markedly elevated TC and LDL-C levels（P<0.05， P<0.01）. The TRYZ+AF， TRYZ， and AF groups exhibited significantly decreased TT， APTT and PT， along with markedly elevated whole blood viscosity and FIB（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Rats in the TRYZ+AF and AF groups exhibited AF rhythm， markedly decreased heart rate， prolonged RR intervals， enlarged left atrium， and significantly reduced ejection fraction and shortening fraction（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Serum levels of CRP， IL-1β， IL-6， IL-17， TNF-α， MMP-9， Gal-3， Collagen Ⅰ， and α-SMA were elevated in rats from the TRYZ+AF， TRYZ， and AF groups compared to the control group， with the most pronounced increase observed in the TRYZ+AF group（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Histopathology revealed that the collagen fiber deposition in the atrial of rats in the TRYZ+AF， TRYZ and AF groups was higher than that in the control group（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Western blot and Real-time PCR results further demonstrated that the protein and mRNA expression levels of MMP-9， Collagen Ⅰ and α-SMA in the myocardial tissue of the TRYZ+AF group were higher than those in the other three groups（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Metabolomic analysis revealed 173 differentially expressed metabolites in the TRYZ+AF group and the control group， primarily enriched in pathways such as glycerophospholipid metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. ConclusionThis study successfully establishes a rat model of AF integrated with the TRYZ syndrome， demonstrating the pathological process where the interactions of phlegm， heat and stasis jointly trigger tremor， this provides a reliable experimental tool for in-depth research into the biological basis of this disease syndrome.

Objective: To investigate the impact of RhE antigen-matched transfusion during liver transplantation on early postoperative recovery and complications. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, ninety-five patients undergoing liver transplantation at Kunming First People's Hospital between January 2022 and July 2025 were enrolled. Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 (RhE-mismatched transfusion, n=57) and Group 2 (RhE-matched transfusion, n=38). The baseline data, complete blood counts, hepatic and renal function, coagulation parameters, and complication rates between the two groups were compared at postoperative days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: The baseline characteristics were well-balanced and comparable between the two groups (all P>0.05). The early postoperative mortality rate in the mismatched group (31.58%, 18/57) was significantly higher than that in the matched group (10.53%, 4/38) (P=0.017). The incidence of postoperative hepatic encephalopathy was significantly higher in the mismatched group (50.88%, 29/57) than in the matched group (10.53%, 4/38) (P<0.001). The incidence of postoperative haemorrhage in the mismatched group (24.56%, 14/57) was higher than that in the matched group (5.26%, 2/38), with a statistically significant difference (P=0.014). The incidence of perioperative infection in the mismatched group (28.07%, 16/57) was higher than that in the matched group (10.53%, 4/38), with a statistically significant difference (P=0.04). Corresponding odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals indicated a lower risk of these adverse events in the matched group. On postoperative day 1, the change in activated partial thromboplastin time (-1.6, 20.5) in the mismatched group was greater than in the matched group (-0.2, 5.5). The change in international normalised ratio (-0.56, 1.22) in the mismatched group was greater than in the matched group (-0.18, 0.32), while the change in albumin (-4.0, 4.8) was smaller in the mismatched group than in the matched group (-2.5, 8.8). On postoperative day 5, the change in albumin (-0.41±7.83) in the mismatched group was smaller than in the matched group (2.68±4.53). At postoperative day 7, the change in albumin in the mismatched group (-0.61±7.38) was smaller than that in the matched group (2.51±5.85), while the change in D-dimer in the mismatched group (0.73, 7.4) was greater than that in the matched group (-1.6, 4.3). On postoperative day 10, the mismatched group exhibited significantly higher fibrinogen levels (-1.21, 1.78) than the matched group (-0.49, 0.97), and significantly longer prothrombin times (-11.3, -2.7) than the matched group (-6.2, -0.8) (all P<0.05). The matched group exhibited a mean overall survival (OS) of 32.803 months (95% CI:29.171-36.436 months), significantly exceeding the mismatched group's 28.996 months (95% CI:24.202-33.790 months). The log-rank test yielded statistically significant results (χ =4.307, P=0.038). Conclusion: Implementing RhE blood group-matched transfusion during liver transplantation may help reduce early postoperative mortality and the incidence of major complication rates, promote faster recovery of coagulation and liver function, and thereby improve short-term patient outcomes.

