Hygroscopicity research has long been a key focus and hot topic in Chinese materia medica（CMM）. Elucidating hygroscopic mechanisms plays a vital role in formulation design， process optimization， and storage condition selection. Hygroscopic models serve as essential tools for characterizing CMM hygroscopic mechanisms， with various types available. The double exponential model is a kinetic mathematical model constructed based on the law of conservation of energy and Fick's first law of diffusion， tailored to the physical properties of CMM extracts. In recent years， this model has been extensively applied to simulate the dynamic moisture absorption behavior of CMM extracts and solid dosage forms under varying humidity conditions. It has revealed the correlation between moisture absorption kinetic parameters and material properties， offering a new perspective for characterizing the moisture uptake behavior of CMM. This paper systematically reviews the application progress of this model in the field of CMM， analyzes its advantages， disadvantages， and challenges in this domain， and explores its potential application trends in other fields. It aims to provide references for elucidating the moisture absorption mechanisms of CMM and researching moisture-proofing technologies， while also offering insights for its broader application in food and polymer materials.

Objective To analyze the relationship between clinical drug utilization and the risk of nosocomial infections among hospitalized patients,and provide evidence for the prevention and control of nosocomial infections.Methods This study adopted a retrospective case-control design.The case group included 209 patients with nosocomial infection reported from January 2023 to December 2023 in a tertiary hospital.The control group included 209 patients without nosocomial infection during the same period.The patients in the control group were selected by stratified sampling based on Charlson Comorbidity Index(CCI).Results Univariate analysis showed that proton pump inhibitors,antacids,immunosuppressants and prior antimicrobial combination therapy increased the risk of nosocomial infection(P＜0.05).Multivariate log-binomial regression analysis showed that proton pump inhibitors,immunosuppressive drugs,and prior antimicrobial combination therapy were correlated with nosocomial infection.The corresponding relative risk(RR)was 1.31(95％CI:1.07-1.60),1.40(95％CI:1.02-1.91),and 1.66(95％CI:1.01-2.74),respectively.Further analysis indicated that the patients with nosocomial infection had longer time in use of proton pump inhibitors and prior antimicrobial combination therapy than the patients in the control group(Z=-6.331,P＜0.001;Z=-2.667,P=0.008).The trend Chi-square test showed that there was a dose-response relationship for proton pump inhibitors(x2=73.869,P＜0.001),immunosuppressive drugs(x2=16.530,P＜0.001),and prior antimicrobial combination therapy(x2=35.107,P＜0.001).Conclusions The use of immunosuppressants,proton pump inhibitors and antimicrobial combination therapy increases the risk of nosocomial infections in hospitalized patients.The prolonged use of these drugs will further increase the risk of nosocomial infection.

This paper reported a type 1 diabetes patient who had severe diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, hypertension, and hypothyroidism before pregnancy. The patient's blood glucose control was poor before pregnancy, and the complications were not properly treated. This was an unintended pregnancy, with a pre-pregnancy glycated hemoglobin A1c of 7.8% and early pregnancy urine protein of 3.81-4.53 g/24 h. Considering the patient's poor blood glucose control before pregnancy and the lack of proper treatment for multiple complications including nephropathy, a multidisciplinary consultation at an external hospital recommended termination of the pregnancy. However, the patient was determined to continue the pregnancy and was referred to Peking University First Hospital. Through strict blood glucose control, monitoring and evaluation of complications, and comprehensive management, the patient's blood glucose and blood pressure were well controlled during pregnancy. Regular monitoring of urine protein, renal function, and ocular fundus was conducted. At 31 weeks and 4 days of gestation, the patient's 24-hour urine protein significantly increased. After promoting fetal lung maturity, a cesarean section was performed at 34 weeks and 1 day of gestation, resulting in a successful delivery with good maternal and neonatal outcomes. At the 42-day postpartum follow-up, the patient's blood glucose and blood pressure were stable, urine protein returned to pre-pregnancy levels, and the infant was in good general condition.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided median interspinous in-plane approach to subarachnoid puncture in obese pregnant patients.Methods:This study was a randomized controlled trial. Eighty obese parturients who underwent elective cesarean section from March 2022 to January 2024 in our hospital were divided into 2 groups( n=40 each) by the random number table method: median interspinous in-plane approach group(group M) and paramedian interlaminar in-plane approach group(group P). After successful puncture, 0.5% ropivacaine 15 mg(3 ml) was intrathecally injected in both groups. The first-attempt success of puncture, the number of puncture attempts, operation time, the total success of puncture, and the visibility scores of the anterior and posterior union, positioning structure(lamina in group P, spinous process in group M) and puncture needle under ultrasound were recorded. Results:Compared with group P, the visibility score of positioning structure under ultrasound was significantly increased, the success rate of puncture at the first attempt was increased, the number of puncture attempts was decreased, the operation time was shortened, the total success rate of puncture was increased( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the visibility scores of the anterior and posterior union and puncture needle in group M( P>0.05). Conclusions:For obese pregnant patients, the ultrasound-guided median interspinous in-plane approach can accurately and quickly perform subarachnoid puncture, which has more advantages than the traditional paramedian interlaminar in-plane approach.

