Hygroscopicity research has long been a key focus and hot topic in Chinese materia medica（CMM）. Elucidating hygroscopic mechanisms plays a vital role in formulation design， process optimization， and storage condition selection. Hygroscopic models serve as essential tools for characterizing CMM hygroscopic mechanisms， with various types available. The double exponential model is a kinetic mathematical model constructed based on the law of conservation of energy and Fick's first law of diffusion， tailored to the physical properties of CMM extracts. In recent years， this model has been extensively applied to simulate the dynamic moisture absorption behavior of CMM extracts and solid dosage forms under varying humidity conditions. It has revealed the correlation between moisture absorption kinetic parameters and material properties， offering a new perspective for characterizing the moisture uptake behavior of CMM. This paper systematically reviews the application progress of this model in the field of CMM， analyzes its advantages， disadvantages， and challenges in this domain， and explores its potential application trends in other fields. It aims to provide references for elucidating the moisture absorption mechanisms of CMM and researching moisture-proofing technologies， while also offering insights for its broader application in food and polymer materials.

ObjectiveTo explore the regulatory effects and mechanisms of Astragali Radix polysaccharide （APS） on inhibitor of differentiation1 （ID1） and protein kinase B （Akt） in gastric cancer. MethodsImmunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of ID1 and Akt in 61 gastric cancer tissue samples and 20 adjacent normal gastric tissue samples. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the localization of ID1 and Akt. The effects of APS at the concentrations of 0.625， 1.25， 2.5， 5， 10， 20 mg·L^-1 on the proliferation of gastric cancer MGC-803 cells were examined by the cell counting kit-8（CCK-8） method and the colony formation assay. The target information of APS was retrieved from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology and Analysis Platform and Swiss Target Prediction. Keywords such as gastric cancer， gastric tumor， and stomach cancer were searched against GeneCards， UniProt， DisGeNET， and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man （OMIM） for the screening of gastric cancer-related targets. The online tool jvenn was used to create the Venn diagram to identify the common targets， and STRING and Cytoscape were used to construct the protein-protein interaction network. Gene Ontology （GO） and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） pathway enrichment analyses were conducted via R 4.2.2 to predict the potential roles of APS in the development of gastric cancer. The cell scratch assay was employed to assess the effect of APS on the migration of MGC-803 cells. The protein and mRNA levels of ID1 and Akt in the cells treated with APS were determined by Western blot and Real-time PCR， respectively. ResultsCompared with the adjacent normal gastric tissue， the gastric adenocarcinoma tissue showed increased positive expression of ID1 （χ² =81.00， P<0.01）. Immunofluorescence detection showed that ID1 and Akt were mainly located in the cytoplasm of gastric adenocarcinoma cells. Bioinformatics analysis identified 14 common genes shared between APS and gastric cancer. The average degree of protein-protein interaction network nodes was 14.29. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment results showed that ID1 and Akt were significantly enriched in the Rap1 and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase （PI3K） /Akt signaling pathways. Cell experiments demonstrated that 5-fluorouracil （0.1 mg·L^-1） and APS （10， 20 mg·L^-1） groups showed decreased cell proliferation， migration， and colony formation. Compared with the control group， 10， 20 mg·L^-1 APS inhibited the proliferation of MGC-803 cells （P<0.01）， with 10 mg·L^-1 APS demonstrating stronger inhibitory effect. In addition， APS at 10， 20 mg·L^-1 inhibited the migration （P<0.01） and colony formation （P<0.05， P<0.01） of MGC-803 cells. Compared with the control group， APS at 10， 20 mg·L^-1 down-regulated the protein levels of ID1 （P<0.01） and Akt （P<0.05） and the mRNA levels of ID1 （P<0.05， P<0.01） and Akt （P<0.05， P<0.01） in MGC-803 cells. ConclusionID1 and Akt are highly expressed in the gastric adenocarcinoma tissue， which may be related to the development of gastric cancer. APS can down-regulate the protein and mRNA levels of ID1 and Akt to exert anti-tumor effects， which is expected to provide new therapeutic targets for gastric cancer treatment.