ObjectiveTo explore the academic characteristics of contemporary renowned Chinese medicine masters in treating diabetic kidney disease （DKD） from the perspectives of principles， methods， formulas， and medications. MethodsIn strict accordance with the Systematic Review of Text and Opinion （SrTO） process developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute （JBI）， an Australian evidence-based healthcare center， the databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， VIP Database， Wanfang Data， and China Biomedical Literature Service System （SinoMed） were searched. Based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria， text information extraction， quality evaluation， and text information synthesis were conducted sequentially. The data were analyzed and presented in the form of text and figures. ResultsA total of 215 articles related to 43 contemporary renowned experts in the fields of Chinese medicine nephrology and endocrinology were included. The study found that the academic thoughts of these masters in the treatment of DKD are extensive， involving multiple levels such as disease understanding， therapeutic strategies， formula application， and medication use. In terms of disease understanding， the primary pathogenesis is characterized by deficiency in the root and excess in the manifestation. It is emphasized that internal factors， such as congenital endowment deficiency， interact with external factors such as improper diet， emotional disturbances， invasion of exogenous pathogens， and delayed or inappropriate treatment， to jointly induce the disease. This further gives rise to various pathogenetic theories， including obstruction of renal collaterals by blood stasis， toxin-induced damage to renal collaterals， latent wind disturbing the kidney， and internal heat leading to mass formation. In terms of therapeutic strategies and medication use， the principal treatment method is to replenish Qi and nourish Yin. Stage-based and syndrome-differentiated treatments are advocated. Flexible use of insect-derived drugs and wind-dispelling drugs is emphasized， along with proficiency in applying classical formulas and drug pairs. Integrated internal and external treatments， as well as the combined application of multiple therapeutic approaches， are commonly employed for comprehensive management. Meanwhile， the concept of "preventive treatment of disease" is upheld， and individualized long-term management of patients is advocated. ConclusionThrough the SrTO process， the academic thoughts of contemporary renowned Chinese medicine masters in the treatment of DKD have been systematically and standardly synthesized， providing a scientific and standardized basis for future theoretical exploration.

ObjectiveTo explore the academic characteristics of contemporary renowned Chinese medicine masters in treating diabetic kidney disease （DKD） from the perspectives of principles， methods， formulas， and medications. MethodsIn strict accordance with the Systematic Review of Text and Opinion （SrTO） process developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute （JBI）， an Australian evidence-based healthcare center， the databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， VIP Database， Wanfang Data， and China Biomedical Literature Service System （SinoMed） were searched. Based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria， text information extraction， quality evaluation， and text information synthesis were conducted sequentially. The data were analyzed and presented in the form of text and figures. ResultsA total of 215 articles related to 43 contemporary renowned experts in the fields of Chinese medicine nephrology and endocrinology were included. The study found that the academic thoughts of these masters in the treatment of DKD are extensive， involving multiple levels such as disease understanding， therapeutic strategies， formula application， and medication use. In terms of disease understanding， the primary pathogenesis is characterized by deficiency in the root and excess in the manifestation. It is emphasized that internal factors， such as congenital endowment deficiency， interact with external factors such as improper diet， emotional disturbances， invasion of exogenous pathogens， and delayed or inappropriate treatment， to jointly induce the disease. This further gives rise to various pathogenetic theories， including obstruction of renal collaterals by blood stasis， toxin-induced damage to renal collaterals， latent wind disturbing the kidney， and internal heat leading to mass formation. In terms of therapeutic strategies and medication use， the principal treatment method is to replenish Qi and nourish Yin. Stage-based and syndrome-differentiated treatments are advocated. Flexible use of insect-derived drugs and wind-dispelling drugs is emphasized， along with proficiency in applying classical formulas and drug pairs. Integrated internal and external treatments， as well as the combined application of multiple therapeutic approaches， are commonly employed for comprehensive management. Meanwhile， the concept of "preventive treatment of disease" is upheld， and individualized long-term management of patients is advocated. ConclusionThrough the SrTO process， the academic thoughts of contemporary renowned Chinese medicine masters in the treatment of DKD have been systematically and standardly synthesized， providing a scientific and standardized basis for future theoretical exploration.

