Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） is a chronic respiratory disease that poses a significant threat to global health， exhibiting high morbidity， disability and mortality rate， with its prevention and treatment situation becoming increasingly critical. The pathogenesis of COPD is complex， and the underlying cellular and molecular biological mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. Programmed cell death （PCD） is the process wherein cells actively undergo demise to maintain internal environmental stability in response to certain signals or specific stimuli. Contemporary medical research indicates that the dysregulation of PCD patterns such as apoptosis， necroptosis， pyroptosis， autophagy， and ferroptosis is closely related to the onset and progression of COPD. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms of PCD in COPD may provide novel perspectives for in-depth understanding and prevention of the disease. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is characterized by holistic regulation. In recent years， extensive research has been conducted in the TCM field focusing on modulating apoptosis， necroptosis， pyroptosis， autophagy， and ferroptosis for the treatment of COPD， yielding remarkable achievements. Therefore， this study systematically explored the molecular mechanism of PCD in COPD and reviewed the potential mechanisms and intervention status of TCM targeting PCD in COPD， aiming to provide insights and references for the clinical prevention， treatment and in-depth research of COPD.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） is a chronic respiratory disease that poses a significant threat to global health， exhibiting high morbidity， disability and mortality rate， with its prevention and treatment situation becoming increasingly critical. The pathogenesis of COPD is complex， and the underlying cellular and molecular biological mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. Programmed cell death （PCD） is the process wherein cells actively undergo demise to maintain internal environmental stability in response to certain signals or specific stimuli. Contemporary medical research indicates that the dysregulation of PCD patterns such as apoptosis， necroptosis， pyroptosis， autophagy， and ferroptosis is closely related to the onset and progression of COPD. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms of PCD in COPD may provide novel perspectives for in-depth understanding and prevention of the disease. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is characterized by holistic regulation. In recent years， extensive research has been conducted in the TCM field focusing on modulating apoptosis， necroptosis， pyroptosis， autophagy， and ferroptosis for the treatment of COPD， yielding remarkable achievements. Therefore， this study systematically explored the molecular mechanism of PCD in COPD and reviewed the potential mechanisms and intervention status of TCM targeting PCD in COPD， aiming to provide insights and references for the clinical prevention， treatment and in-depth research of COPD.

Gastric cancer is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract and can be classified as “fullness of the stomach”， “epigastric pain”， “noise” and other categories in the field of traditional Chinese medicine. Sijunzi decoction is composed of Panax ginseng， Poria cocos， Atractylodes macrocephala， and honey-fried Glycyrrhiza uralensis， and it has the effect of tonifying qi and strengthening the spleen. This article summarizes the active ingredients， mechanism of action， and clinical application research progress of Sijunzi decoction in treating gastric cancer. The results show that the main active ingredients of Sijunzi decoction include ginsenosides， atractylenolide， pachymic acid， glycyrrhizic acid， etc.； Sijunzi decoction and its effective ingredients can play an anti-gastric cancer role by inhibiting the proliferation of gastric cancer cell， inducing apoptosis of gastric cancer cell， enhancing gastric cancer cell chemotherapy sensitivity， and inhibiting invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cell. In addition， Sijunzi decoction can enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs， strengthen the immune function of the body and lower serum cancer marker levels during the clinical treatment of gastric cancer.

[Objective] To conduct a retrospective statistical comparison of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) test values in blood donors prior to blood collection, aiming to analyze the objective characteristics of the population with elevated ALT levels (ALT>50 U/L) and provide reference data for adjusting the screening eligibility threshold for ALT. [Methods] The preliminary ALT screening data of 30 341 blood donor samples collected prior to blood donation from three smart blood donation sites at the Shenzhen Blood Center between 2022 and 2023 were extracted and compared with data from a health examination department of a tertiary hospital in Shenzhen (representing the general population, n=24 906). Both datasets were categorized and statistically described. A retrospective analysis was conducted to examine the associations between ALT test results and factors such as donors' gender, age, ethnicity, donation site, donation season, and frequency of blood donation. [Results] The ALT levels in both blood donors and the general population were non-normally distributed. The 95th percentile of ALT values was calculated as 61.4 U/L (male: 67.8 U/L, female: 39.3 U/L) for blood donors and 58.1 U/L (male: 63.7 U/L, female: 51.2 U/L) for the general population. The non-compliance rates (ALT>50 U/L) were 7.65% (2 321/30 341) in blood donors and 7.08% (1 763/24 906) in the general population. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in the ALT failure rate among blood donors based on gender, age, and donation site, but no significant differences (P>0.05) during the blood donation season. There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in the positive rates of four serological markers (HBsAg, anti HCV, HIV Ag/Ab, anti TP) for blood screening pathogens between ALT unqualified and qualified individuals (2.05% vs 1.5%). If the ALT qualification threshold was raised from 50 U/L to 90 U/L, the non qualification rates of male and female blood donors would decrease from 9.82% (2 074/21 125) to 2.23% (471/21 125) and from 2.70% (249/9 216) to 0.75% (69/9 216), respectively. Among the 154 blood donors who donated blood more than 3 times, 88.31% of the 248 ALT test results were in the range of 50-90 U/L. Among them, 9 cases had ALT>130 U/L, and ALT was converted to qualified in subsequent blood donations. [Conclusion] There are differences in the ALT failure rate among blood donors of different genders and ages, and different blood donation sites and operators can also affect the ALT detection values of blood donors. The vast majority of blood donors with ALT failure are caused by transient and non pathological factors. With the widespread use of blood virus nucleic acid testing, appropriately increasing the ALT qualification threshold for blood donors can expand the qualified population and alleviate the shortage of blood sources, and the risk of blood safety will not increase.

