Objective To investigate the changes of anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH),inhibin-B(INHB)and inhibin-A(INHA)levels in boys with cryptorchidism,analyze their clinical application value,and provide labo-ratory data for the diagnosis and treatment of cryptorchidism.Methods A total of 1 310 boys with cryp-torchidism who were hospitalized or visited the outpatient department in the hospital from July 2020 to July 2023 were included in the case group.Another 50 boys who underwent physical examination at the hospital and had no abnormalities in reproductive system development such as testicles were selected as the control group.Venous blood was collected from all the research subjects in a fasting state and placed into biochemical tubes.After centrifuging the serum,the changes in the levels of anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH),Inhibin B(INHB),and Inhibin A(INHA)in the two groups were detected by the chemiluminescence method.The differences between the two groups were analyzed,and the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of AMH,INHB,and INHA for cryptorchidism.Results The AMH lev-els in boys with cryptorchidism were significantly higher than those in the control group(P＜0.01),while the INHB and INHA levels were significantly lower than those in the control group(P＜0.01).ROC curve analy-sis showed that the area under the curve(AUC)of AMH was 0.65(95％CI:0.56-0.74,P＜0.01).When the Youden index was 26.85％and the cut off value was 37.19 ng/mL,it had relatively good sensitivity(88.85％)but relatively low specificity(38.00％).The AUC of INHB was 0.63(95％CI:0.57-0.70,P＜0.01).When the Youden index was 24.17％and the cut off value was 77.17 pg/mL,it had relatively poor sensitivity(38.17％)but relatively good specificity(86.00％).Both AMH and INHB have certain clinical val-ue in the differential diagnosis of boys with cryptorchidism.The AUC of INHA was 0.81(95％CI:0.79-0.84,P＜0.01).When the Youden index was 75.86％and the cut off value was 5.165 pg/mL,it had a rela-tively good sensitivity(77.86％)and specificity(98.00％).Conclusion The changes in the levels of serum AMH and INHB have certain diagnostic value for boys with cryptorchidism,while INHA has a good diagnos-tic value and can be used as an auxiliary diagnostic indicator for boys with cryptorchidism.

Objective:To investigate the sero-conversion rate of HIV antibody and influencing factors in cross-border couples in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture(Dehong).Methods:A cohort design was used to recruit HIV-negative people in cross-border couples in Dehong in 2017. Follow-up was conducted in 2023, and questionnaire survey and HIV test were carried out to calculate the sero-conversion rate of HIV antibody. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyze the influence factors for HIV infections.Results:A total of 36 278 HIV-negative persons in cross-border couples were included in the 2017 baseline survey, of whom 22 438 (61.9%) were tested in follow-up in 2023. The sero-conversion rate between 2017 and 2023 was 0.51% (115/22 438). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that length of marriage <6 years, Jingpo ethnic group, education level of primary school or below, drug use, illegal marriage and HIV infected spouse were the risk factors of HIV infection in male spouses, and length of marriage <6 years, Jingpo ethnic group, illegal marriage and HIV infected spouse were the risk factors in female spouses.Conclusions:The sero-conversion rate of HIV antibody in cross-border couples in Dehong was relatively high. HIV infection was mainly caused by secondary transmission in the couples, and men might also be infected through drug use. It is necessary to strengthen the registration and management of cross-border couples, especially the couples with discordant HIV infection status, and the intervention in drug users to reduce the risk for secondary transmission of HIV in the cross-border couples.

Objective:To investigate the sero-conversion rate of HIV antibody and influencing factors in cross-border couples in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture(Dehong).Methods:A cohort design was used to recruit HIV-negative people in cross-border couples in Dehong in 2017. Follow-up was conducted in 2023, and questionnaire survey and HIV test were carried out to calculate the sero-conversion rate of HIV antibody. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyze the influence factors for HIV infections.Results:A total of 36 278 HIV-negative persons in cross-border couples were included in the 2017 baseline survey, of whom 22 438 (61.9%) were tested in follow-up in 2023. The sero-conversion rate between 2017 and 2023 was 0.51% (115/22 438). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that length of marriage <6 years, Jingpo ethnic group, education level of primary school or below, drug use, illegal marriage and HIV infected spouse were the risk factors of HIV infection in male spouses, and length of marriage <6 years, Jingpo ethnic group, illegal marriage and HIV infected spouse were the risk factors in female spouses.Conclusions:The sero-conversion rate of HIV antibody in cross-border couples in Dehong was relatively high. HIV infection was mainly caused by secondary transmission in the couples, and men might also be infected through drug use. It is necessary to strengthen the registration and management of cross-border couples, especially the couples with discordant HIV infection status, and the intervention in drug users to reduce the risk for secondary transmission of HIV in the cross-border couples.

