Breast cancer remains one of the frequently diagnosed malignant tumors among Chinese women,with hereditary cases accounting for 5%-10%of all diagnoses,where BRCA1/2 gene mutations serve as the primary genetic predisposition factors.Although targeted therapies like poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase(PARP)inhibitors have significantly improved prognoses for patients with BRCA-mutated breast cancer in recent years,critical clinical challenges persist,including the standardization of genetic testing protocols,optimization of precision treatment approaches,and refinement of long-term management strategies.In response to these challenges,our expert panel has conducted a comprehensive update to the 2018 Edition of this consensus by integrating the latest global evidence-based medical research with China's unique clinical practice characteristics.This 2025 Edition provides systematic evaluations and recommendations on five key aspects:indications for BRCA1/2 gene testing,testing methodologies,result interpretation,treatment strategies,and risk management.The main updates include:① Increasing the relationship between BRCA1/2 gene mutations and programmed death ligand-1(PD-L1)expression,as well as related content on BRCAness types;② Standardizing the application of genetic testing,such as increasing the significance,timing,and sample selection of clinical testing,and optimizing the BRCA testing population;③ Updating treatment strategies,such as non-drug treatment of BRCA1/2 gene mutation,treatment of triple negative breast cancer(TNBC)patients with BRCA1/2 gene mutation,treatment decisions of hormone receptor(HR)+/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-breast cancer patients with BRCA1/2 gene mutation,clinical use of PARP inhibitors and adverse reaction management;④ Addion of relevant content on long-term risk management,such as covering follow-up management,indications for preventive surgery,quality control and requirements for new genetic testing,updating genetic testing processes,report content and interpretation.This consensus aimed to establish standardized diagnostic and therapeutic frameworks for clinicians,advance precision medicine in BRCA-mutated breast cancer,and ultimately improve patient survival outcomes.As new evidence emerges,continuous updates will be implemented to incorporate the latest research findings.This consensus has been registered on the Practice guideline REgistration for transPAREncy(PREPARE)platform(registration number:PREPARE-2025CN1085).

Breast cancer remains one of the frequently diagnosed malignant tumors among Chinese women,with hereditary cases accounting for 5%-10%of all diagnoses,where BRCA1/2 gene mutations serve as the primary genetic predisposition factors.Although targeted therapies like poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase(PARP)inhibitors have significantly improved prognoses for patients with BRCA-mutated breast cancer in recent years,critical clinical challenges persist,including the standardization of genetic testing protocols,optimization of precision treatment approaches,and refinement of long-term management strategies.In response to these challenges,our expert panel has conducted a comprehensive update to the 2018 Edition of this consensus by integrating the latest global evidence-based medical research with China's unique clinical practice characteristics.This 2025 Edition provides systematic evaluations and recommendations on five key aspects:indications for BRCA1/2 gene testing,testing methodologies,result interpretation,treatment strategies,and risk management.The main updates include:① Increasing the relationship between BRCA1/2 gene mutations and programmed death ligand-1(PD-L1)expression,as well as related content on BRCAness types;② Standardizing the application of genetic testing,such as increasing the significance,timing,and sample selection of clinical testing,and optimizing the BRCA testing population;③ Updating treatment strategies,such as non-drug treatment of BRCA1/2 gene mutation,treatment of triple negative breast cancer(TNBC)patients with BRCA1/2 gene mutation,treatment decisions of hormone receptor(HR)+/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-breast cancer patients with BRCA1/2 gene mutation,clinical use of PARP inhibitors and adverse reaction management;④ Addion of relevant content on long-term risk management,such as covering follow-up management,indications for preventive surgery,quality control and requirements for new genetic testing,updating genetic testing processes,report content and interpretation.This consensus aimed to establish standardized diagnostic and therapeutic frameworks for clinicians,advance precision medicine in BRCA-mutated breast cancer,and ultimately improve patient survival outcomes.As new evidence emerges,continuous updates will be implemented to incorporate the latest research findings.This consensus has been registered on the Practice guideline REgistration for transPAREncy(PREPARE)platform(registration number:PREPARE-2025CN1085).

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration(LCBDE), as a safe and feasible surgical procedure for the treatment of choledocholithiasis, has been widely applied in clinical practice.However, due to the generally declined organ function, comorbidities, and polypharmacy associated with elderly patients, there is currently no unified consensus on the application of LCBDE in elderly patients with choledocholithiasis.This review aims to summarize the current status of LCBDE for the treatment of choledocholithiasis in the elderly patients, in order to provide reference for clinicians to select appropriate treatment strategies.