ObjectiveThe frequency difference limen (FDL) serves as a fundamental metric utilized for effectively quantifying the precise perceptual capabilities of the central auditory system. However, traditional measurement methods rely heavily on the active behavioral responses of subjects and are consequently highly susceptible to the negative influence of confounding subjective factors. Furthermore, existing research paradigms frequently employ uniform stimulus configurations that overlook critical individual perceptual differences. Based on brain-computer interface (BCI) technology, this comprehensive study aims to establish an objective and quantitative evaluation method for auditory frequency discrimination by systematically analyzing and decoding the specific neural responses elicited at the exact threshold state. MethodsWe designed a personalized rapid serial auditory presentation (RSAP) paradigm customized based on each individual’s precise FDL. A cohort of eleven healthy participants was recruited to evaluate the paradigm using pure-tone sequences at a baseline frequency of 4 000 Hz. This experimental paradigm simulates a realistic auditory perception environment through the continuous presentation of acoustic stimuli, thereby allowing for an in-depth investigation into the specific neural representations evoked by weak frequency deviations at the threshold state. Given that auditory stimulus-evoked response features exhibit complex and differentiated spatiotemporal distribution patterns across multiple frequency domains, this study further deeply integrates the cross-scale feature interaction module with the dynamic spatiotemporal attention allocation strategy, innovatively proposing the Multi-Scale Spatial-Temporal Dual Attention Network (MS-STAMNet). Specifically, the network constructs parallel processing branches with multiple receptive fields and introduces a dynamic adaptive weighting strategy to precisely localize core neural activity signals, further deeply integrating multi-scale information through cross-branch feature information interaction to achieve robust single-trial decoding of weak auditory evoked responses. ResultsThe comprehensive electrophysiological data analysis demonstrated that subtle auditory frequency deviation stimuli presented at the threshold level successfully elicited pronounced N2 and P3 event-related potential features, reflecting pre-attentive mismatch detection and subsequent cognitive evaluation, which were prominently distributed over the frontal, central, and temporal regions of the scalp. In the complex time-frequency domain, the extracted neural response characteristics exhibited distinct, statistically significant event-related synchronization within both the low-frequency δ and θ frequency bands, which was simultaneously accompanied by a widespread, prominent event-related desynchronization within the higher α band. A comparative analysis of model performance demonstrated that MS-STAMNet achieved an average unweighted average recall (UAR) of (69.67±6.12)% and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.761 8±0.07, significantly outperforming the established baseline models such as EEGNet and PLNet. Furthermore, a distinct dissociation phenomenon was verified between neural decoding and behavioral performance through regression analysis (R²=0.016, P=0.709), indicating that this model can effectively capture the implicit features of subtle frequency deviations, even when they fail to trigger explicit conscious responses. Additionally, attention weight visualization analysis further reveals the highly accurate focus of the network on key features concentrated over the bilateral temporal and fronto-parietal regions. ConclusionThis study systematically and comprehensively uncovers the multi-dimensional spatiotemporal evolutionary patterns of complex neural responses processing subtle acoustic variations under long-sequence threshold auditory stimulation. Concurrently, it verifies the efficacy and robustness of the proposed MS-STAMNet architecture in accurately deciphering weak, single-trial electroencephalogram signals amidst complex background noise. Ultimately, these neurophysiological and algorithmic findings lay a solid theoretical and methodological foundation for the objective and quantitative evaluation of individual auditory cognitive capabilities in clinical applications, transcending the fundamental limitations of traditional behavioral paradigms and providing robust technical support for future auditory research and related clinical assessments.

The official implementation of the Regulations on Clinical Research and Translation of New Biomedical Technologies (State Council Decree No.818, hereinafter referred to as the "Regulations") marks a new stage of legal governance, standardization, and whole-chain regulation for emerging biomedical fields such as cell and gene therapy (CGT) in China, exerting a profound impact on the development of transfusion medicine as a discipline. Within the framework of the core regulatory systems established by the Regulations, and drawing upon the extensive experience of transfusion medicine in comprehensive quality control, cell processing and handling, ethical compliance, and clinical translation, this study systematically elucidates the intrinsic alignment between transfusion medicine and CGT with respect to technical workflows, quality control rationale, and management systems. It further clarifies the discipline-specific advantages of the department of transfusion medicine to proactively undertake CGT engagement, while analyzing current shortcomings and transformational bottlenecks. By leveraging the existing institutional framework, the department of transfusion medicine is well positioned to evolve into a core platform for whole-process quality control and a pivotal hub for in-hospital clinical translation of CGT. However, this transformation must concurrently address multiple challenges, including heightened compliance responsibilities, lagging technical infrastructure, a shortage of interdisciplinary talent, and increasingly stringent standards for clinical research and translation. The Regulations provide a legal basis and policy support for the department of transfusion medicine to transcend its traditional, singular function of blood safety assurance and establish a synergistic development model integrating blood safety and cell therapy. Therefore, the department of transfusion medicine should proactively align with regulatory requirements, refine whole-process compliance systems, upgrade technical platforms, and cultivate interdisciplinary professionals to achieve high-quality transformative development as a core supporting discipline for biotherapy.

