Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical features of infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS).Methods:A cross-sectional study and analysis were conducted to summarize the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 9 918 patients with CNS infectious diseases, who were diagnosed and treated at 29 hospitals across China from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2020. Data collected included demographic data, clinical manifestations, health economic indicators, and prognostic outcomes.Results:Among the 9 918 collected cases of CNS infectious diseases, 5 559 were male (56.0%) and 4 359 were female (44.0%), with an onset age of 38 (25, 53) years. Education level: slightly more junior high school education (2 651 cases, 26.7%), and less elementary school education and below (2 181 cases, 22.0%) were found. Occupational distribution: farmers were found predominant (3 215 cases, 32.4%), followed by workers (1 826 cases, 18.4%) and students (1 633 cases, 16.5%). Clinical manifestations: headache (6 074 cases, 61.2%), fever (5 869 cases, 59.2%) and positive meningeal irritation signs (2 273 cases, 22.9%) were the 3 most common clinical manifestations, followed by nausea and (or) vomiting (2 095 cases, 21.1%), impaired consciousness (2 077 cases, 20.9%), psychiatric symptom (1 866 cases, 18.8%) and epilepsy (1 627 cases, 16.4%), etc., and cranial nerve involvement was found in 669 cases (6.7%). Major pathogens included viruses in 6 814 cases (68.7%), Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1 677 cases (16.9%), common bacteria in 864 cases (8.7%), fungi in 254 cases (2.6%), spirochetes of syphilis in 183 cases (1.8%), parasites in 121 cases (1.2%), and rickettsiae in 5 cases (0.1%). Urban-rural distribution: slightly more cases were found in the countryside (5 418 cases, 54.6%) than in the towns (4 500 cases, 45.4%). Distribution of onset by season: 2 412 cases (24.3%) fell ill in spring, 2 835 cases (28.6%) in summer, 2 187 cases (22.1%) in fall, and 2 484 cases (25.0%) in winter. Health economics: the duration of hospitalization was 15 (8, 27) days, and the cost of hospitalization was 1.53 (0.91, 3.02)×10 000 yuan. Prognosis: 9 531 cases (96.1%) were cured or improved, and 92 cases (0.9%) died. Conclusions:The pathogens responsible for CNS infectious diseases are predominantly viruses. Although the incidence is slightly higher during the summer months, the overall seasonal pattern is not particularly pronounced. These infections are more commonly observed in young and middle-aged males and present with a diverse range of clinical manifestations, contributing to a significant disease burden.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to reexplore minimum iodine excretion and to build a dietary iodine recommendation for Chinese adults using the obligatory iodine loss hypothesis. METHODS: Data from 171 Chinese adults (19-21 years old) were collected and analyzed based on three balance studies in Shenzhen, Yinchuan, and Changzhi. The single exponential equation was accordingly used to simulate the trajectory of 24 h urinary iodine excretion as the low iodine experimental diets offered (iodine intake: 11-26 μg/day) and to further deduce the dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for iodine, including estimated average requirement (EAR) and recommended nutrient intake (RNI). RESULTS: The minimum iodine excretion was estimated as 57, 58, and 51 μg/day in three balance studies, respectively. Moreover, it was further suggested as 57, 58, and 51 μg/day for iodine EAR, and 80, 81, and 71 μg/day for iodine RNI or expressed as 1.42, 1.41, and 1.20 μg/(day·kg) of body weight. CONCLUSION The iodine DRIs for Chinese adults were established based on the obligatory iodine loss hypothesis, which provides scientific support for the amendment of nutrient requirements.
Humans ; Iodine/administration & dosage* ; Male ; Female ; China ; Young Adult ; Diet ; Adult ; Nutritional Requirements ; East Asian People

STC is a kind of clinically common functional gastrointestinal disease.Its pathogenesis hasn't been completely clarified,and current diagnosis and treatment norms are certainly limited.In recent years,"Brain-Gut Axis"theory has unveiled the complex bidirectional regulation mechanism between brain and intestinal tract,rendering new perspective for the research and treatment of STC.TCM theory demonstrates that there is close connection between brain and gut,has formed abundant experience in discrimination and treatment of STC and formed unique diagnosis and treatment ideas.Based on the theory of"Brain-Gut Axis"and"excess syndrome is corresponding to Zhanyu,deficiency syndrome is corresponding to Zhengsheng"in the chapter on Yangming diseases in"Treatise on Febrile Diseases",this paper elaborates on the relationship between the"Brain-Gut Axis"and STC.Meanwhile,by combining the theory of"excess syndrome is corresponding to Zhanyu,deficiency syndrome is corresponding to Zhengsheng"with the"Brain-Gut Axis"theory,it analyzes the influence of the excess and deficiency of the Yangming meridian on the mental state as well as the regulatory mechanism of the"Brain-Gut Axis",and puts forward corresponding treatment methods according to different syndromes.By integrating the relevant provisions in"Treatise on Febrile Diseases"with the"Brain-Gut Axis"theory of modern medicine,this paper makes a preliminary exploration of the laws of differentiating and treating STC,aiming to provide a theoretical basis for promoting a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of STC and developing more effective treatment strategies.

