Syringa pinnatifolia, belonging to the family Oleaceae, is a species endemic to China. It is predominantly distributed in the Helan Mountains region of Inner Mongolia and Ningxia of China. The peeled roots, stems, and thick branches have been used as a distinctive Mongolian medicinal material known as "Shan-chen-xiang", which has effects such as suppressing "khii", clearing heat, and relieving pain and is employed for the treatment of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases and joint pain. Over the past five years, significant increase was achieved in research on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects. There were a total of 130 new constituents reported, covering sesquiterpenoids, lignans, and alkaloids. Its effects of anti-myocardial ischemia, anti-cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, sedation, and analgesia were revealed, and the mechanisms of agarwood formation were also investigated. To better understand its medical value and potential of clinical application, this review updates the research progress in recent five years focusing on the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of S. pinnatifolia, providing reference for subsequent research on active ingredient and support for its innovative application in modern medicine system.
Medicine, Mongolian Traditional ; Humans ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Animals ; Syringa/chemistry*

Bawei Chenxiang Powder(BCP), first documented in the Tibetan medical work Four Medical Classics, has been widely applied in clinical practices in Tibetan and Mongolian medicines since its development. It has the effect of clearing the heart heat, calming the mind, and inducing resuscitation. On the basis of BCP, multiple types of formulae have been developed, such as Bawei Yiheyi Chenxiang Powder, Bawei Rang Chenxiang Powder, and Bawei Pingchuan Chenxiang Powder, which are widely used for treating cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Current pharmacological research has revealed the pharmacological effects of BCP and its related formulae against myocardial ischemia, cerebral ischemia, renal ischemia, and anti-hypoxia. BCP and its related formulae introduced more treatment options for related clinical diseases and provided insights for fully comprehending the essence and pharmacological components of the formulae. This paper systematically reviewed the clinical and pharmacological research on BCP and its related formulae, analyzing the formulation principles and potential key flavors and active ingredients. This lays a fundamental scientific basis for the clinical use, quality evaluation, and subsequent development and application of BCP and its related formulae, providing references for studying traditional Chinese medicine formulae in a thorough and systematic manner.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Humans ; Powders/chemistry* ; Animals ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

The medicinal materials of Bawei Chenxiang Pills(BCPs) were extracted via three methods: reflux extraction by water, reflux extraction by 70% ethanol, and extraction by pure water following reflux extraction by 70% ethanol, yielding three extracts of ST, CT, and CST. The efficacy of ST(760 mg·kg~(-1)), CT(620 mg·kg~(-1)), and CST(1 040 mg·kg~(-1)) were evaluated by acute myocardial ischemia(AMI) and p-chlorophenylalanine(PCPA)-induced insomnia in mice, respectively. Western blot was further utilized to investigate their hypnosis mechanisms. The main chemical components of different extracts were identified by the UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS technique. The results showed that CT and CST significantly increased the ejection fraction(EF) and fractional shortening(FS) of myocardial infarction mice, reduced left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole(LVIDd) and left ventricular internal dimension at end-systole(LVIDs). In contrast, ST did not exhibit significant effects on these parameters. In the insomnia model, CT significantly reduced sleep latency and prolonged sleep duration, whereas ST only prolonged sleep duration without shortening sleep latency. CST showed no significant effects on either sleep latency or sleep duration. Additionally, both CT and ST upregulated glutamic acid decarboxylase 67(GAD67) protein expression in brain tissue. A total of 15 main chemical components were identified from CT, including 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone and 6-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone. Six chemical components including chebulidic acid were identified from ST. The results suggested that chromones and terpenes were potential anti-myocardial ischemia drugs of BCPs, and tannin and phenolic acids were potential hypnosis drugs. This study enriches the pharmacological and chemical research of BCPs, providing a basis and reference for their secondary development, quality standard improvement, and clinical application.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification* ; Mice ; Male ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/physiopathology* ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction/drug therapy* ; Myocardial Ischemia/drug therapy*