Deep brain stimulation （DBS） has been widely applied in treating neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease， with corresponding evidence of safety and efficacy. However， when DBS is experimentally applied in the field of mental disorders， the uncertainty of its therapeutic mechanisms and targets becomes prominent， and there are peculiarities such as the lack of substantive informed consent， partial deprivation of autonomy， and the impact on the homogeneity of personality for research participants or patients. In response to the above situations， the current normative documents are still insufficient， the ethical review re-examination procedure has not yet formed a perfect system， the substantive informed consent of research participants or patients has not yet been clearly guaranteed， as well as the technical scope and regulatory boundaries are not clear. For the new application of DBS in the field of mental disorders， the principle of prudent supervision should be upheld， and appropriate regulation should be carried out to prevent the dilemma of “Collingridge”. Specifically， the ethical review system should be innovated and refined， whole-process informed consent of research participants or patients and guardian assistance in decision-making should be ensured， the legal nature of “experimental treatment” should be clarified， as well as the relevant provisions in the Mental Health Law of the People’s Republic of China should be improved， with a view to providing legal theoretical support and practical operational guidelines for the legalization and standardization of DBS’s application in mental disorder research.

AIM:To investigate the effect of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase(ADAM)domain-like decy-sin 1(ADAMDEC1)knockdown on the proliferation,migration and invasion of pancreatic carcinoma cells.METHODS:Expression levels of ADAMDEC1 in pancreatic carcinoma tissues were analyzed using the GEPIA and UALCAN online da-tabases.Western blot analysis was employed to detect the protein expression levels of ADAMDEC1 in pancreatic carcino-ma cell lines(MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1)and pancreatic ductal cell line(hTERT-HPNE).The effects of ADAMDEC1 knockdown on cell proliferation,migration and invasion were evaluated using CCK-8,colony formation,wound-healing and Transwell assays.Additionally,Western blot analysis was used to detect the effects of ADAMDEC1 knockdown on the expression levels of migration and invasion markers,as well as Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway-related proteins in pancre-atic carcinoma cells.Furthermore,a recovery experiment was conducted to assess the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling path-way agonist CHIR-99021 in ADAMDEC1 knockdown-induced inhibition of pancreatic carcinoma cell growth and migra-tion.RESULTS:(1)ADAMDEC1 was highly expressed in pancreatic carcinoma cells.(2)Knockdown of ADAMDEC1 led to a significant reduction in the proliferation,migration and invasion of pancreatic carcinoma cells.(3)Knockdown of ADAMDEC1 resulted in increased E-cadherin protein expression and decreased levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9,N-cadherin and vimentin proteins,alongside a reduction in the expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway-related pro-teins.(4)Co-treatment of pancreatic carcinoma cells with CHIR-99021 and ADAMDEC1 small interfering RNA reversed the inhibitory effects of ADAMDEC1 knockdown on cell proliferation,migration,and invasion.CONCLUSION:ADAMDEC1 is highly expressed in pancreatic carcinoma.Targeted silencing of ADAMDEC1 has the potential to inhibit the prolifera-tion,migration and invasion of pancreatic carcinoma cells by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

AIM:To investigate the impact and regulatory mechanisms of zinc finger protein 36-like protein 1(ZFP36L1)on pancreatic carcinoma cell growth.METHODS:The ZFP36L1 expression in pancreatic carcinoma and its correlation with patient prognosis were analyzed using online databases UALCAN and GEPIA.Western blot was utilized to detect ZFP36L1 protein expression in pancreatic ductal cells(HPNE)and three different pancreatic carcinoma cell lines.CCK-8 and cell colony formation assays were performed to evaluate the effects of ZFP36L1 on pancreatic cancer cell prolif-eration.Wound healing and Transwell assays were used to assess the impact of ZFP36L1 expression changes on pancreatic carcinoma cell migration and invasion.Flow cytometry experiments were used to analyze the effect of ZFP36L1 on the pan-creatic carcinoma cell cycle process.Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to predict potential ZFP36L1 interacting pro-teins.Co-immunoprecipitation experiments were carried out to confirm the interaction between ZFP36L1 and mitogen-acti-vated protein kinase 14(MAPK14).Rescue experiments were performed to assess the function of MAPK14 in ZFP36L1-regulated pancreatic carcinoma cell growth.RESULTS:(1)ZFP36L1 is highly expressed in pancreatic carcinoma and is positively correlated with poor prognosis in pancreatic carcinoma patients.Compared to HPNE,ZFP36L1 is highly ex-pressed in MIA PaCa-2 and ASPC-1 cells,but relatively low in PANC-1 cells.(2)ZFP36L1 overexpression significantly increased the cell viability,colony formation,migration,and invasion abilities of PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cells,while siRNA interference of ZFP36L1 led to opposite results.(3)ZFP36L1 promotes the entry of pancreatic carcinoma cells into the S phase of the cell cycle.(4)ZFP36L1 interacts with MAPK14 to regulate pancreatic cancer cell growth.MAPK14 overexpression reversed the cell viability and migration abilities of pancreatic carcinoma cells overexpressing ZFP36L1.Furthermore,it also decreased the cell viability and migration abilities of pancreatic carcinoma cells with ZFP36L1 inter-ference.CONCLUSION:ZFP36L1 is a potential oncogene in pancreatic carcinoma growth and may regulate pancreatic carcinoma cell growth through cell cycle modulation and interaction with MAPK14.