STC is a kind of clinically common functional gastrointestinal disease.Its pathogenesis hasn't been completely clarified,and current diagnosis and treatment norms are certainly limited.In recent years,"Brain-Gut Axis"theory has unveiled the complex bidirectional regulation mechanism between brain and intestinal tract,rendering new perspective for the research and treatment of STC.TCM theory demonstrates that there is close connection between brain and gut,has formed abundant experience in discrimination and treatment of STC and formed unique diagnosis and treatment ideas.Based on the theory of"Brain-Gut Axis"and"excess syndrome is corresponding to Zhanyu,deficiency syndrome is corresponding to Zhengsheng"in the chapter on Yangming diseases in"Treatise on Febrile Diseases",this paper elaborates on the relationship between the"Brain-Gut Axis"and STC.Meanwhile,by combining the theory of"excess syndrome is corresponding to Zhanyu,deficiency syndrome is corresponding to Zhengsheng"with the"Brain-Gut Axis"theory,it analyzes the influence of the excess and deficiency of the Yangming meridian on the mental state as well as the regulatory mechanism of the"Brain-Gut Axis",and puts forward corresponding treatment methods according to different syndromes.By integrating the relevant provisions in"Treatise on Febrile Diseases"with the"Brain-Gut Axis"theory of modern medicine,this paper makes a preliminary exploration of the laws of differentiating and treating STC,aiming to provide a theoretical basis for promoting a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of STC and developing more effective treatment strategies.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical features of infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS).Methods:A cross-sectional study and analysis were conducted to summarize the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 9 918 patients with CNS infectious diseases, who were diagnosed and treated at 29 hospitals across China from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2020. Data collected included demographic data, clinical manifestations, health economic indicators, and prognostic outcomes.Results:Among the 9 918 collected cases of CNS infectious diseases, 5 559 were male (56.0%) and 4 359 were female (44.0%), with an onset age of 38 (25, 53) years. Education level: slightly more junior high school education (2 651 cases, 26.7%), and less elementary school education and below (2 181 cases, 22.0%) were found. Occupational distribution: farmers were found predominant (3 215 cases, 32.4%), followed by workers (1 826 cases, 18.4%) and students (1 633 cases, 16.5%). Clinical manifestations: headache (6 074 cases, 61.2%), fever (5 869 cases, 59.2%) and positive meningeal irritation signs (2 273 cases, 22.9%) were the 3 most common clinical manifestations, followed by nausea and (or) vomiting (2 095 cases, 21.1%), impaired consciousness (2 077 cases, 20.9%), psychiatric symptom (1 866 cases, 18.8%) and epilepsy (1 627 cases, 16.4%), etc., and cranial nerve involvement was found in 669 cases (6.7%). Major pathogens included viruses in 6 814 cases (68.7%), Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1 677 cases (16.9%), common bacteria in 864 cases (8.7%), fungi in 254 cases (2.6%), spirochetes of syphilis in 183 cases (1.8%), parasites in 121 cases (1.2%), and rickettsiae in 5 cases (0.1%). Urban-rural distribution: slightly more cases were found in the countryside (5 418 cases, 54.6%) than in the towns (4 500 cases, 45.4%). Distribution of onset by season: 2 412 cases (24.3%) fell ill in spring, 2 835 cases (28.6%) in summer, 2 187 cases (22.1%) in fall, and 2 484 cases (25.0%) in winter. Health economics: the duration of hospitalization was 15 (8, 27) days, and the cost of hospitalization was 1.53 (0.91, 3.02)×10 000 yuan. Prognosis: 9 531 cases (96.1%) were cured or improved, and 92 cases (0.9%) died. Conclusions:The pathogens responsible for CNS infectious diseases are predominantly viruses. Although the incidence is slightly higher during the summer months, the overall seasonal pattern is not particularly pronounced. These infections are more commonly observed in young and middle-aged males and present with a diverse range of clinical manifestations, contributing to a significant disease burden.