AIM:To evaluate the efficacy,safety,and economy of camrelizumab(CAM)combined with platinum-containing chemotherapy(CT)for the first-line treatment of locally advanced/meta-static non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).METH-ODS:Chinese and English databases such as Pubmed,the Cochrane Library,China Knowledge Network,Wanfang Data,and other related web-sites were systematically searched.After literature screening,quality assessment,and data extraction of the literature according to the inclusion and ex-clusion criteria,two researchers conducted a rapid health technology assessment(HTA).RESULTS:A total of 7 systematic evaluations/Meta-analyses and 17 economics evaluations were included.In terms of effectiveness,compared to docetaxel che-motherapy,CAM+CT significantly prolonged the overall survival(OS),progression-free survival(PFS),and improved the objective remission rate(ORR)of mutation-negative patients with locally ad-vanced/metastatic NSCLC.Compared with CT and pembrolizumab(PEM),CAM+CT significantly pro-longed the PFS,and improved the ORR of mutation-negative patients with locally advanced/metastatic NSCLC.Subgroup analysis showed that CAM+CT significantly prolonged PFS in patients with PD-L1 ≥1％and PD-L1 ≥ 50％compared with CT.Compared with CT,CAM+CT significantly prolonged the OS and PFS of mutation-negative patients with locally advanced/metastatic squamous NSCLC.Compared with sintilimab(SIN),CAM+CT significantly pro-longed the PFS of mutation-negative patients with locally advanced/metastatic squamous NSCLC.Sub-group analysis showed that CAM+CT significantly prolonged OS in patients with PD-L1＜1％com-pared with CT.In terms of safety,CAM+CT was comparable in terms of the occurrence of all grades of adverse events,but the incidence of grade 3 or higher treatment-related adverse events was significantly increased compared with CT and PEM for mutation-negative locally advanced/meta-static NSCLC patients.CAM+CT was significantly in-creased the occurrence of all grades of adverse events compared with CT,but was comparable in terms of the occurrence of grade 3 or higher treat-ment-related adverse events.In terms of economy,CAM+CT has a cost-effectiveness advantage over CT for patients with mutation-negative advanced/metastatic squamous NSCLC.CAM+CT has a cost-effectiveness advantage over CT and PEM+CT;and CAM+CT does not have a cost-effectiveness ad-vantage over SIN+CT for patients with mutation-negative locally advanced/metastatic non-squa-mous NSCLC.CONCLUSION:CAM+CT has good ef-ficacy and cost-effectiveness for the first-line treat-ment of locally advanced/metastatic NSCLC,and the safety aspect is compared with CT,PEM or slightly worse.

Objective:To investigate the effectiveness,safety,and related prognostic factors of the treatment of follicular lymphoma(FL)with a regimen containing Bendamustine.Methods:The clinical data of 129 FL patients who were treated with Bendamustine containing regimen were collected from January 1,2020 to October 30,2022 in the Hematology Department of Lianyungang Second People's Hospital and Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital.The patients were divided into three groups:Bendamustine plus Rituximab(BR),Bendamustine plus Obinutuzumab(GB),Rituximab+Cyclophosphamide+Epirubicin/Doxorubicin+Vindesine+Prednisone(R-CHOP).The efficacy,safety and related prognostic factors of the treatment of FL with a regimen based on Bendamustine were retrospectively analyzed.Results:The ORR was 98％for the BR group,94％for the GB group,and 72.3％for the R-CHOP group,while the CR rate was 61.2％,70％and 40.4％,respectively.The ORR and CR rates of the R-CHOP group were statistically different from those of the BR group and GB group(P＜0.05).The 3-year PFS rate of the BR group,GB group,and R-CHOP group was 89.6％,90.9％,48.9％,respectively.There was a statistically significant difference in 3-year PFS between the R-CHOP group,BR group,and GB group(P＜0.05),while there was no statistically significant difference in 3-year OS(P＞0.05).Hematological adverse reactions were mainly bone marrow suppression.Lymphocytes and CD4+T lymphocytes decreased to the lowest level about 6 months after treatment,and the incidence of lymphopenia in BR group and GB group was higher than that in R-CHOP group,with a statistical difference(P＜0.05).The higher incidence of non-Hematological adverse reactions were pulmonary infection,EB virus infection,hepatitis B virus reactivation,and gastrointestinal reactions without statistical difference in 3 groups(P＞0.05),and were all controllable.The Receiver operating characteristic of CD4+T lymphocyte count showed that AUC of BR group was 0.802,and the critical value was 258/uL;AUC of GB group was 0.754 with a critical value of 322/uL.Conclusion:The treatment of FL with the Bendamustine containing regimen has good efficacy and controllable adverse reactions,but lymphocytopenia was significant after treatment,and the curative efficacy in combination with various CD20 monoclonal antibodies was different.The lowest CD4+T lymphocyte count can be used as a predictive factor for the occurrence of infection and efficacy of the Bendamustine containing regimen for FL.