Objective:To study the changing trend of brucellosis epidemic in Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province from 2004 to 2022, and to provide reference for formulating brucellosis prevention and control policies.Methods:Through the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, the epidemic data of human brucellosis with the onset time from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2022 and the current address in Taiyuan City were collected. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the temporal, regional, and population distribution characteristics of brucellosis.Results:From 2004 to 2022, a total of 1 834 cases of brucellosis were reported in Taiyuan City, with an average annual incidence rate of 2.25/100 000. The incidence rate of brucellosis in each year showed a fluctuating upward trend (χ 2trend = 428.04, P < 0.001). The onset time was mainly concentrated from February to August, accounting for 76.94% (1 411/1 834) of the total cases, with May being the peak month (283 cases). The incidence rate of brucellosis in all counties (cities and districts) ranged from 0 to 38.37/100 000, with the highest incidence rate in Loufan County in 2021. There were 1 470 males and 364 females, with a male-to-female ratio of 4.04 ∶ 1.00. The age range was 1 to 95 years old, among which the 1 - 29 age group accounted for 14.29% (262/1 834), the 30 - 39 age group accounted for 13.14% (241/1 834), the 40 - 49 age group accounted for 21.05% (386/1 834), the 50 - 59 age group accounted for 27.54% (505/1 834), and the 60 - 95 age group accounted for 23.99% (440/1 834). The main occupation was farmers and herdsmen, accounting for 67.23% (1 233/1 834). Conclusion:From 2004 to 2022, the epidemic of brucellosis in Taiyuan City shows a fluctuating upward trend, with males, middle-aged and elderly people, and farmers and herdsmen as the main affected population.

Objective To establish an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS)method for determination of tobramycin in human serum,and examine the utility of the method in a clinical pharmacokinetic study of tobramycin inhalation.Methods Serum samples were pretreated by solid phase extraction with tobramycin-D12 as internal standard.Chromatographic separation was performed on a TitankHilic(2.1 mm × 100 mm,3 μm)column.The mobile phase consisted of0.1％formic acid-acetonitrile and 0.1％formic acid aqueous solution at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min.Electrospray ionization source and multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)scanning were used for monitoring the quantitative ion pairs with m/z 468.3→m/z 163.3(tobramycin)and m/z 480.6→m/z 166.2(tobramycin-D12).The established method was investigated in terms of selectivity,interaction,concomitant medication,standard curve and lower limit of quantitation,precision and accuracy,recovery,matrix effect,and stability of tobramycinin.Results The linear range of tobramycin was 0.050 0-10.0 mg/L(R2=0.999 5).The intra-and inter-batch precision was satisfactory(coefficient of variation[CV]≤3.6％).The accuracy ranged from-0.4％to 6.0％.The matrix effect factor(MF)in human serum samples(including hemolysis and lipemia)ranged from 92.2％to 94.9％(CV≤2.7％).The recovery of tobramycinin was 79.5％-81.9％in serum samples,while the recovery of internal standard was 78.9％.The analyte was stable in serum samples for 72 h at room temperature and for 274 days at-20℃/-70℃.The pharmacokinetic study of tobramycin inhalation in bronchiectasis patients showed that after continuous administration of tobramycin 300 mg twice a day to 3 patients,the mean Cmax of tobramycin was(0.72±0.61)mg/L on Day 1 and(0.76±0.73)mg/L on Day 28,respectively.The corresponding Tmax was(1.83±0.61)h and(1.50±0.50)h,respectively.Conclusions The UPLC-MS/MS method established in this study is sensitive,accurate and rapid.It is successfully applied to the clinical pharmacokinetic study of tobramycin inhalation.The method may be suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of tobramycin in clinical practice.

