The latest research findings on bidirectional regulation of neuro-immunity through traditional neural circuits shed new light on the theoretical basis of the role of vidian neurectomy (VN). This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of VN, including the history of VN, the principle of neuroimmuno-interaction, the applied anatomy of VN as well as the methods of transnasal endoscopic surgery. Additionally, we introduce the concept of the nose-brain axis, which was proposed based on the advancement in the area of neuro-immune interactions.

Objective:To investigate the distribution and primary drainage sites of the venous drainage system in the pedicled nasal septal mucosal flap, as well as to examine protective measures for the venous system of the nasal septal mucosal flap and its application in repairing the nasal skull base through the anatomical study of the nasal septum mucosal venous system in cadavers.Methods:Gross anatomy dissections were performed on 13 sides perfused fresh frozen cadaveric head specimens. The nasal septum mucosal flap was separated along the perichondrium and subperiosteum, then passed across the vomer, anterior wall of sphenoid sinus, clivus, and towards the anterior edge of vertical plate of palatine bone. Detailed documentation, including photographs, was made to record the morphology, distribution and drainage location of veins of the nasal septum mucosal flap and its pedicle, along with number of sphenopalatine veins. Furthermore, venous injuries resulting from obtaining a pedicled nasal septal mucosa flap were observed. From March 2023 to March 2024, a retrospective analysis was conducted on patients with nasopharyngeal lesions who underwent surgical repair using a modified pedicled nasal septum mucosal flap for venous system protection in the ENT institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology at the Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University. The postoperative endoscopy was employed to assess the viability of the mucosal flap.Results:The veins of the nasal septum mucosa were primarily located in the posterior region, including the vomerine region, anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus, clivus region, and posterolateral wall of the nasal cavity, in a reticular pattern. Perforating veins draining into these bony structures could be observed, although their quantity and morphology varied. Notably, no prominent sphenopalatine veins were identified in 10 specimens examined, while 3 specimens exhibited sphenopalatine veins: one with a small single branch and two with venous bundles. Preservation of the nasal septal vein was possible when dissection was limited to the anterior edge of the wing of vomer. A wider range of dissection increased the risk of veinous injury. In cases where only vascular pedicles at the sphenopalatine foramen were preserved, three cadaveric head specimens retained intact sphenopalatine veins, while drainage veins were completely destroyed in ten other specimens. Fifteen patients with unilateral lesions (8 with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma and 7 with nasopharyngeal radionecrosis) were included in this study. The postoperative reconstructions were carried out using contralateral pedicled nasal septal mucosal flaps. The average follow-up time was 7 months (ranging from 3 to 12 months), and all the nasal septal mucosal flaps survived.Conclusions:The primary location of the drainage vein within the nasal septum mucosa is situated in its posterior region, where it penetrates into adjacent bone structures. Very few sphenopalatine veins pass through the sphenopalatine foramen. Extensive dissection of the pedicled nasal septal mucosal flap may potentially impair the venous system and adversely affect flap survival rates, necessitating further clinical exploration.

Objective:To assess the prognosis of sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinoma with hard palatine invasion treated by transnasal endoscopic total maxillectomy. Methods:Clinical data of twenty-six patients with sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinoma invading hard palatine treated by transnasal endoscopic total maxillectomy between May 2014 and December 2020 was analyzed retrospectively. Survival rate, local recurrence and distant metastasis were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method. Cox regression was used to investigate the prognosis factors. Masticatory function after maxillectomy has also been assessed using the questionnaire of patients' satisfaction about masticatory function. Results:Margins in 8 patients（30%） were positive. The median time of follow-up was 38 months（6 to 85 months）. Twenty-five patients recurred. Four patients died of distant metastasis. The 5-year overall survival rate and relapse-free survival rate was 79.5% and 89.1%, respectively. Independent predictors of outcome on multivariate analysis were positive margin（P=0.018）, recurrence（P=0.006） and distant metastasis（P=0.04）. Conclusion:Transnasal endoscopic total maxillectomy could be performed for the treatment of the sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinoma with hard palatine invasion. Positive margin, local recurrence and distant metastasis were important predictors for patients' prognosis.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic/pathology* ; Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms/pathology* ; Retrospective Studies ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology* ; Prognosis

