ObjectiveTo analyze the evolutionary characteristics and genetic variations of the HA (hemagglutinin) and NA (neuraminidase) genes of influenza A(H1N1) viruses in Shanghai during 2024, to investigate their transmission patterns, and to evaluate their potential impact on vaccine effectiveness. MethodsFrom January to October 2024, throat swab specimens were collected from influenza like illness (ILI) patients at 4 hospitals in Shanghai. Real-time fluorescence ploymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for virus detection and isolation of H1N1 influenza viruses. Forty influenza A(H1N1) virus strains were sequenced using Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform, followed by phylogenetic analyses, genetic distance analysis, and amino acid variation analyses of HA and NA genes. ResultsPhylogenetic tree of the HA and NA genes revealed that the 40 influenza A(H1N1) virus strains circulating in Shanghai in 2024 exhibited no significant geographic clustering, with a broad origin of strains and complex transmission chains. Genetic distance analyses demonstrated that the average intra-group genetic distances of HA and NA genes among the Shanghai strains were 0.005 1±0.000 6 and 0.004 6±0.000 6, respectively, which were comparable to or higher than those observed in global surveillance strains. Both HA and NA genes displayed frequent mutations. Compared to the 2023‒2024 and 2024‒2025 Northern Hemisphere A(H1N1) vaccine strains (WHO-recommended), the HA proteins of 40 Shanghai strains exhibited amino acid substitutions at positions 120, 137, 142, 169, 216, 223, 260, 277, 356 and 451, with critical mutations at positions 137 and 142 located within the Ca2 antigenic determinant. Furthermore, mutations in the NA protein were observed at positions 13, 50, 200, 257, 264, 339 and 382. ConclusionThe genetic background of the 2024 Shanghai influenza A(H1N1) virus strains is complex and diverse, and antigenic variation may affect vaccine effectiveness. Therefore, it is recommended to enhance genomic surveillance of influenza viruses, evaluate vaccine suitability, and implement more targeted prevention and control strategies against imported influenza viruses.

Objective This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of internal carotid artery(ICA)embolization for the resection of head and neck tumors invading the ICA.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on eight patients with ICA-invading head and neck tumors treated between August 2022 and June 2024 in Beijing Tongren Hospital,Capital Medical University.All patients underwent a preoperative balloon occlusion test(BOT),which yielded negative results before undergoing ICA embolization.Parameters from BOT,technical success rates of embolization procedures,perioperative complications,and follow-up outcomes were recorded.Results During BOT assessments,the mean reflux pressure was found to be 75.4％±10.3％of the pre-occlusion pressure.Patency of both anterior and posterior communicating arteries was observed in three cases;four cases exhibited patency solely in the anterior communicating artery,while one case showed patency only in the posterior communicating artery.The technical success rate of embolization was 100％.One patient experienced acute cerebral infarction following embolization treatment,while two patients had migraine attacks post-procedure.All patients achieved complete tumor resection without new-onset neurological deficits.Conclusion For patients with head and neck tumors invading the ICA who are negative on BOT,preoperative ICA embolization is a safe and feasible approach that enhances surgical safety during tumor resection.

ObjectiveTo understand the infection characteristics of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in hospitalized patients in a tertiary sentinel hospital in Shanghai, so as to provide an evidence for the development of targeted prevention and control measures. MethodsData of MDROs strains and corresponding medical records of some hospitalized patients in a hospital in Shanghai from 2021 to 2023 were collected, together with an analysis of the basic information, clinical treatment, underlying diseases and sources of sample collection. ResultsA total of 134 strains of MDROs isolated from hospitalized patients in this hospital were collected from 2021 to 2023 , including 63 strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 57 strains of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), and 14 strains of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). Of the 134 strains, 30 strains were found in 2021, 47 strains in 2022 and 57 strains in 2023. The male-to-female ratio of patients was 2.05∶1, with the highest percentage (70.90%) in the age group of 60‒<90 years. The primary diagnosis was mainly respiratory disease, with lung and respiratory tract as the cheif infection sites. There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of strains between different genders and infection sites (P>0.05). However, the differences in the distribution of strains between different ages and primary diagnosis were statistically significant (P<0.05). Patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), had urinary tract intubation, were not artery or vein intubated, were not on a ventilator, were not using immunosuppresants or hormones, and were not applying radiotherapy or chemotherapy were in the majority. There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of strains for whether received radiotherapy or chemotherapy or not (P>0.05), while the differences in the distribution of strains with ICU admission history, urinary tract intubation, artery or vein intubation, ventilator use, and immunosuppresants or hormones use or not were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The type of specimen was mainly sputum, the hospitalized ward was mainly comprehensive ICU, the sampling time was mainly in the first quarter throughout the year, the number of underlying diseases was mainly between 1 to 2 kinds, the application of antibiotics ≥4 kinds, and those who didn’t receive any surgery recently accounted for the most. There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of strains between different specimen types, wards occupied and history of ICU stay (P<0.05), but no statistically significant difference in the distribution of strains between different sampling times, number of underlying diseases and types of antibiotics applied (P>0.05). ConclusionThe situation of prevention and control on MDROs in this hospital is still serious. Focus should be placed on high-risk factors’ and infection monitoring and preventive measures should be strengthened to reduce the incidence rate of MDROs infection.