[Objective] To investigate the factors associated with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) abnormalities in multi-ethnic blood donors across five Zang autonomous prefectures in the plateau regions of Qinghai Province, and to provide evidence for ensuring blood safety and formulating screening strategies. [Methods] A retrospective analysis was performed on the ALT abnormal test results of blood donors in the Zang autonomous prefectures of Qinghai from 2022 to 2024. The correlations between ALT levels and factors including gender, age, altitude, and infectious markers were investigated. [Results] The overall ALT unqualified rate among blood donors in this region was 9.01%. Significant differences in ALT levels were observed across genders and age groups (P<0.05). Variations in ALT abnormality rates were also noted among different plateau regions (P<0.05). Overall, ALT values exhibited an increasing trend with rising altitude. The average ALT unqualified rates were 11.19% in Zang donors, 7.96% in Han donors, and 4.79% in donors from other ethnic groups (P<0.05). No statistically significant association was observed between ALT abnormality and the presence of HBV/HCV infectious markers (P>0.05). [Conclusion] In the plateau areas of Qinghai, multi-ethnic blood donors have a relatively high ALT levels and ALT unqualified rates, showing distinct regional characteristics. ALT elevation in voluntary blood donors is related to non-pathological factors such as gender, age, and dietary habits, but not to infectious indicators.

Sustained and controlled release preparation is ideal for reducing the side effects of drugs, improving patient compliance and enhancing efficacy, among which oral sustained-release tablets are the most widely used. The in vitro release of the preparation is closely related to the in vivo absorption of the drug. However, current in vitro release experiments are labor-intensive and destructive, and the lack of big data also makes it difficult to establish good in vivo and in vitro correlations. Computer modeling, as a technical means that can transform objective principles into mathematical models, has great prospects in data prediction. This review explores the existing computer modeling methods that can be used to predict in vitro release profiles of oral sustained-release tablets, and further discusses auxiliary technologies that can improve the accuracy of the models, providing new ideas for drug development.

The purpose of this study was to explore the reasonable dose of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in hemodialysis (HD) and the strategy of preventing extracorporeal circuit coagulation (ECC). A retrospective case-control study included patients who used LMWH for anticoagulation during maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) in the Hemodialysis Center of Beijing Hospital from December 2020 to January 2021. Basic data such as weight, height, basic kidney disease, dialysis age and anti-Ⅹa factor activity before, during and after dialysis were collected. A total of 46 patients were enrolled in this study, including 5 patients in coagulation group (10.9%) and 41 patients in non-coagulation group (89.1%). The anti-Ⅹa factor activity reached its peak at 0.5 h after the start of HD. The level of anti-Ⅹa factor was incorporated into the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve). The results showed that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.802 (95% confidence interval: 0.651-0.54, P=0.029), and the cutoff was 0.31 IU/ml (sensitivity 1, specificity 0.683). It is suggested that the body surface area should be used as the basis to estimate the anticoagulant dose of LMWH in HD, and the activity of HD 4 h anti-Ⅹa factor ≤0.31 IU/ml, which is of diagnostic value for ECC. In addition, the results of binary logistic regression analysis showed that dialysis age was an independent risk factor for ECC ( OR value 1.319, 95% CI 1.052-1.654, P=0.017). In summary, this study reveals that dialysis age may be a risk factor for ECC and that the activity of HD 4 h anti-Ⅹa factor ≤0.31 IU/ml can be used as a potential diagnostic cut-off point for ECC in HD patients, which provides a scientific basis for monitoring strategies to prevent blood coagulation in HD filters.