Objective:To understand the basic situation of occupational internal exposure to 131I among nuclear medicine staff in Jiangsu province, and to analyze the relevant factors that contribute to the formation of internal exposure. Methods:A four-year external direct measurement of thyroid organ counting was conducted on nuclear medicine staff who underwent 131I treatment in Jiangsu province. The result were statistically analyzed, and the effective dose of accumulated internal exposure was estimated. The relationship between the detection rate of internal exposure and 10 possible factors was analyzed. Results:A total of 847 person-times were monitored during the monitoring period, of which 345 person-times were detected for 131I, with a detection rate of 40.7%. The highest individual monitoring result for internal exposure was 24.83 kBq, with an average value of 77.3 Bq and a median of 28.3 Bq among the detected individuals. The average committed effective dose of internal exposure for staff was 0.201 mSv, with a median of 0.074 mSv among the detected individuals. Conclusions:There is statistically significant difference in the detection rate of individual doses of internal exposure among nuclear medicine staff in each year. It has been observed that the main factors related to the detection rate are age, hospital grade, job position, location, whether there is an automatic dispensing operation, operating method, exposure level and length of exposure. Sufficient attention should be given to the situation of internal exposure, and further effective monitoring should be conducted on all such staff members.

Objective:To investigate the water improvement status and current disease situation in drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas of Taiyuan City, evaluate the effect of prevention and control measures, and provide a basis for optimizing control measures.Methods:Monitoring data from 2019 to 2024 for drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis in the diseased areas in Taiyuan City were collected from the Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention. A retrospective analysis was conducted on water improvement status, water fluoride content, dental fluorosis in children aged 8 - 12, skeletal fluorosis, and urinary fluoride monitoring results in all endemic villages.Results:From 2019 to 2024, all endemic villages in the six endemic counties (districts) of Taiyuan City completed water improvement. The number of water improvement projects each year was 75, 75, 72, 68, 64, and 57, respectively, with all projects operating normally. The qualified rates of water fluoride content each year were 81.33% (61/75), 100% (75/75), 98.61% (71/72), 75.00% (51/68), 87.50% (56/64), and 75.44% (43/57), respectively, with statistical significant differences ( χ2 = 36.99, P < 0.001). The detection rates of dental fluorosis each year were 18.19% (600/3 298), 14.42% (530/3 676), 11.14% (435/3 904), 11.13% (421/3 781), 11.59% (435/3 754), and 5.37% (299/5 567), respectively, with statistical significant differences ( χ2 = 386.42, P < 0.001). In 2024, 824 people were screened for skeletal fluorosis, with 250 cases showing positive symptoms and signs. Among the 250 positive cases, 210 underwent X-ray examination, detecting 170 skeletal fluorosis patients, with an X-ray positive rate of 80.95% (170/210) and a skeletal fluorosis detection rate of 20.63% (170/824). Urinary fluoride monitoring results showed that the geometric mean of urinary fluoride in villages with excessive water fluoride content was 2.95 mg/L, which was higher than the normal upper limit (1.60 mg/L). However, there was no statistically significant difference in urinary fluoride levels between skeletal fluorosis patients and non-skeletal fluorosis individuals ( Z = 0.78, P = 0.434). Conclusions:From 2019 to 2024, the drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Taiyuan City have undergone comprehensive water improvement and the water improvement projects are operating well. The qualified rate of water fluoride content has fluctuated, while the detection rate of dental fluorosis has decreased. Continuous monitoring is needed in the future to implement long-term water improvement measures and strengthen screening and treatment efforts for patients with fluorosis.