Infectious stones are produced by urease producing microorganisms, which have a fast generation rate, high recurrence and mortality rates, and are prone to complications related to infection. At present, the treatment of infectious stones includes surgical treatment and drug treatment, and the research on its treatment methods has become one of the hotspots in the field of urology. This article provides a review of the research progress in the treatment of infectious stones, with the aim of improving understanding of the treatment of infectious stones.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignant tumor in China. Radiotherapy is the first-line treatment. After appropriate radiotherapy, about 5%-15% patients experience recurrence. In view of the poor efficacy and high incidence of severe late toxicities associated with re-irradiation, salvage surgery by the transnasal endoscopic approach is recommended for recurrent NPC (rNPC). Compared with re-irradiation, endoscopic surgery can better prolong survival, improve the quality of life, and reduce complications and medical expenses of patients with rNPC. However, the complexity of the nasopharyngeal skull base enhances the difficulty and risk of surgery. Expanding the boundary of surgical resection remains a clinical challenge for otolaryngologists. In this regard, to help more advanced patients with rNPC, the surgical innovative system of NPC needs to be established by multi-disciplinary cooperation, involving skull base anatomy-based investigation, appropriate administration of the internal carotid artery (ICA), repair of skull base defect, and establishment of various types of endoscopic endonasal nasopharyngectomy.

Objective:To investigate the feasibility of endoscopic salvage surgery for patients with rT2 recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (rNPC) and to analyze their prognostic factors.Methods:The clinical data of 33 patients with rT2 rNPC who underwent endoscopic extended nasopharyngectomy in Eye & ENT Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University from January 2015 to July 2020 were analyzed, including 29 males (87.9%) and 4 females (12.1%), aging (51.7±10.6) years. The clinicopathological characteristics of these patients were recorded and analyzed, in terms of gender, sex, alcohol and cigarette use, interval between primary treatment to recurrence, adjuvant therapy, lymph node metastasis, internal carotid artery (ICA) invasion, necrosis, margin and reconstruction materials. Kaplan Meier analysis was used to plot the overall survival rate and progression free survival rate curve, Log-rank test was used to analyze the prognostic factors among patients, and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to determine the independent risk factors of tumor progression free survival.Results:Among 33 patients with rT2 rNPC, the recurrence interval of 24 patients with rNPC after primary radiotherapy was more than 2 years. A total of 25 patients received primary radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy at the same time. There were 6 cases with cervical lymph node metastasis, 12 cases with ICA invasion, 8 cases with positive surgical margin, 7 cases underwent ICA embolization before operation. A total of 18 cases underwent pedicled tissue flap repairment after operation, including 12 pedicled nasal septal mucosa flaps and 6 temporalis muscle flaps. The median follow-up time was 15 months. Five patients died because of disease progression (in 2 cases), post surgical ICA hemorrhage (in 1 case), liver metastasis (in 1 case) and dysphagia (in 1 case). The 1-year, 2-year and 3-year overall survival rates of all patients were 93.9%, 81.8% and 81.8%, respectively. The 1-year, 2-year and 3-year progression free survival rates were 74.7%, 59.7% and 40.9%, respectively. Log-rank statistical analysis showed that the positive surgical margin ( P=0.060) and recurrence interval ( P=0.151) were possibly related to the prognosis of rT2 rNPC. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the positive surgical margin was an independent risk factor for patients with rT2 rNPC ( P=0.034). Nasopharynx hemorrhage occurred in 4 patients, skull base bone necrosis occurred in 2 patients, trismus occurred in 3 patients, and no obvious brain complications occurred in 7 patients with ICA embolization. Conclusion:Endoscopic salvage surgery for rT2 rNPC is a safe and effective surgical option, but the long-term effect still needs long-term follow-up in bulk cases.

Objective: To discuss the treatment, pathological subtypes and recurrence of sinonasal chondrosarcoma, and to identify the prognostic factors. Methods: Between January 1994 and May 2018, 47 patients with sinonasal chondrosarcoma who were treated in Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medwal College, Fudan University were retrospectively reviewed, including 19 males and 28 females, aging from 7 months to 71 years old, with a median age of 38 years old. The clinical symptoms, location of tumor, surgical method, pathological subtype, recurrence and prognosis were collected and analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the disease-specific survival rate, disease-free survival rate and draw survival curve. Log Rank was used to analyze the prognostic factors. Cox regression was used for multivariate analysis. Results: Except for one patient who gave up treatment after tumor biopsy, other 46 patients underwent radical resection, including 31 cases of endoscopic resection and 15 cases of extranasal approach resection. Thirty-nine patients were diagnosed as conventional intramedullary chondrosarcoma with pathological grade Ⅰ of 24 cases and grade Ⅱ of 15 cases. Six cases were diagnosed as mesenchymal chondrosarcoma while 2 cases were diagnosed as myxoid chondrosarcoma. During an average follow-up period of 56.1 months (17-156 months), 23 patients had recurrence (54.8%, 23/42), among whom 9 patients had re-operations and 5 patients died. Thirty-seven patients survived, including 25 patients survived without tumors. In addition, 5 patients were lost to follow-up, including the patient who gave up treatment after tumor biopsy. Five-year overall survival rate and disease-free survival rate was 84.7% and 34.3%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that invasion of skull base was an independent risk factor affecting disease-free survival rate (95% confidence interval: 1.089-5.825, P=0.031). Conclusions Radical resection is the primary treatment for sinonasal chondrosarcoma. The most common pathological subtype is conventional intramedullary chondrosarcoma. Sinonasal chondrosarcoma has a high local recurrence rate. The long-term prognosis is well after complete excision of the lesion. The most important cause of death is uncontrollable local disease and invasion of adjacent key structures.