Objective:To assess the value eosin-nigrosine(E-N)staining and hypo-osmotic swelling test(HOST)in the diag-nosis of necrospermia and investigate the correlation of the degree of sperm necrosis with sperm DNA fragmentation index(DFI)and high DNA stainability(HDS).Methods:Using computer-assisted sperm analysis(CASA),we examined the sperm motility of 7 333 males seeking medical care in Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province from May 2023 to July 2024,detected the sperm viability of those with asthenozoospermia by E-N staining and HOST,and measured the sperm DFI and HDS of those with necro-spermia by sperm chromatin structure assay(SCSA).Based on sperm progressive motility(PR％),we divided the asthenozoospermia patients into three groups(PR％20％-＜30％,PR％10％-＜20％and PR％＜10％),assessed the value of E-N staining and HOST in the diagnosis of necrospermia,and analyzed the correlation of the severity of sperm necrosis with sperm DFI and HDS.Results:Asthenozoospermia was diagnosed in 1 374(18.74％)of the 7 333 males.The incidence rates of necrospermia revealed by E-N staining in the mild,moderate and severe asthenozoospermia groups were 0.55％(5/913),3.80％(12/316)and 35.86％(52/145),respectively,with a total incidence of 0.94％(69/7333),while those detected by HOST were 0.99％(9/913),6.96％(22/316)and 46.21％(67/145),respectively,with a total incidence of 1.34％(98/7333).There were no statistically significant differences in the results of diagnosis between the two methods(x2=0.97,P＞0.05).Both E-N staining and HOST showed that sperm DFI in the necrospermia males was negatively correlated with sperm viability(r=-0.366,r=-0.333,P＜0.05),and so was sperm HDS,though with no statistically significant difference(P＞0.05).Conclusion:For males with PR％＜30％,sperm viability test should be conducted,with E-N staining as the choice of priority for the diagnosis of necrospermia.Sperm necrosis and sperm nuclear chromatin damage may be interactive risk factors.

Objective To determine the effects of Tongsaimai tablet on cardiac function,myocardial injury,inflammation and fibrosis in rats with acute myocardial infarction(AMI)and investigate possible mechanism.Methods A total of 73 rats were subjected to establish rat model of AMI by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery.The 60 successfully modeled AMI rats were randomly divided into model group,p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)inhibitor group(10 mg/kg),low-and high-dose Tongsaimai tablet groups(0.28 and 0.56 g/kg),and high-dose Tongsaimai tablet+p38 MAPK inhibitor group(as above doses),with 12 rats in each group.Another 12 normal rats served as the sham operation group.After corresponding intervention for 14 d,echocardiography was applied to evaluate the heart function,including left ventricular end diastolic volume(LVEDV),left ventricular end systolic volume(LVESV),left ventricular ejec-tion fraction(LVEF),and left ventricular short axis shortening rate(LVFS).The levels of myo-cardial injury indexes[cardiac troponin Ⅰ(cTnⅠ),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)]and inflammatory factors(TNF-α,IL-6,IL-10)were detected by ELISA.HE and Masson staining were used to ob-serve pathological changes and fibrosis in myocardial tissues.The expression of Collagen Ⅰ and Collagen Ⅲ in myocardial tissue was detected by immunohistochemical staining.The protein expression of p38 MAPK/matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-9 pathway related proteins in myo-cardial tissues was detected by Western blotting.Results Compared with model group,the condi-tions were alleviated in the p38 MAPK inhibitor group,and low-and high-dose Tongsaimai tablet groups,with milder pathological damage in myocardial tissue,obviously decreased LVEDV,LVESV,cTnⅠ,LDH,TNF-α and IL-6 levels,CVF,expression of Collagen Ⅰ,Collagen Ⅲ,p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK and MMP-9,and increased LVEF,LVFS and IL-10 level(P＜0.05).Com-pared with p38 MAPK inhibitor group and high-dose Tongsaimai tablet group,high-dose Tong-saimai tablet+p38 MAPK inhibitor group had LVEDV,LVESV,cTnⅠ,LDH,TNF-α,IL-6,CVF and Collagen Ⅰ,Collagen Ⅲ,p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK and MMP-9 decreased significantly,and LVEF[(64.31±7.78)％vs(52.89±7.05)％,(57.40±7.42)％]and LVFS[(34.51±5.29)％vs(27.02±5.01)％,(25.04±4.13)％]increased obviously(P＜0.05).Conclusion Tongsaimai tab-let can improve cardiac function,myocardial injury,inflammation and fibrosis in AMI rats,which may be due to its inhibition of p38 MAPK/MMP-9 signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: LY01005 (Goserelin acetate sustained-release microsphere injection) is a modified gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist injected monthly. This phase III trial study aimed to evaluated the efficacy and safety of LY01005 in Chinese patients with prostate cancer. METHODS: We conducted a randomized controlled, open-label, non-inferiority trial across 49 sites in China. This