Sarcopenia is a systemic disease characterized by accelerated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function,leading to an increased incidence of adverse outcomes such as falls and fractures.Sarcopenia is classified into primary and secondary types,with primary sarcopenia being closely related to aging and posing a serious threat to a healthy life among the elderly.Sarcopenia has an insidious onset and is often overlooked in terms of its clinical treatment.Its pathogenesis is complex,involving functional changes and pathological alterations in multiple systems,and presenting major research challenges.Cell models can effectively be used to simulate the pathological changes of diseases under controllable conditions,thus facilitating the investigation of the etiology and factors influencing sarcopenia,and providing an important approach for in-depth studies of its mechanism;however,there is currently no standardized cell model in the field of sarcopenia research.Commonly used cell models currently include models involving protein metabolism interventions,oxidative stress,and inflammatory response interventions.This review considers the commonly used skeletal muscle cell types and modeling method of sarcopenia,to provide a solid foundation and important method ological reference for further simulation of the pathological process of sarcopenia in subsequent experimental studies.

Purpose To explore the expression level of let-7b-5p in glioma and its effects and potential mecha-nisms on U251 cell growth.Methods The expression of let-7b-5p in glioma was detected using qRT-PCR.Data from the CGGA database were analyzed to examine the relationship between the let-7b-5p expression levels,WHO grade and overall survival rates of glioma patients.Transient transfection was used to downregulate the expression of let-7b-5p and IGF1R in U251 cells.The role and potential mechanism of let-7b-5p in the U251 cell were evaluated using qRT-PCR,CCK8 assays,clone formation assays,Western blotting,and double luciferase reporter assays.Results The expres-sion of let-7b-5p in glioma cells(A172:3.64±0.64,V251:4.56±0.52,U87-MG:3.31±0.50)and tissues(2.18±0.22)was significantly higher than that in astrocytes(HMC3:1.00±0.21,P＜0.05 or P＜0.01)and nor-mal brain tissues(1.01±0.19,P＜0.05).Let-7b-5p expression was negatively correlated with WHO grades but pos-itively correlated with survival rates in primary and recurrent glioma patients(P＜0.000 1 and P=0.028,respective-ly).Knockdown of let-7b-5p in U251 cells significantly promoted the growth of glioma cells(CCK8:knockdown group 126.00±12.09 vs miR-NC group 90.93±5.13,P＜0.05)and activated PI3K/AKT signal pathway.Suppressing IGF1R expression in U251 cells reversed the effects of let-7b-5p knockdown on glioma cell growth[CCK8:let-7b-5p knockdown+IGF1R knockdown group(92.08±6.14)vs let-7b-5p knockdown+sh-NC group(116.67.08±8.50)]and PI3K/AKT signal pathway activation.Conclusion Let-7b-5p functions as a tumor suppressor gene in glioma.It may regulate glioma cell growth by targeting IGF1R and modulating PI3K/AKT signal pathway.

Purpose To explore the expression level of let-7b-5p in glioma and its effects and potential mecha-nisms on U251 cell growth.Methods The expression of let-7b-5p in glioma was detected using qRT-PCR.Data from the CGGA database were analyzed to examine the relationship between the let-7b-5p expression levels,WHO grade and overall survival rates of glioma patients.Transient transfection was used to downregulate the expression of let-7b-5p and IGF1R in U251 cells.The role and potential mechanism of let-7b-5p in the U251 cell were evaluated using qRT-PCR,CCK8 assays,clone formation assays,Western blotting,and double luciferase reporter assays.Results The expres-sion of let-7b-5p in glioma cells(A172:3.64±0.64,V251:4.56±0.52,U87-MG:3.31±0.50)and tissues(2.18±0.22)was significantly higher than that in astrocytes(HMC3:1.00±0.21,P＜0.05 or P＜0.01)and nor-mal brain tissues(1.01±0.19,P＜0.05).Let-7b-5p expression was negatively correlated with WHO grades but pos-itively correlated with survival rates in primary and recurrent glioma patients(P＜0.000 1 and P=0.028,respective-ly).Knockdown of let-7b-5p in U251 cells significantly promoted the growth of glioma cells(CCK8:knockdown group 126.00±12.09 vs miR-NC group 90.93±5.13,P＜0.05)and activated PI3K/AKT signal pathway.Suppressing IGF1R expression in U251 cells reversed the effects of let-7b-5p knockdown on glioma cell growth[CCK8:let-7b-5p knockdown+IGF1R knockdown group(92.08±6.14)vs let-7b-5p knockdown+sh-NC group(116.67.08±8.50)]and PI3K/AKT signal pathway activation.Conclusion Let-7b-5p functions as a tumor suppressor gene in glioma.It may regulate glioma cell growth by targeting IGF1R and modulating PI3K/AKT signal pathway.