Objective:To investigate the role of the Brock, Mayo, and PKUPH combined model in risk stratification of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) in health check-up population.Methods:An ambispective cohort study was conducted on 668 eligible SPNs cases from the health management center in Chongqing General Hospital from June 2018 to June 2019. The exposure condition was prospectively followed or historically retrospected, and the clinical outcomes were prospectively followed. SPNs were classified into benign and malignant groups. Descriptive statistics and univariate analysis were performed to assess the differences in risk characteristics between two groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, clinical decision curve, and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test were used to evaluate and compare the predictive performance, clinical utility, and calibration of the combined model versus individual Brock, Mayo, and PKUPH models.Results:Among the 668 SPNs cases, 82 (12.28%) were diagnosed as malignant. Age, sex, smoking history, extrapulmonary tumor history, diameter, upper lobe, clear border and spicule sign in the malignant group were significantly different from those in the benign group (all P<0.05). The combined model demonstrated superior predictive performance, clinical utility, and calibration compared to the best-performing individual Brock model [Area under the curve (AUC): 0.88 (95% CI: 0.84-0.92) vs 0.86 (95% CI: 0.82-0.91)]. Besides, multi-grade risk stratification enabled by the combined model was better than binary classification, with the malignant rate of the four risk levels were 0.60%, 4.62%, 14.58% and 56.07%, respectively. Conclusion:The combined model addresses the limitations of individual models in SPNs risk stratification for health examination populations, improving predictive performance, clinical utility, and calibration, while proposing a superior multi-grade risk stratification system.

ObjectiveTo investigate the safety and feasibility of intra-biliary drainage tube placement after laparoscopic common bile duct exploration in elderly patients with choledocholithiasis， and to provide more options for surgical procedures in the clinical management of elderly patients with choledocholithiasis. MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 52 elderly patients with choledocholithiasis who were admitted to Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery， Affiliated Dalian Friendship Hospital of Dalian Medical University， from November 2021 to October 2024. According to the biliary drainage method after surgery， the patients were divided into internal drainage group with 24 patients and T-tube drainage group with 28 patients， and there were 19 patients in each group after propensity score matching. The two groups were compared in terms of perioperative parameters and postoperative complications. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups， and the chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. ResultsCompared with the T-tube drainage group， the internal drainage group had a significantly shorter length of postoperative hospital stay and a significantly lower volume of postoperative bile loss （Z=-2.845 and -5.633， both P<0.05）， while there were no significant differences between the two groups in time of operation， intraoperative blood loss， and drainage tube indwelling time （all P>0.05）. There were no significant differences between the two groups in postoperative bile leak， stone recurrence， biliary stricture， and drainage tube-related complications， and the internal drainage group had a significantly lower total complication rate than the T-tube drainage group ［1 （5.3%） vs 7 （36.8%）， P<0.05］. ConclusionFor elderly patients with choledocholithiasis， intra-biliary drainage tube placement after laparoscopic common bile duct exploration can shorten the length of postoperative hospital stay， reduce bile loss， and lower the incidence rate of postoperative complications， thereby helping to accelerate postoperative recovery.

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration(LCBDE), as a safe and feasible surgical procedure for the treatment of choledocholithiasis, has been widely applied in clinical practice.However, due to the generally declined organ function, comorbidities, and polypharmacy associated with elderly patients, there is currently no unified consensus on the application of LCBDE in elderly patients with choledocholithiasis.This review aims to summarize the current status of LCBDE for the treatment of choledocholithiasis in the elderly patients, in order to provide reference for clinicians to select appropriate treatment strategies.

Objective:To investigate the role of the Brock, Mayo, and PKUPH combined model in risk stratification of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) in health check-up population.Methods:An ambispective cohort study was conducted on 668 eligible SPNs cases from the health management center in Chongqing General Hospital from June 2018 to June 2019. The exposure condition was prospectively followed or historically retrospected, and the clinical outcomes were prospectively followed. SPNs were classified into benign and malignant groups. Descriptive statistics and univariate analysis were performed to assess the differences in risk characteristics between two groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, clinical decision curve, and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test were used to evaluate and compare the predictive performance, clinical utility, and calibration of the combined model versus individual Brock, Mayo, and PKUPH models.Results:Among the 668 SPNs cases, 82 (12.28%) were diagnosed as malignant. Age, sex, smoking history, extrapulmonary tumor history, diameter, upper lobe, clear border and spicule sign in the malignant group were significantly different from those in the benign group (all P<0.05). The combined model demonstrated superior predictive performance, clinical utility, and calibration compared to the best-performing individual Brock model [Area under the curve (AUC): 0.88 (95% CI: 0.84-0.92) vs 0.86 (95% CI: 0.82-0.91)]. Besides, multi-grade risk stratification enabled by the combined model was better than binary classification, with the malignant rate of the four risk levels were 0.60%, 4.62%, 14.58% and 56.07%, respectively. Conclusion:The combined model addresses the limitations of individual models in SPNs risk stratification for health examination populations, improving predictive performance, clinical utility, and calibration, while proposing a superior multi-grade risk stratification system.