Objective To investigate the correlations of CALLY index in early pregnancy with the onset and severity of preeclampsia.Methods A total of 987 pregnant women were prospectively en-rolled as study subjects,with 42 lost during follow-up,resulting in a final inclusion of 945 subjects.Based on the occurrence and severity of preeclampsia during follow-up,the pregnant women were di-vided into preeclampsia group(n=47),severe preeclampsia group(n=49),and normal group(n=849).General information and laboratory test results were collected from all pregnant women,and the CALLY index was calculated.The Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation be-tween CALLY index and severity of preeclampsia(mean arterial pressure);the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was plotted to analyze the predictive efficacy of each indicator for pre-eclampsia;Cox regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors for the onset of preeclamp-sia.Results The mean arterial pressure and 24-hour urine protein levels were higher in the severe pre-eclampsia group than those in the preeclampsia group and normal group,and higher in the preeclampsia group than those in the normal group(P＜0.05).The CALLY index was lower in the severe preeclamp-sia group than in the preeclampsia group and normal group,and lower in the preeclampsia group than in the normal group(P＜0.05).Pearson correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between CALLY index and mean arterial pressure(r=-0.571,P＜0.001).The ROC curve showed that the area under the curve(AUC)of CALLY index for predicting preeclampsia was 0.941(95％CI,0.900 to 0.981).Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that an increased CALLY index was an independent protective factor for the onset of preeclampsia(HR=0.185,95％CI,0.092 to 0.374,P＜0.001).Conclusion The CALLY index is negatively correlated with the severity of preeclampsia and is an independent influencing factor for the onset of preeclampsia,which can be used as an auxiliary indicator to assess the onset and severity of preeclampsia in pregnant women.

In the past decades, significant progress has been achived in cartilage regeneration. The traditional techniques for constructing tissue engineering cartilage scaffold mainly include pore agent method (or template method), phase separation method, gas foaming method, freeze-drying method, electrospinning method, etc. Cartilage is heterogeneous, and it is difficult for traditional scaffolds to simulate the high anisotropy of cartilage. Therefore, functional regeneration of cartilage is challenging. With the progress of three-dimensional(3D) printing technology, it is possible to prepare functional bionic scaffolds with fine structure and gradient changes through co-deposition of biomaterials, cells and active biomolecules, so as to achieve functional cartilage regeneration. This article reviewed 3D printing technology of cartilage tissue engineering, and the application of 3D printing technology in cartilage regeneration at different anatomical positions (articular cartilage, auricle cartilage, nasal cartilage). In addition, the importance of preparing bionic constructs with regional structure gradient and regional composition gradient was discussed. 3D bioprinting technology, 4D printing techniques, smart biomaterials brought hope for the construction of bionic tissues and organs.

Objective To analyze the short-term survival and prognostic quality of life of patients with liver cirrhosis complicated by bacterial infection. Methods This study collected and analyzed 300 patients with liver cirrhosis complicated with infection who were hospitalized in the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, and followed up to discuss their survival and quality of life. Results In this study, the top two causes of infection were spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (60.67% of patients) and pneumonia (50.67% of patients). The second causes were urinary tract infections (15.33%), gastrointestinal infections (12.33%), and other causes. There was no statistically significant difference between male and female patients (P>0.05). In addition, the proportion of hospital infections was 71.00%, and there was no statistically significant difference between male and female patients (P>0.05). A total of 353 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated in this study (73.37% of patients with hospital infections). The distribution analysis of pathogenic bacteria showed that the highest proportion of ECO was 35.98%, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.98%). The distribution trend of 259 strains of pathogenic bacteria among hospital patients was consistent with that of all strains, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Gram negative bacteria accounted for 79.60% (281/353) of all detected strains, of which Escherichia coli was mostly detected in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, Klebsiella Pneumoniae (KPN) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAE) were mostly detected in patients with pneumonia, and Enterococcus (ENF) was mostly detected in patients with urinary tract infection; Among gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus epidermidis (SEP) and Staphylococcus aureus (SAU) are mostly found in patients with other infectious causes (blood flow infection, etc.) , and Streptococcus (STR) accounts for a high proportion in patients with Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. In this study, 9 cases of death prognosis were detected during follow-up, and there was no statistically significant difference in the detection of death prognosis between different bacterial strains in both genders, as well as the difference in detection of death prognosis between hospital infections and out of hospital infections in both genders (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the detection of death prognosis between males and females due to different causes of infection, P>0.05. The quality of life scores of 291 surviving patients were compared between baseline and follow-up, indicating an increase in follow-up scores, especially in the dimensions of physiological function and physical pain. There was no statistically significant difference between different bacterial strains, infection causes, and hospital/non hospital infections (P>0.05) . Conclusion Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and pneumonia are the main causes of infection that deserve special attention, and the main pathogens of infection are Gram negative bacteria. Targeted treatment and rehabilitation should be provided for patients with liver cirrhosis complicated by infection. At the same time, the proportion of hospital infections is relatively high, and attention should be paid to, prevention and control measures should be implemented as well.

