This article systematically reviews the characteristics and trends of the writing, editing, publication and promotion of physiology textbooks in China from the late 19th century to the present, focusing on the introduction, development and innovation of Chinese physiology textbooks. The development of physiology textbooks in China is divided into four main stages: the introduction and initial development of physiology textbooks from the late 19th century to 1925; the localization and diversification of textbooks from 1926 to 1949, after the establishment of the Chinese Physiological Society; the exploratory phase of textbook construction after the founding of the People's Republic of China from 1949 to 1976; the formation and innovation of the textbook development process from 1977 to the present, following the restoration of the college entrance examination. For each phase, the article not only records the historical development of physiology textbooks, but also analyzes the evolution of their content, writing styles and the interaction with the social and political contexts. The article summarizes the characteristics and experiences of all these four phases. Special attention is given to the comprehensive statistical analysis of physiology textbooks published since the restoration of the college entrance examination and Economic Reform and Opening-up in 1977, revealing the changes in the number, publication trends and academic features of textbooks during this period. Finally, the article presets the future development of physiology textbooks in China, proposing that textbook writing should integrate aspects such as ideological and political education, medical humanities, basic and clinical medicine, health education, scientific research and international exchange and collaboration. The article also advocates for the application of new technologies and methods, such as artificial intelligence, virtual teaching models and knowledge graphs, to support "personalized learning". This research provides a systematic reference for the study of the history of medical education and offers theoretical support for the future innovation of physiology textbook in China.
Humans ; China ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Physiology/education* ; Textbooks as Topic/history*

Immunotherapy has emerged as a revolutionary approach to treat immune-related diseases. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in orchestrating immune responses, making them an attractive target for immunotherapeutic interventions. Modulation of gene expression in DCs using genome editing techniques, such as the CRISPR-Cas system, is important for regulating DC functions. However, the precise delivery of CRISPR-based therapies to DCs has posed a significant challenge. While lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been extensively studied for gene editing in tumor cells, their potential application in DCs has remained relatively unexplored. This study investigates the important role of cholesterol in regulating the efficiency of BAMEA-O16B lipid-assisted nanoparticles (BLANs) as carriers of CRISPR/Cas9 for gene editing in DCs. Remarkably, BLANs with low cholesterol density exhibit exceptional mRNA uptake, improved endosomal escape, and efficient single-guide RNA release capabilities. Administration of BLAN_mCas9/gPD-L1 results in substantial PD-L1 gene knockout in conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), accompanied by heightened cDC1 activation, T cell stimulation, and significant suppression of tumor growth. The study underscores the pivotal role of cholesterol density within LNPs, revealing potent influence on gene editing efficacy within DCs. This strategy holds immense promise for the field of cancer immunotherapy, offering a novel avenue for treating immune-related diseases.

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal malignancy affecting the female reproductive system. Pharmacological inhibitors targeting CDK4/6 have demonstrated promising efficacy across various cancer types. However, their clinical benefits in ovarian cancer patients fall short of expectations, with only a subset of patients experiencing these advantageous effects. This study aims to provide further clinical and biological evidence for antineoplastic effects of a CDK4/6 inhibitor (TQB4616) in ovarian cancer and explore underlying mechanisms involved. Patient-derived ovarian cancer organoid models were established to evaluate the effectiveness of TQB3616. Potential key genes related to TQB3616 sensitivity were identified through RNA-seq analysis, and TRIM4 was selected as a candidate gene for further investigation. Subsequently, co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays confirmed that TRIM4 binds to hnRNPDL and promotes its ubiquitination through RING and B-box domains. RIP assay demonstrated that hnRNPDL binded to CDKN2C isoform 2 and suppressed its expression by alternative splicing. Finally, in vivo studies confirmed that the addition of siTRIM4 significantly improved the effectiveness of TQB3616. Overall, our findings suggest that TRIM4 modulates ubiquitin-mediated degradation of hnRNPDL and weakens sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibitors in ovarian cancer treatment. TRIM4 may serve as a valuable biomarker for predicting sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibitors in ovarian cancer.
Humans ; Female ; Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology* ; Animals ; Tripartite Motif Proteins/genetics* ; Mice ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/antagonists & inhibitors* ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6/antagonists & inhibitors* ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology* ; Ubiquitin/metabolism* ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays ; Ubiquitination ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology*