Sarcopenia is a systemic disease characterized by accelerated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function,leading to an increased incidence of adverse outcomes such as falls and fractures.Sarcopenia is classified into primary and secondary types,with primary sarcopenia being closely related to aging and posing a serious threat to a healthy life among the elderly.Sarcopenia has an insidious onset and is often overlooked in terms of its clinical treatment.Its pathogenesis is complex,involving functional changes and pathological alterations in multiple systems,and presenting major research challenges.Cell models can effectively be used to simulate the pathological changes of diseases under controllable conditions,thus facilitating the investigation of the etiology and factors influencing sarcopenia,and providing an important approach for in-depth studies of its mechanism;however,there is currently no standardized cell model in the field of sarcopenia research.Commonly used cell models currently include models involving protein metabolism interventions,oxidative stress,and inflammatory response interventions.This review considers the commonly used skeletal muscle cell types and modeling method of sarcopenia,to provide a solid foundation and important method ological reference for further simulation of the pathological process of sarcopenia in subsequent experimental studies.

Astrocytes(AS)are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system and are involved in many physiological and pathological processes in the nervous system.Alterations in their phenotype are particularly important for the health of the CNS.Epigenetic mechanisms,including DNA methylation,histone modification,non-coding RNA regulation,and chromatin remodeling,are closely linked to alterations in AS proliferation,differentiation,inflammation,and other phenotypic features,but how these mechanisms function needs to be explored and summarized.By reviewing the recent advances in the role of epigenetic mechanisms in AS under various physiological and pathological states,we aim to provide new ideas for the understanding and treatment of related diseases.

Objective:To analyze the treatment process of a renal transplant patient infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and discuss the management strategy for the immunocompromised hosts.Methods:The diagnosis and treatment of a case of transplant patients with COVID-19 admitted to Horgos designated hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in October 2021 were reviewed. The medical history and laboratory and imaging examination treatment and outcome of this case were analyzed.Results:The recipient was a middle-aged male with a time from renal transplantation of 3 years. The onset was moderate to low fever, accompanied by cough and fatigue. Chest CT showed multiple ground glass shadows under the pleura of both lungs, mainly in both lower lungs, gradually worsening until "white lung" appeared, with early renal and cardiac insufficiency. In the course of treatment, immunosuppressants were reduced and the dosage of glucocorticoid was increased. In the early stage, due to renal insufficiency and hyperkalemia, dialysis was conducted for 3 times. Oral abidol and Lianhua Qingwen capsule were given as antiviral and anti-infection treatment. Special immunoglobulin and convalescent plasma of COVID-19 were used to boost the immunity of patients. The patient was eventually clinically cured.Conclusions:The clinical manifestations and diagnosis of COVID-19 for the kidney transplantation recipient are not significantly different from other populations, but immunocompromised hosts are more likely to suffer from organ dysfunction. The adjustment of immunosuppressants and glucocorticoids, respiratory support, selection of antibiotics, organ protection, nutritional support and traditional Chinese medicine intervention in the treatment of renal transplant recipients with severe COVID-19 need further discussion.

Objective: To understand the pathogenic spectrum characteristics of enteroviruses of non-enterovirus (EV) 71 and non-coxsackievirus (CV) A16 associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Xinjiang. Methods: Specimens were collected from HFMD patients infected with non-EV-A71 non-CV-A16 enterovirus from 2011 to 2016 in Xinjiang. The virion protein (VP)1 gene sequence was amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequenced. Sequencing and genotyping were performed through erterovirus genotyping tool. Results: A total of 119 sequences were obtained, 15 human enterovirus serotypes were identified including CV-A6, CV-A10, CV-A4, CV-A8, CV-B1, CV-B3 (4 strains), CV-B4, CV-B5, ECHO30, ECHO12, ECHO14, CV-A9, CV-A24, PV1 and PV3. The composition ratio of CV-A6 among non-EV-A71 non-CV-A16 enterovirus in 2013, 2015 and 2016 was 87.9%, 79.5% and 88.3% respectively. Conclusions The pathogens causing HFMD in Xinjiang included more than 17 kinds of human enterovirus serotypes. Since 2013, CV-A6 has become the main pathogen of HFMD simultaneously or alternately with EV-A71 and CV-A16.