Objective To investigate the genotype and its homology of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter (CRE)isolated from hospitalized patients and to provide theoretical basis for clinical treatment. Methods Drug sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics widely used in clinic was detected with a VITEK-2 COMPACT fully automated microbiological system. Resistance genes including blaKPC,blaNDM-1,blaIMI-1,blaGES,blaSME and blaSHV were detected by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)assay. Results Thirty carbapenem-resistance strains were col-lected,including e.cloacac(17 strains),e. Aerogenes(10 strains),e. Sakazakii(2strains)and e. Cancerogenus (1strain). Positive genes included blaSHV(20.0%),blaNDM-1(16.7%),blaKPC(6.7%),blaGES(3.3%), blaIMI-1 (0) and blaSME (0). Five strains which harbored blaNDM-1 were isolated into 3types. Conclusions The most prevalence resistance genes among the strains are blaSHV ,followed by blaNDM-1 and other resistance genes at difference levels. There is potentially clonal spread of the resistance genes in the same room or in the whole hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if greater efficacy could be achieved with the intranasal antihistamine azelastine and the intranasal corticosteroid fluticasone propionate used concurrently in the treatment of nasal obstruction of persistent non-allergic rhinitis. METHOD: A total of 162 persistent non-allergic rhinitis cases with moderate to severe nasal obstruction were randomized to treatment with the following: the combination therapy or nasal corticosteroids monotherapy. Efficacy was assessed by change from baseline in nasal obstruction score at week 2 and week 6 visits. The perceptions of global treatment satisfaction(convenience, side effects, cost and effectiveness) in both groups were analyzed. RESULT: In both groups, the nasal obstruction score assessment descended significantly at week 2 and week 6 visits versus at baseline (all P < 0.01). At week 2 and week 6 visits, the nasal obstruction score in the combination therapy groups were significantly improved than that in nasal corticosteroids monotherapy groups (all P < 0.01). The perceptions of global treatment satisfaction in the combination therapy groups were significantly better (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Azelastine nasal spray and intranasal corticosteroid in combination may provide a substantial therapeutic benefit for patients with persistent non-allergic rhinitis, especially nasal obstruction. The combination therapy was well tolerated and safety.
Administration, Intranasal ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; therapeutic use ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Histamine H1 Antagonists ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Nasal Obstruction ; Phthalazines ; therapeutic use ; Rhinitis ; drug therapy

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in laryngeal squamous carcinoma and its correlation with clinicopathology character and the building of microvessel density (MVD). To evaluate its role in the carcinogenesis and progression in laryngeal squamous carcinoma. METHOD: The expression of CXCR4 in fresh laryngeal squamous carcinoma tissues and adjacent normal tissues from 42 patients were examined by RT-PCR, immunohistochemical staining and Image-pro-plus software. The numbers of regeneration blood vessels in the laryngeal squamous carcinoma was counted by antibody against factor V associated antigen and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULT: The positive expression rate of CXCR4 in tumor samples was significantly higher than that in normal ones (P < 0.01). In tumor samples, the expression of CXCR4 were not associated with age, sex, tumor site and T stage (P > 0.05), while it were higher in tumors of grade III, IV than in grade I, II of pathology classification (P < 0. 01). The expression of CXCR4 were significantly higher in tumors with cervical lymph node metastasis than that in tumor without cervical lymph node metastasis (P < 0.01). The expression of CXCR4 protein and CXCR4 mRNA were at the same level. The expression level of CXCR4 in the laryngeal squamous carcinoma tissue was positively correlated with vascularization. CONCLUSION The higher expression of CXCR4 may play a key role in the invasion and metastasis of laryngeal squamous carcinoma, and were correlated with micro-vascularization.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; blood supply ; metabolism ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; blood supply ; metabolism ; pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Microvessels ; pathology ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Staging ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; pathology ; Receptors, CXCR4 ; metabolism