Objective To explore the risk factors of early acute renal injury(AKI)in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage(HICH).Methods Ninety HICH patients admitted to the Hai'an People's Hospital from July 2020 to June 2022 were enrolled.Based on the diagnostic criteria of the Kidney Disease Prognosis Quality Initiative Guidelines,the patients were divided into AKI group(n=21)and non-AKI group(n=69).Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate whether urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin(NGAL),urinary microalbumin creatinine ratio(ACR),and serum homocysteine(Hcy)were independent risk factors affecting the early onset of AKI in HICH patients.The predictive value of urinary NGAL,urinary ACR,and serum Hcy for the early onset of AKI in HICH patients were evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves.Results The proportions of blood transfusion or mannitol use,urinary NGAL,urinary ACR and serum Hcy in the AKI group were significantly higher than those in the non-AKI group(P<0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that blood transfusion or mannitol use(OR=3.556,95% CI:1.608-7.864),urinary NGAL(OR=1.005,95% CI:1.002-1.008),urinary ACR(OR=1.812,95% CI:1.251-2.625),and serum Hcy(OR=1.923,95% CI:1.455-2.542)were independent risk factors for early onset of AKI in patients with HICH(P<0.05).ROC curve analysis showed that the areas under the curves of urinary NGAL,urinary ACR,and serum Hcy for the prediction of early onset of AKI in patients with HICH were 0.786(95% CI:0.680-0.892),0.676(95% CI:0.553-0.799),and 0.737(95% CI:0.631-0.843),respectively;the area under the curve of the 3 indicators was 0.914(95% CI:0.823-1.000).Conclusion Urinary NGAL,urinary ACR,and serum Hcy are independent risk factors for the onset of early AKI in patients with HICH.Each factor has certain predictive value for the onset of early AKI,and the combination of the 3 factors has higher value in predicting the onset of early AKI.

Objective To observe the changes of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin(NGAL)and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio(ACR)in patients with acute cerebral infarction and acute kidney injury(AKI).Methods The clinical data of 100 patients with acute cerebral infarction who were admitted to Hai'an People's Hospital from September 2020 to August 2022 were retrospective analyzed.They were divided into AKI group(n=30)and non-AKI group(n=70)according to the occurrence of AKI.The general information of both groups was collected.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the risk factors of acute cerebral infarction complicated with AKI.Receiver operator characteristic(ROC)curve was used to evaluate the value of urinary NGAL and ACR in predicting acute cerebral infarction combined with AKI.Results The proportion of patients older than 60 years,the proportions of patients with hypertension,diabetes mellitus,chronic kidney disease,heart failure,and infarct area＞20 cm2,and the levels of urinary NGAL and ACR in the AKI group were higher than those in the non-AKI group(P＜0.05).ROC curve analysis confirmed that urinary NGAL and ACR could be used to predict acute cerebral infarction complicated with AKI,and the area under the curve(AUC)values were 0.718 and 0.883,respectively(P＜0.05).The logistic regression analysis showed that age＞60 years,hypertension,diabetes mellitus,chronic kidney disease,heart failure,infarct area＞20 cm2,urinary NGAL＞278.251 ng/mg,and urinary ACR＞32.414 mg/mmol were the risk factors for acute cerebral infarction combined with AKI(P＜0.05).Conclusion Urinary NGAL and ACR levels are significantly elevated in patients with acute cerebral infarction complicated with AKI,which may be used as effective indicators to evaluate early AKI.

Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; East Asian People ; Psoriasis/epidemiology* ; Arthritis, Psoriatic/epidemiology* ; Registries ; Surveys and Questionnaires