ObjectiveOxygen partial pressure (pO₂) is a critical indicator of the tumor microenvironment and plays an essential role in regulating tumor progression and therapeutic response, particularly for oxygen-dependent treatments such as photodynamic therapy (PDT). Although photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has shown great potential for functional and molecular imaging, conventional oxygenation imaging approaches based on hemoglobin absorption mainly provide relative oxygen saturation information and cannot directly quantify tissue oxygen partial pressure. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a fast laser sequence-based pump-probe photoacoustic tomography (PP-PAT) system for quantitative, non-invasive, and dynamic monitoring of oxygen partial pressure in tumor tissues. MethodsThe proposed PP-PAT system was developed based on the oxygen-sensitive triplet-state lifetime characteristics of methylene blue (MB). Upon optical excitation, MB molecules undergo transitions from the ground state to an excited state and subsequently form metastable triplet states through intersystem crossing. The lifetime of the triplet state is strongly affected by surrounding oxygen concentration due to dynamic oxygen quenching, providing a direct correlation between triplet-state kinetics and local oxygen partial pressure. A dual-wavelength pump-probe excitation scheme was implemented to selectively interrogate MB triplet-state dynamics. The pump pulse was used to initiate the triplet-state population, while the delayed probe pulse was applied to detect the transient triplet-state response. By optimizing the temporal interval between the pump and probe pulses, transient triplet-state differential (TTD) signals were extracted to enhance the specificity of oxygen-dependent molecular information and suppress background interference from conventional photoacoustic signals. The performance of the PP-PAT system was systematically evaluated through phantom and in vivo experiments. First, a single-tube phantom containing MB solution was used to investigate signal stability, reproducibility, and the influence of signal averaging on imaging quality. Subsequently, a dual-tube phantom model was established to simulate oxygen consumption during PDT, where one MB-containing tube was exposed to laser irradiation and the other served as a control. Finally, in vivo experiments were performed using a subcutaneous tumor model in nude mice. MB was locally injected into the tumor region before imaging to evaluate the feasibility of tumor oxygen partial pressure mapping using the proposed PP-PAT system. ResultsPhantom experiments demonstrated that the extracted TTD signals exhibited high stability and effectively reflected MB triplet-state dynamics while reducing non-specific background contributions. Signal averaging significantly improved the signal-to-noise ratio, and 50 repeated acquisitions provided an optimal compromise between image quality and acquisition efficiency. In the dual-tube phantom experiments, continuous PDT irradiation induced progressive oxygen depletion in the treated sample. The corresponding TTD decay rate gradually decreased, accompanied by an increase in the calculated triplet-state lifetime, indicating reduced oxygen quenching and decreased oxygen partial pressure. In contrast, the control sample showed relatively stable TTD kinetics and oxygenation levels during the same period. These results demonstrated that PP-PAT could quantitatively characterize oxygen consumption dynamics associated with photochemical reactions. In vivo experiments further demonstrated the capability of PP-PAT for spatially resolved oxygen partial pressure imaging in MB-injected tumor tissues. The reconstructed pO₂ maps revealed heterogeneous oxygen distributions within tumors, showing relatively hypoxic regions in the tumor core and higher oxygenation levels near the tumor boundary. This spatial oxygen distribution pattern was consistent with the typical physiological characteristics of solid tumors, where abnormal vascular structures and limited oxygen diffusion result in intratumoral oxygen gradients. ConclusionThis study presents a fast laser sequence-based PP-PAT system capable of quantitative and non-invasive imaging of tissue oxygen partial pressure. By utilizing the oxygen-dependent triplet-state lifetime of MB and extracting TTD signals, the proposed method provides molecularly specific information related to oxygen dynamics beyond conventional photoacoustic oxygenation imaging. The system enables dynamic monitoring of oxygen consumption during PDT and reveals spatial oxygen heterogeneity within tumors. This technique provides a promising imaging approach for tumor hypoxia characterization, evaluation of oxygen-dependent therapeutic responses, and precision-guided cancer treatment.