study included 290 patients with prostate cancer who received either LY01005 or goserelin implants every 28 days for three injections. The primary efficacy endpoints were the percentage of patients with testosterone suppression ≤50 ng/dL at day 29 and the cumulative probability of testosterone ≤50 ng/dL from day 29 to 85. Non-inferiority was prespecified at a margin of -10%. Secondary endpoints included significant castration (≤20 ng/dL), testosterone surge within 72 h following repeated dosing, and changes in luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prostate specific antigen levels. RESULTS: On day 29, in the LY01005 and goserelin implant groups, testosterone concentrations fell below medical-castration levels in 99.3% (142/143) and 100% (140/140) of patients, respectively, with a difference of -0.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], -3.9% to 2.0%) between the two groups. The cumulative probabilities of maintaining castration from days 29 to 85 were 99.3% and 97.8%, respectively, with a between-group difference of 1.5% (95% CI, -1.3% to 4.4%). Both results met the criterion for non-inferiority. Secondary endpoints were similar between groups. Both treatments were well-tolerated. LY01005 was associated with fewer injection-site reactions than the goserelin implant (0% vs . 1.4% [2/145]). CONCLUSION: LY01005 is as effective as goserelin implants in reducing testosterone to castration levels, with a similar safety profile. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04563936.
Humans ; Male ; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use* ; East Asian People ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/agonists* ; Goserelin/therapeutic use* ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Testosterone

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of glutamate scavenger oxaloacetate (OA) combined with CGS21680, an adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) agonist, on acute traumatic brain injury (TBI), and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to moderate-level TBI by controlled cortical impact, and then were treated with OA, CGS21680, or OA combined with CGS21680 at acute stage of TBI. At 24 h post TBI, neurological severity score, brain water content, glutamate concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), mRNA and protein levels of IL-1β and TNF-α, mRNA level and activity of glutamate oxaloacetate aminotransferase (GOT), and ATP level of brain tissue were detected. The results showed that neurological deficit, brain water content, glutamate concentration in CSF, and the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and TNF-α production were exacerbated in CGS21680 treated mice. Administrating OA suppressed the rise of both glutamate concentration in CSF and brain water content, and elevated the ATP level of cerebral tissue. More interestingly, neurological deficit, brain edema, glutamate concentration, IL-1β and TNF-α levels were ameliorated significantly in mice treated with OA combined with CGS21680. The combined treatment exhibited better therapeutic effects than single OA treatment. We also observed that GOT activity was enhanced in single CGS21680 treatment group, and both the GOT mRNA level and GOT activity were up-regulated in early-stage combined treatment group. These results suggest that A2AR can improve the efficiency of GOT and potentiate the ability of OA to metabolize glutamate. This may be the mechanism that A2AR activation in combination group augmented the neuroprotective effect of OA rather than aggravated the brain damages. Taken together, the present study provides a new insight for the clinical treatment of TBI with A2AR agonists and OA.
Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists/therapeutic use* ; Adenosine Triphosphate ; Animals ; Brain Injuries/metabolism* ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic/metabolism* ; Glutamic Acid ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use* ; Oxaloacetic Acid/therapeutic use* ; RNA, Messenger ; Receptor, Adenosine A2A/metabolism* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics* ; Water

Six new (1-6) and seven known depsidones (7-13) were isolated from the culture of an ant (Monomorium chinensis)-derived fungus Spiromastix sp. MY-1. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis including high resolution MS, 1D and 2D NMR data. The new bromide depsidones were obtained through supplementing potassium bromide in the fermentation medium of Spiromastix sp. MY-1. All isolated compounds showed various bioactivities against the tested phytopathogenic bacteria. Particularly, new bromide compound 4, named spiromastixone S, exhibited the strongest activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae with a MIC value of 5.2 μmol·^-1.
Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Ants ; Bromides ; Depsides ; Fungi ; Lactones ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Molecular Structure