Objective To summarize the management challenges faced by multi-campus hospitals both domestically and internationally,to delineate the experiences in medical administration across multiple campuses,and to propose the"Zhong-zhong"multi-campus medical management pattern based on the practices of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center,aiming to pro-vide reference and evidence for domestic peers in the field.Methods This study uses the methods of literature research and case study analysis,and summarizes and condenses the experience of medical management in multi-campus and provides policy sug-gestions through key person interviews and expert consultation.Results SYSUCC carries out multi-campus medical management through six major measures,namely,the organizational system combining vertical and territorial management,the layout of disci-plinary clusters and specialties,multi-channel flow attraction measures,the dynamic adjustment of medical resources,the homog-enization of medical quality,and the high-effective information system.It achieves the high-quality development goals with differ-ential development of various specialties,improved resource utilization efficiency,homogeneous and incremental medical serv-ices,smooth operation of information system,and steady and orderly development of new techniques.Conclusion Domestic public specialized hospitals can achieve homogeneous management and high-quality development across multiple campuses through streamlined organizational structures to enhance management efficiency,optimizing the layout of specialized departments to pro-mote coordinated development,strict control of standards to ensure medical quality,using dynamic adjustments to guide orderly competition among specialized departments,and leveraging information systems to support homogeneous development across multi-ple campuses.

Aim To explore the effect and mechanism of the artesunate(ART)on hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Methods The cell lines MHCC-97H and HCC-LM3 were used to be detected.MTT and clone formation were used to determine the cell proliferation;Wound healing was used to detect the cell migration;Transwell was used to test the cell invasion.Flow-cy-tometry was used to detect cell apoptosis and cell cy-cle.RNA-seq and qRT-PCR was used to detect the genes expression.Results The proliferation,migra-tion and invasion of treated cells were obviously inhibi-ted(P＜0.01).Moreover,the apoptosis rate in-creased significantly,so did the proportion of G2/M cells.Transcriptomic analysis identified GADD45A as a potential target of ART through RNA-sequencing da-ta,and suggested that ART might induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through regulating the expression of GADD45A.In addition,the results of mechanism studies and signaling analysis suggested that GADD45A had interaction with its upstream gene NACC1(nucle-us accumbens associated 1).Moreover,after ART treatment,the expressions of GADD45A and NACC1 were changed significantly.Conclusion ART may be a potential drug to resist HCC by affecting the expres-sion of GADD45A and its upstream gene NACC1,which provides a new drug,a new direction and a new method for the clinical treatment of HCC.

As artificial intelligence technology rapidly advances, its deployment within the medical sector presents substantial ethical challenges. Consequently, it becomes crucial to create a standardized, transparent, and secure framework for processing medical data. This includes setting the ethical boundaries for medical artificial intelligence and safeguarding both patient rights and data integrity. This consensus governs every facet of medical data handling through artificial intelligence, encompassing data gathering, processing, storage, transmission, utilization, and sharing. Its purpose is to ensure the management of medical data adheres to ethical standards and legal requirements, while safeguarding patient privacy and data security. Concurrently, the principles of compliance with the law, patient privacy respect, patient interest protection, and safety and reliability are underscored. Key issues such as informed consent, data usage, intellectual property protection, conflict of interest, and benefit sharing are examined in depth. The enactment of this expert consensus is intended to foster the profound integration and sustainable advancement of artificial intelligence within the medical domain, while simultaneously ensuring that artificial intelligence adheres strictly to the relevant ethical norms and legal frameworks during the processing of medical data.
Artificial Intelligence/legislation & jurisprudence* ; Humans ; Consensus ; Computer Security/standards* ; Confidentiality/ethics* ; Informed Consent/ethics*