Objective The aim of the study is to analyze the incidence patterns and epidemiological characteristics of parasitic and vector-borne diseases in the Minhang and Jinshan districts of Shanghai, and provide evidence-based information for optimizing prevention and control measures. Methods We collected information from epidemic reports and epidemiological investigation forms for cases of parasitic and vector-borne diseases from 2005 to 2024 in Shanghai's Minhang and Jinshan districts. Descriptive epidemiological method were adopted to conduct a comparative analysis of incidence trends, epidemic characteristics, and infection sources. Results A total of 229 cases in 7 categories were reported between 2005 and 2024, with an average annual incidence rate of 0.36/100 000. The average annual incidence rate in Minhang District was significantly higher than that in Jinshan District. The most prevalent diseases were malaria and dengue fever, followed by Japanese encephalitis. Monthly case reports were available, predominantly from June to October, with a peak in July-August. A statistically significant difference was observed between the two districts in case distribution during June-October (P＜0.001), whereas no significant difference was found for July-August (P=0.331). The majority of cases were young men (111/229,48.47%), aged 20-39 years. Migrant workers/farmers constituted the largest occupational group (55/229, 24.02%). Registered residents of other provinces and cities (147/229,64.19%), and the main source of infection was overseas importation (112/229,48.91%). There were no statistically significant differences in gender and household-registration composition between the two districts (P＞0.05). Significant differences existed in age, occupation, and source of infection (P＜0.05). The imported diseases were malaria and dengue fever, with Africa and Southeast Asia being the primary source locations. Malaria was the predominant disease imported from other provinces and cities, with cases having been imported from abroad since 2012. Local infections were mainly Japanese encephalitis, followed by malaria (with the last local case reported in 2010). Cases between 2005 and 2009 were predominantly imported from other provinces and cities. The proportion of cases imported from abroad increased sharply after 2010, particularly in Minhang District. Local infections sometimes arise in Jinshan District, with Japanese encephalitis serving as the primary type. Conclusions Incidence rates of parasitic and vector-borne diseases in Minhang and Jinshan districts have generally remained low. To further reduce this disease burden, it will be necessary to strengthen joint measures for prevention and control, eliminate the environmental risk factors of vector organisms, enhance monitoring and precise control of the environment and inbound personnel to prevent the occurrence and transmission of parasitic and vector-borne diseases.

Immobilized enzyme-based enzyme electrode biosensors, characterized by high sensitivity and efficiency, strong specificity, and compact size, demonstrate broad application prospects in life science research, disease diagnosis and monitoring, etc. Immobilization of enzyme is a critical step in determining the performance (stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility) of the biosensors. Random immobilization (physical adsorption, covalent cross-linking, etc.) can easily bring about problems, such as decreased enzyme activity and relatively unstable immobilization. Whereas, directional immobilization utilizing amino acid residue mutation, affinity peptide fusion, or nucleotide-specific binding to restrict the orientation of the enzymes provides new possibilities to solve the problems caused by random immobilization. In this paper, the principles, advantages and disadvantages and the application progress of enzyme electrode biosensors of different directional immobilization strategies for enzyme molecular sensing elements by specific amino acids (lysine, histidine, cysteine, unnatural amino acid) with functional groups introduced based on site-specific mutation, affinity peptides (gold binding peptides, carbon binding peptides, carbohydrate binding domains) fused through genetic engineering, and specific binding between nucleotides and target enzymes (proteins) were reviewed, and the application fields, advantages and limitations of various immobilized enzyme interface characterization techniques were discussed, hoping to provide theoretical and technical guidance for the creation of high-performance enzyme sensing elements and the manufacture of enzyme electrode sensors.

N-acetyl-p-aminophenol （APAP） is an antipyretic analgesic commonly used in clinical practice， and APAP overdose can cause severe liver injury and even death. In recent years， the incidence rate of APAP-induced liver injury （AILI） tends to increase， and it has become the second most common cause of liver transplantation worldwide. Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process that removes unwanted cytosolic proteins and organelles through lysosomal degradation to achieve the metabolic needs of cells themselves and the renewal of organelles. A large number of studies have shown that autophagy plays a key role in the pathophysiology of AILI， involving the mechanisms such as APAP protein conjugates， oxidative stress， JNK activation， mitochondrial dysfunction， inflammatory response and apoptosis. This article elaborates on the biological mechanism of autophagy in AILI， in order to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of AILI and the development of autophagy regulators.