In the past decades, significant progress has been achived in cartilage regeneration. The traditional techniques for constructing tissue engineering cartilage scaffold mainly include pore agent method (or template method), phase separation method, gas foaming method, freeze-drying method, electrospinning method, etc. Cartilage is heterogeneous, and it is difficult for traditional scaffolds to simulate the high anisotropy of cartilage. Therefore, functional regeneration of cartilage is challenging. With the progress of three-dimensional(3D) printing technology, it is possible to prepare functional bionic scaffolds with fine structure and gradient changes through co-deposition of biomaterials, cells and active biomolecules, so as to achieve functional cartilage regeneration. This article reviewed 3D printing technology of cartilage tissue engineering, and the application of 3D printing technology in cartilage regeneration at different anatomical positions (articular cartilage, auricle cartilage, nasal cartilage). In addition, the importance of preparing bionic constructs with regional structure gradient and regional composition gradient was discussed. 3D bioprinting technology, 4D printing techniques, smart biomaterials brought hope for the construction of bionic tissues and organs.

Objective To explore the optimal method for preparing fresh and fixed skeletal muscle tissues,and to lay an experimental foundation for the rapid diagnosis of and research into the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle diseases.Methods The tibialis anterior muscle was extracted from C57BL/6J mice.Fresh tissue was treated by direct rapid freezing in liquid nitrogen,embedding combined with liquid nitrogen freezing,and foreign body alkane treatment combined with liquid nitrogen freezing.Fixed tissues were pre-treated by direct embedding with embedding agent combined with rapid liquid nitrogen freezing.The frozen sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin.The cross-sectional areas of ice crystals and muscle fibers were calculated to evaluate the effects of the different pre-treatment method.Results The morphology of the muscle fiber bundles was disrupted and numerous ice crystal vacuoles were observed in fresh tissues after direct liquid nitrogen freezing and foreign body alkane treatment combined with liquid nitrogen freezing.In contrast,the muscle fiber bundles were intact and dense and there were no ice crystals in tissues treated with embedding agent combined with rapid liquid nitrogen freezing,indicating that this pre-treatment method was suitable for preparing fresh skeletal muscle tissue.Fixed tissue treated with embedding agent and liquid nitrogen freezing also showed complete muscle fiber bundles and no ice crystals.Conclusions Treatment of fresh and fixed skeletal muscle tissues with embedding agent combined with rapid liquid nitrogen freezing preserves muscle fiber bundles,with no ice crystals.Tissues prepared by this method are thus suitable for further examinations,such as immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence.This method will therefore aid the accurate and rapid diagnosis of and research into the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle diseases.

In the past decades, great progress has been made in cartilage regeneration. The traditional techniques for constructing tissue engineering cartilage scaffold mainly include pore agent method (or template method ) , phase separation method, gas foaming method, freeze-drying method , electrospinning method, etc. Cartilage is heterogeneous, and it is difficult for traditional scaffolds to simulate the high anisotropy of cartilage. Therefore, functional regeneration of cartilage is challenging. With the progress of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, it is possible to prepare functional bionic scaffolds with fine structure and gradient changes through co deposition of biomaterials, cells and active biomolecules, so as to achieve functional cartilage regeneration. This article reviews 3D printing technology of cartilage tissue engineering, and the application of 3D printing technology in cartilage regeneration at different anatomical positions (articular cartilage, auricle cartilage, nasal cartilage) . In addition, the importance of preparing bionic constructs with regional structure gradient and regional composition gradient was discussed. 3D bioprinting technology, 4 D printing techniques, smart biomaterials brought hope for the construction of bionic tissues and organs.

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) is commonly found in deep soft tissues, but cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions are relatively rare. The lack of specific symptoms and characteristic manifestations under the microscope makes the diagnosis and treatment of UPS difficult. In April 2022, a patient who was initially diagnosed with cyst infection of the scalp through superficial ultrasound and symptoms was admitted to the Medical Cosmetic Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. After the lesion was resected through surgery, the pathological result showed that the lesion combined UPS. Subsequently, the patient underwent a tumor extended resection, followed by chemotherapy. After 8 months of follow-up, the patient’s prognosis was favorable. This case report aims to provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous UPS by thoroughly reviewing the diagnostic and therapeutic process of this patient and systematically reviewing related literature.