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of children with IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) and provide a basis for disease management and prevention. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze 142 children aged 0-12 years who were diagnosed with IgE-mediated CMPA in Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children's Hospital from 2020 to 2022. There were 79 males (55.6%) and 63 females (44.4%), with an average age of 14 (8, 27) months. 61 cases (43.0%) were in the <1-year-old group, 54 cases (38.0%) in the 1-3-year-old group, and 27 cases (19.0%) in the >3-year-old group. Data on demographic data, clinical manifestations, mean wheel diameter of skin prick test and serum specific IgE level were collected. The serum cow's milk protein sIgE and component sIgE were measured by ImmunoCAP fully automated system of fluorescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and statistically analyzed using chi-square test, nonparametric tests, correlation. Results: Cutaneous symptoms were the first and most frequent in 142 children (97.9%, 139/142 cases), followed by digestive (29.6%, 42/142 cases) and respiratory symptoms (27.5%, 39/142 cases).The proportion of children with respiratory symptoms after consuming cow's milk was significantly higher in the>3 years age group than those in the infant and toddler groups(66.7% vs 19.7%,χ²=18.396,P<0.01;66.7% vs 16.7%,χ²=20.250,P<0.01), and the symptoms involving ≥3 systems were also significantly higher than those in the other two groups(37.0% vs 13.1%,χ²=6.597,P<0.05;37.0% vs 7.4%,χ²=12.120,P<0.01). The average cow's milk SPT diameter and serum sIgE levels in the>3 years age group were significantly higher than those in the infant and toddler groups (Z=-4.682, P<0.01; Z=-3.498, P<0.01); (Z=-4.463, P<0.01; Z=-6.463, P<0.01). The most common cow's milk component protein were β-lactoglobulin(65.1%,56/86 cases) and casein (57.0%, 49/86 cases). Multiple-sensitization rate of the patients were 54.9%. Egg white (43.7%, 62/142 cases) was the most common co-sensitization food allergen while mold (12.7%, 18/142 cases) and weed pollen (12.7%, 18/142 cases) were the main co-sensitization aeroallergens. The proportion of multiple-sensitization to aeroallergens in the children group was the highest (51.9%, 14/27 cases), followed by the toddler group (29.6%, 16/54 cases), and the infant group was the least (3.3%, 2/61 cases). There was a significant difference among these three groups (χ²=7.476, P<0.05). Conclusion: Skin and mucosal symptoms are the most common in CMPA patients. The proportion of respiratory symptoms and multisystem involvement increased with age as well as the wheal diameter in skin test and serum sIgE level elevated. CMPA patients older than 3 years had the highest proportion of aeroallergen sensitization and airway allergic diseases.
Male ; Animals ; Cattle ; Female ; Child ; Humans ; Milk Hypersensitivity/diagnosis* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Allergens ; Immunoglobulin E

Objective To design a remote diabetes management system based on dynamic blood glucose monitoring to solve the problems of traditional diabetes patient management in glucose data manual collection,unidirectional information flow and out-hospital glucose management.Methods A remote diabetes management system was developed with Java EE distributed microservices-based architecture and front-end and back-end separation mode,which used Vue for the front-end user interface design and IntelliJ IDEA development tools supporting Java language for the backend.The system developed was composed of a doctor App,a patient App and a background management terminal.The doctor App had three modules for user management,data viewing and intervention follow-up,the patient App had three modules for data monitoring,event recording and doctor-patient communication and the background management terminal had three modules for user management,data management and device management.Results The system developed realized individualized intervention and long-term glucose control based on real-time data acquisition of patient glucose fluctuation,diet,medication,exercise and other conditions.Conclusion The system developed can be used for the centralized online and offline management for in-hospital and out-hospital diabetes patients,which reduces the incidence of adverse events due to high or low blood glucose and improves the efficiency of medical staffs.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2023,44(9):42-48]