Objective:To explore the protective effect and mechanism of acetate on sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in rats.Methods:Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into sham operation group (Sham group), sepsis group caused by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP group), and acetate pretreatment group [NaA group, gavage sodium acetate (NaA) 300 mg/kg twice a day for 7 consecutive days before CLP] using a random number table method, with 7 rats in each group. The blood was taken from the main abdominal artery 24 hours after modeling, and renal tissue was collected from the rats. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1). The concentration of serum acetate was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in renal tissue was detected by thiobarbituric acid method. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) in renal tissue was detected by colorimetric method. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe histopathological changes and assess renal tubule injury score. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expressions of G-protein coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/silence infor-mation regulator 1/peroxlsome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactlvator-1α (AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α) pathway. The positive expressions of GPR43, phosphorylation-AMPK (p-AMPK), SIRT1, PGC-1α were detected by immunohistochemistry.Results:Compared with Sham group, the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α and KIM-1 were significantly increased in CLP group, the contents of MDA and MPO in renal tissue were increased, and the content of acetate was significantly decreased. HE staining results showed that most of the tubular epithelial cells were denaturated with local necrosis, a large number of brush border injuries and shedding, tubular structure destruction and fragmentation, and more inflammatory cells infiltrated the renal interstitium, the renal tubular injury score significantly increased. The expressions of GPR43, p-AMPK/AMPK, SIRT1, and PGC-1α in renal tissue were significantly reduced, indicating renal injury and increased levels of oxidative stress and inflammation in septic rats. Compared with the CLP group, the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α and KIM-1 in the NaA group were decreased [IL-6 (ng/L): 126.20±6.23 vs. 161.00±17.37, TNF-α (ng/L): 85.59±7.70 vs. 123.50±17.78, KIM-1 (μg/L): 2.92±0.38 vs. 4.73±0.36, all P < 0.05]. The contents of MDA and MPO in renal tissue were significantly decreased [MDA (μmol/g): 6.56±0.18 vs. 8.53±0.34, MPO (U/g): 2.99±0.20 vs. 3.72±0.29, both P < 0.05]. HE staining showed that kidney injury had been alleviated, with a decrease in renal tubular injury score [1 (1, 2) vs. 3 (2, 3), P < 0.05]. Western blotting showed that the expressions of GPR43 and AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway related proteins were significantly increased in renal tissue (GPR43/β-actin: 0.62±0.09 vs. 0.41±0.09, p-AMPK/AMPK: 0.58±0.07 vs. 0.44±0.06, SIRT1/β-actin: 0.85±0.06 vs. 0.73±0.03, PGC-1α/β-actin: 0.79±0.07 vs. 0.62±0.05, all P < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed that the positive expressions of GPR43, p-AMPK, SIRT1 and PGC-1α were significantly increased in renal tissue [GPR43 positive area: (33.66±2.62)% vs. (16.21±1.66)%, p-AMPK positive area: (16.64±2.11)% vs. (5.04±1.28)%, SIRT1 positive area: (14.61±2.86)% vs. (7.34±1.00)%, PGC-1α positive area: (15.30±2.39)% vs. (4.84±1.67)%, all P < 0.05], the serum acetate concentration significantly increased (μg/L: 32?479±14?683 vs. 12?935±3?197, P < 0.05). Conclusion:Acetate can ameliorate sepsis-induced AKI, the mechanism may be related to the activation of AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway by GPR43.

Objective To investigate the value of CT radiomics combined with CT and preoperative pathological features for predicting postoperative early recurrence(ER)of local advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(LAESCC).Methods Data of 334 patients with LAESCC were retrospectively analyzed.The patients were divided into training set(n=234)and verification set(n=100)at the ratio of 7:3 and were followed up to observe ER(recurrence within 12 months after surgery)or not.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze clinical,CT and preoperative pathological features of LAESCC in patients with or without ER in training set.The independent risk factors of ER were screened,and a CT-preoperative pathology model was constructed.Based on venous phase CT in training set,the radiomics features of lesions were extracted and screened to establish radiomics model,and finally a combined model was established based on radiomics model and the independent risk factors.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were drawn,and the area under the curve(AUC)was calculated to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of each model.Results Among 334 cases,168 were found with but 166 without ER.In training set,117 cases were found with while the rest 117 without ER,while in verification set,51 were found with but 49 without ER.The length of lesions,cT stage and cN stage shown on CT and tumor differentiation degree displayed with preoperative pathology were all independent risk factors for ER of LAESCC(all P＜0.05).The AUC of CT-preoperative pathology model in training set and validation set was 0.759 and 0.783,respectively.Ten best radiomics features of LAESCC were selected,and AUC of the established radiomics model in training set and validation set was 0.770 and 0.730,respectively.The AUC of combined model in training and validation set was 0.838 and 0.826,respectively.The AUC of CT radiomics combined with CT and preoperative pathological features in training set was higher than that of CT-preoperative pathologymodel and radiomics model(both P＜0.01).Conclusion CT radiomics combined with CT and preoperative pathological features could effectively predict postoperative ER of LAESCC.