Cancer of unknown primary(CUP)refers to a group of histopathologically confirmed malignancies that cannot be identified in terms of their primary origin despite thorough investigations.CUP accounts for approximately 3%-5%of all newly diagnosed cancers worldwide,with an overall survival(OS)ranging from 2.7 to 16.0 months.CUP has long been a significant scientific challenge due to the elusive nature and heterogeneity of the primary sites.In the era of immunohistochemistry(IHC),IHC has been applied to identify the primary site in approximately 70%of CUP cases.However,IHC also has limitations for undifferentiated cancers of unknown primary,and results can be influenced by experimental and human factors.In recent years,with the development of molecular tumor profiling(MTP),techniques such as cytology,histology,gene expression profiling(GEP),genomics and epigenomics have been able to accurately detect the primary site in 90%of cases.Currently,the 90-gene tumor tissue origin test has been proven to have an accuracy rate of 94.4%in diagnosing the primary site of CUP,laying the foundation for precision treatment.In the past,platinum and taxane-based empirical chemotherapy was commonly used for treating CUP.However,these treatments did not yield significant improvements in patient survival and prognosis.Since 2008,there has been a global emergence of clinical studies on MTP-guided first-line therapy for CUP.However,due to study design flaws and result controversies,there is no international consensus on the superiority of organ-specific treatment over empirical chemotherapy in terms of improving progression-free survival(PFS)and OS for CUP.Based on this,our center conducted the world's first phase Ⅲ clinical trial in 2017,and demonstrated improved PFS and favorable OS by GEP-guided site-specific therapy of CUP,which established the primacy of site-specific first-line therapy for CUP.In this review,we detailed the epidemiology,pathogenesis,clinical characteristics and the progression of CUP diagnosis from the era of IHC to MTP.Furthermore,we reviewed the advancements in CUP treatment from empirical chemotherapy to MTP-guided organ-specific treatment.Additionally,this review delved into the exploration of second-line treatment options and the establishment of a clinical stratified management model,which are two topics in future research of CUP.This review aimed to summarize the progress in the diagnosis and treatment of CUP,further explore future research directions for CUP,and improve the survival and prognosis of patients with CUP.

Trastuzumab deruxtecan(T-DXd)has demonstrated significant efficacy in clinical trials for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-expressing breast cancer,gastric cancer,lung cancer and other solid tumors.Its overall safety profile is manageable and tolerable,including the clinically concerning interstitial lung disease(ILD).The etiology of ILD is varied,among which drug-induced ILD is an exclusionary diagnosis.The incidence of ILD caused by different antitumor drugs varies with different symptoms,and the pathogenesis remains unclear.T-DXd-induced ILD is mostly Grades 1-2,and implementing a standardized clinical management protocol can reduce the incidence of severe ILD events,improve patient prognosis,and help maximize the clinical benefits of T-DXd.This article summarized the epidemiology,etiology,risk factors,and potential mechanisms of drug-induced ILD,with a focus on the incidence,time to onset,and outcomes of T-DXd-induced ILD after standardized clinical management.It aimed to help readers understand the importance of standardized clinical management before and during T-DXd treatment.Regarding specific clinical management strategies,the article reviewed comprehensive management approaches for T-DXd-induced ILD based on clinical trial protocols and real-world experiences from both domestic and international perspectives,covering patient screening,patient education,ILD monitoring,diagnosis,and treatment.Before initiating T-DXd treatment,patient screening helps identify those at high risk for ILD,and T-DXd should be used cautiously in these high-risk patients.Effective patient education can enhance patient initiative,encouraging them to promptly report suspected symptoms,which contributes to early identification of ILD.During T-DXd treatment,it is important to regularly monitor symptoms and signs related to ILD,implement regular imaging monitoring and leverage multidisciplinary team collaboration to diagnose ILD as early as possible,thereby minimizing the risk of severe ILD.If symptoms or imaging suggest ILD,T-DXd treatment must be immediately interrupted,and relevant examinations should be completed to rule out other possible causes while considering corticosteroid treatment.Upon ILD diagnosis,subsequent T-DXd dose adjustments,corticosteroid therapy,and supportive treatments should be guided by severity.The article also explored whether patients with T-DXd-induced ILD can be re-treated,concluding that Grade 1 ILD patients might be eligible for re-treatment under specific conditions.In conclusion,the article reviewed the epidemiology,characteristics,clinical trial-recommended management strategies,and real-world management measures of T-DXd-induced ILD,integrating clinical expert experiences to summarize and discuss comprehensive management strategies for it.This aimed to enhance clinicians'understanding of T-DXd-induced ILD and provide valuable insights for early identification,timely diagnosis,and proper management of it.

Patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-positive breast cancer are prone to develop brain metastases.Inefficient drug delivery due to the blood-brain barrier/blood-tumor barrier is a major dilemma in the systemic treatment of brain metastases.Therefore,patients with HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastasis usually have few treatment options and poor prognosis.In traditional opinions,it is difficult for macromolecule drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier,but with the in-depth understanding of the properties of the blood-brain barrier/blood-tumor barrier,this view has gradually changed,especially when several clinical studies have validated the efficacy of new antibody-drug conjugates(ADC)in patients with brain metastasis in the recent years.These findings have provided more treatment options for HER2-positive breast cancer patients with brain metastasis.This review introduces the mechanism of systemic treatment drugs and sorts out the current important advances in systemic treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer patients with brain metastases,hoping to provide some reference for the clinical practice of treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastases in China.