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of children with IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) and provide a basis for disease management and prevention. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze 142 children aged 0-12 years who were diagnosed with IgE-mediated CMPA in Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children's Hospital from 2020 to 2022. There were 79 males (55.6%) and 63 females (44.4%), with an average age of 14 (8, 27) months. 61 cases (43.0%) were in the <1-year-old group, 54 cases (38.0%) in the 1-3-year-old group, and 27 cases (19.0%) in the >3-year-old group. Data on demographic data, clinical manifestations, mean wheel diameter of skin prick test and serum specific IgE level were collected. The serum cow's milk protein sIgE and component sIgE were measured by ImmunoCAP fully automated system of fluorescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and statistically analyzed using chi-square test, nonparametric tests, correlation. Results: Cutaneous symptoms were the first and most frequent in 142 children (97.9%, 139/142 cases), followed by digestive (29.6%, 42/142 cases) and respiratory symptoms (27.5%, 39/142 cases).The proportion of children with respiratory symptoms after consuming cow's milk was significantly higher in the>3 years age group than those in the infant and toddler groups(66.7% vs 19.7%,χ²=18.396,P<0.01;66.7% vs 16.7%,χ²=20.250,P<0.01), and the symptoms involving ≥3 systems were also significantly higher than those in the other two groups(37.0% vs 13.1%,χ²=6.597,P<0.05;37.0% vs 7.4%,χ²=12.120,P<0.01). The average cow's milk SPT diameter and serum sIgE levels in the>3 years age group were significantly higher than those in the infant and toddler groups (Z=-4.682, P<0.01; Z=-3.498, P<0.01); (Z=-4.463, P<0.01; Z=-6.463, P<0.01). The most common cow's milk component protein were β-lactoglobulin(65.1%,56/86 cases) and casein (57.0%, 49/86 cases). Multiple-sensitization rate of the patients were 54.9%. Egg white (43.7%, 62/142 cases) was the most common co-sensitization food allergen while mold (12.7%, 18/142 cases) and weed pollen (12.7%, 18/142 cases) were the main co-sensitization aeroallergens. The proportion of multiple-sensitization to aeroallergens in the children group was the highest (51.9%, 14/27 cases), followed by the toddler group (29.6%, 16/54 cases), and the infant group was the least (3.3%, 2/61 cases). There was a significant difference among these three groups (χ²=7.476, P<0.05). Conclusion: Skin and mucosal symptoms are the most common in CMPA patients. The proportion of respiratory symptoms and multisystem involvement increased with age as well as the wheal diameter in skin test and serum sIgE level elevated. CMPA patients older than 3 years had the highest proportion of aeroallergen sensitization and airway allergic diseases.
Male ; Animals ; Cattle ; Female ; Child ; Humans ; Milk Hypersensitivity/diagnosis* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Allergens ; Immunoglobulin E

A variety of full 2ʹ-F/OMe-modified siRNAs were designed and synthesized, and the activity against hepatocellular carcinoma Huh-7 and HepG2 cells was evaluated. K&A DNA/RNA H-8 synthesizer was used to synthesize siRNAs, and neutral cytidinyl lipid DNCA mixed with cationic lipid CLD were used to transfect siRNA. By RT-qPCR and CCK-8 assay, the target gene silence and the proliferation of Huh-7 and HepG2 cells were detected. The siRNAs loading into Ago2 protein was detected by RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation. Drug uptake and cell apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry, and the expression of PLK1 protein was detected by Western blot. Partial full 2ʹ-F/OMe modified siRNAs, especial siPLK1A3, increased the uptake of Huh-7 cells, enhanced their binding to Ago2 and gene silencing activity, down-regulated PLK1 protein, as well as induced more Huh-7 cell apoptosis and proliferation inhibition activity. It provides important data for the development of novel siRNA modification patterns and anti-HCC formulations.