Aim To investigate the impact and mechanism of Weichang'an Pill(WCA),its ethanol extract(EE),water extract(WE),and active ingredients on the contraction of isolated rat ileum smooth muscles induced by acetylcholine(ACh). Methods In vitro tissue bath experiment,WCA,EE,WE,or their active ingredients were added under the action of ACh,and then the contraction tension of isolated ileum smooth muscle from rats was recorded. The binding affinity ofthe active ingredients to the muscarinic acetylcholine M3 receptor was explored by molecular docking. Results WCA,EE,and WE were able to considerably inhibit the excitatory contraction of the ileal smooth muscles induced by ACh. Costunolide,dehydrocostus lactone,santalol,muscone,emodin,chrysophanol,physcion,crotonoside,magnolol,and honokiol were also significantly effective against ACh-induced ileal smooth muscle contraction. Conclusions WCA,EE,WE,and their active ingredients may help to promote intestinal smooth muscle relaxation by blocking the binding of the M3 receptor on the membrane of ileal smooth muscle with ACh.

The peeled stems of Syringa pinnatifolia(SP) is a representative Mongolian folk medicine with the effects of anti-depression, heat clearance, pain relief, and respiration improvement. It has been clinically used for the treatment of coronary heart disease, insomnia, asthma, and other cardiopulmonary diseases. As part of the systematic study on pharmacological substances of SP, 11 new sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the terpene-containing fractions of the ethanol extract of SP by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance(~1H-NMR) guided isolation methods. The planar structures of the sesquiterpenoids were identified by MS, 1D NMR, and 2D NMR data analysis, and were named pinnatanoids C and D(1 and 2), and alashanoids T-ZI(3-11), respectively. The structure types of the sesquiterpenoids included pinnatane, humulane, seco-humulane, guaiane, carryophyllane, seco-erimolphane, isodaucane, and other types. However, limited to the low content of compounds, the existence of multiple chiral centers, the flexibility of the structure, or lack of ultraviolet absorption, the stereoscopic configuration remained unresolved. The discovery of various sesquiterpenoids enriches the understanding of the chemical composition of the genus and species and provides references for further analysis of pharmacological substances of SP.
Syringa ; Sesquiterpenes ; Terpenes ; Asthma ; Chromatography, Liquid

Corydalis hendersonii(CH) is a Tibetan folk medicine with the functions of clearing heat, detoxifying, cooling blood, checking diarrhea, and lowering blood pressure. It is often used to treat high altitude polycythemia, vasculitis, peptic ulcer, and diarrhea. Nine compounds were separated from the ethanol extract of CH by silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified as hendersine H(1),hendersine I(2), dehydrocheilanthifoline(3), protopine(4), izmirine(5), 6,7-methylenedioxy-1(2H)-isoquinolinone(6), icariside D_2(7), ethyl 4-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-methoxybenzoate(8), 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid(9), respectively, by the spectroscopic data analysis and comparison with those in the literature. Among them, compounds 1 and 2 are new isoquinoline alkaloids, and compounds 7-9 are reported the first time for Corydalis. The hypoglycemic model of H9c2 cardiomyocytes and the inflammatory model of H9c2 cardiomyocytes induced by conditional supernatant were employed to determine the activities of the above compounds. The results showed that 20 μmol·L~(-1) compound 1 had a protective effect on H9c2 cardiomyocytes and 10 μmol·L~(-1) compounds 4 and 5 inhibited H9c2 cardiomyocyte inflammation induced by conditional supernatant.
Humans ; Corydalis/chemistry* ; Alkaloids/chemistry* ; Inflammation ; Spectrum Analysis ; Isoquinolines/pharmacology*