Objective To analyze the relationship between clinical drug utilization and the risk of nosocomial infections among hospitalized patients,and provide evidence for the prevention and control of nosocomial infections.Methods This study adopted a retrospective case-control design.The case group included 209 patients with nosocomial infection reported from January 2023 to December 2023 in a tertiary hospital.The control group included 209 patients without nosocomial infection during the same period.The patients in the control group were selected by stratified sampling based on Charlson Comorbidity Index(CCI).Results Univariate analysis showed that proton pump inhibitors,antacids,immunosuppressants and prior antimicrobial combination therapy increased the risk of nosocomial infection(P＜0.05).Multivariate log-binomial regression analysis showed that proton pump inhibitors,immunosuppressive drugs,and prior antimicrobial combination therapy were correlated with nosocomial infection.The corresponding relative risk(RR)was 1.31(95％CI:1.07-1.60),1.40(95％CI:1.02-1.91),and 1.66(95％CI:1.01-2.74),respectively.Further analysis indicated that the patients with nosocomial infection had longer time in use of proton pump inhibitors and prior antimicrobial combination therapy than the patients in the control group(Z=-6.331,P＜0.001;Z=-2.667,P=0.008).The trend Chi-square test showed that there was a dose-response relationship for proton pump inhibitors(x2=73.869,P＜0.001),immunosuppressive drugs(x2=16.530,P＜0.001),and prior antimicrobial combination therapy(x2=35.107,P＜0.001).Conclusions The use of immunosuppressants,proton pump inhibitors and antimicrobial combination therapy increases the risk of nosocomial infections in hospitalized patients.The prolonged use of these drugs will further increase the risk of nosocomial infection.

This paper reported a type 1 diabetes patient who had severe diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, hypertension, and hypothyroidism before pregnancy. The patient's blood glucose control was poor before pregnancy, and the complications were not properly treated. This was an unintended pregnancy, with a pre-pregnancy glycated hemoglobin A1c of 7.8% and early pregnancy urine protein of 3.81-4.53 g/24 h. Considering the patient's poor blood glucose control before pregnancy and the lack of proper treatment for multiple complications including nephropathy, a multidisciplinary consultation at an external hospital recommended termination of the pregnancy. However, the patient was determined to continue the pregnancy and was referred to Peking University First Hospital. Through strict blood glucose control, monitoring and evaluation of complications, and comprehensive management, the patient's blood glucose and blood pressure were well controlled during pregnancy. Regular monitoring of urine protein, renal function, and ocular fundus was conducted. At 31 weeks and 4 days of gestation, the patient's 24-hour urine protein significantly increased. After promoting fetal lung maturity, a cesarean section was performed at 34 weeks and 1 day of gestation, resulting in a successful delivery with good maternal and neonatal outcomes. At the 42-day postpartum follow-up, the patient's blood glucose and blood pressure were stable, urine protein returned to pre-pregnancy levels, and the infant was in good general condition.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided median interspinous in-plane approach to subarachnoid puncture in obese pregnant patients.Methods:This study was a randomized controlled trial. Eighty obese parturients who underwent elective cesarean section from March 2022 to January 2024 in our hospital were divided into 2 groups( n=40 each) by the random number table method: median interspinous in-plane approach group(group M) and paramedian interlaminar in-plane approach group(group P). After successful puncture, 0.5% ropivacaine 15 mg(3 ml) was intrathecally injected in both groups. The first-attempt success of puncture, the number of puncture attempts, operation time, the total success of puncture, and the visibility scores of the anterior and posterior union, positioning structure(lamina in group P, spinous process in group M) and puncture needle under ultrasound were recorded. Results:Compared with group P, the visibility score of positioning structure under ultrasound was significantly increased, the success rate of puncture at the first attempt was increased, the number of puncture attempts was decreased, the operation time was shortened, the total success rate of puncture was increased( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the visibility scores of the anterior and posterior union and puncture needle in group M( P>0.05). Conclusions:For obese pregnant patients, the ultrasound-guided median interspinous in-plane approach can accurately and quickly perform subarachnoid puncture, which has more advantages than the traditional paramedian interlaminar in-plane approach.

Objective:To understand the basic situation of occupational internal exposure to 131I among nuclear medicine staff in Jiangsu province, and to analyze the relevant factors that contribute to the formation of internal exposure. Methods:A four-year external direct measurement of thyroid organ counting was conducted on nuclear medicine staff who underwent 131I treatment in Jiangsu province. The result were statistically analyzed, and the effective dose of accumulated internal exposure was estimated. The relationship between the detection rate of internal exposure and 10 possible factors was analyzed. Results:A total of 847 person-times were monitored during the monitoring period, of which 345 person-times were detected for 131I, with a detection rate of 40.7%. The highest individual monitoring result for internal exposure was 24.83 kBq, with an average value of 77.3 Bq and a median of 28.3 Bq among the detected individuals. The average committed effective dose of internal exposure for staff was 0.201 mSv, with a median of 0.074 mSv among the detected individuals. Conclusions:There is statistically significant difference in the detection rate of individual doses of internal exposure among nuclear medicine staff in each year. It has been observed that the main factors related to the detection rate are age, hospital grade, job position, location, whether there is an automatic dispensing operation, operating method, exposure level and length of exposure. Sufficient attention should be given to the situation of internal exposure, and further effective monitoring should be conducted on all such staff members.