BACKGROUND:Interleukin-8 is an important cytokine that has been found to play an important role in bone regeneration through multiple pathways. OBJECTIVE:To comprehensively review the action mechanism of interleukin-8 effects on bone regeneration to provide ideas for the following studies on interleukin-8. METHODS:By searching the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database for articles published from January 1999 to February 2023 and PubMed database for articles published from January 1985 to February 2023 reporting the role of interleukin-8 in bone-associated cells and vascularisation.Chinese and English search terms were"interleukin-8,bone repair,bone metabolism,mesenchymal stem cells,osteoblasts,osteoclasts,vascularization".The initial review yielded 508 articles in English and Chinese,and a total of 51 articles were included for review and analysis according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:According to the existing research,interleukin-8 can promote bone cell regeneration and assist bone healing through multiple pathways,which is mainly divided into three aspects:(1)Promote the proliferation and differentiation of bone cells such as mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts,and promote the development of cells in the direction of promoting bone healing;(2)interleukin-8 can promote angiogenesis and provide sufficient nutrition and oxygen for bone tissue,thus further improving the quality and stability of bone healing.(3)The appearance of interleukin-8 facilitates the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α,vascular endothelial growth factor,and matrix metalloproteinase,which can create a microenvironment conducive to bone regeneration,thus promoting the regeneration and repair of bone tissue.In summary,interleukin-8 plays an important role in bone healing by promoting osteoblast proliferation and differentiation,facilitating angiogenesis and improving the mechanical properties of bone regeneration,as well as influencing bone metabolism through osteoclasts,mesenchymal stem cells,and other action sites.

ObjectiveTo investigate the change and potential role of Mindin protein in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B （CHB） with PEG-IFNα-2b. MethodsA total of 29 CHB patients who received the treatment with PEG-IFNα-2b in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University from January 2018 to December 2019 were enrolled， and according to their clinical outcome， they were divided into cured group with 17 patients and uncured group with 12 patients. Peripheral blood samples were collected from both groups at baseline， 12 weeks， and 24 weeks to measure blood routine indices， liver function parameters， hepatitis B markers， and Mindin protein. HBsAg， alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， and Mindin protein at different time points were compared between the two groups. The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups， and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between two groups； a Spearman correlation analysis was used to investigate correlation； a multiple linear regression analysis was used to investigate the influence of HBsAg and ALT on the content of Mindin protein. ResultsThe analysis of baseline data showed that there were significant differences in the levels of HBsAg， HBeAb， albumin， and albumin/globulin ratio between the cured group and the uncured group （all P<0.05）. The cured group tended to have a gradual increase in the level of Mindin， and the level of Mindin at 24 weeks was significantly higher than that at baseline （P<0.05）. The cured group had a significantly higher level of Mindin protein than the uncured group at 24 weeks （P=0.019）. The cured group had a significantly lower level of HBsAg than the uncured group （P<0.05）， with a significant change from baseline to each time point within the cured group （P<0.05）. In addition， the levels of ALT and AST in the cured group tended to first increase and then decrease， and the expression levels at 12 weeks were significantly higher than those at baseline （P<0.05）. At 12 weeks， there was a strong linear correlation between Mindin protein levels and ALT in the untreated group （r=0.760 8， P<0.05）， and further multiple linear regression analysis also demonstrated a linear relationship between the two （b=1.571， P=0.019）. ConclusionThere is a significant difference in the level of Mindin protein between the cured group and the non-cured group after 24 weeks of PEG-IFNα-2b antiviral treatment， and therefore， detecting the dynamic changes of Mindin protein can better predict the treatment outcome of CHB， which provides a reference for clinical practice.

The purpose of this study was to explore the reasonable dose of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in hemodialysis (HD) and the strategy of preventing extracorporeal circuit coagulation (ECC). A retrospective case-control study included patients who used LMWH for anticoagulation during maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) in the Hemodialysis Center of Beijing Hospital from December 2020 to January 2021. Basic data such as weight, height, basic kidney disease, dialysis age and anti-Ⅹa factor activity before, during and after dialysis were collected. A total of 46 patients were enrolled in this study, including 5 patients in coagulation group (10.9%) and 41 patients in non-coagulation group (89.1%). The anti-Ⅹa factor activity reached its peak at 0.5 h after the start of HD. The level of anti-Ⅹa factor was incorporated into the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve). The results showed that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.802 (95% confidence interval: 0.651-0.54, P=0.029), and the cutoff was 0.31 IU/ml (sensitivity 1, specificity 0.683). It is suggested that the body surface area should be used as the basis to estimate the anticoagulant dose of LMWH in HD, and the activity of HD 4 h anti-Ⅹa factor ≤0.31 IU/ml, which is of diagnostic value for ECC. In addition, the results of binary logistic regression analysis showed that dialysis age was an independent risk factor for ECC ( OR value 1.319, 95% CI 1.052-1.654, P=0.017). In summary, this study reveals that dialysis age may be a risk factor for ECC and that the activity of HD 4 h anti-Ⅹa factor ≤0.31 IU/ml can be used as a potential diagnostic cut-off point for ECC in HD patients, which provides a scientific basis for monitoring strategies to prevent blood coagulation in HD filters.