Adipose tissue is a crucial endocrine and immune organ， and its functional dysregulation is closely associated with the development and progression of various liver diseases. In addition to the secretion of classical adipokines， adipose tissue-derived extracellular vesicles （EVs） have emerged as key messengers in its regulation of distal organ function. This review systematically elaborates on the regulatory role of adipose tissue-derived EVs in liver diseases， in which white adipose tissue delivers pathogenic molecules such as miR-103 and CD36 via its EVs and thus drives hepatic insulin resistance， lipid accumulation， and fibrosis， while brown adipose tissue transmits protective signals such as miR-132-3p through its EVs to improve hepatic metabolic homeostasis. This article also summarizes the core mechanisms of action of these EVs and discusses their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and innovative therapeutic strategies.

BACKGROUND:Currently,there have been studies on three-dimensional digitalization and visualization systems for adult acupoints,but there are not many reports on the visualization of pediatric acupoints based on real pediatric digital sectional anatomical datasets. OBJECTIVE:To design and develop a digital three-dimensional visualization system for children's neck acupoints,to provide a basis for acupuncture and moxibustion,meridian and acupoint science teaching,clinical practice,acupuncture manipulation practice,and acupuncture safety research,and to provide a basis for the development of children's acupoint simulation system. METHODS:Based on a real cross-sectional anatomical dataset of pre-school boys,a three-dimensional digital virtual anatomical model of the neck region of children and internal multi-organ three-dimensional reconstruction were completed using PhotoShop 2021 and Digihuman Reconstruction System software.A database of 11 acupoints was compiled,including Fengfu and Fengchi,using the Unity database language.A three-dimensional model of children's neck anatomy,acupoint database,and writing acupuncture operation codes were integrated in Unity3D software.A three-dimensional digital visualization system for children's neck acupoints was successfully created,which integrated simulation acupoint positioning,three-dimensional acupoint anatomy,acupuncture training,clinical teaching,and acupuncture safety research. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)This study was based on real child specimens.Manual layer by layer segmentation of cross-sectional images was used to ensure the accuracy of the three-dimensional model to the greatest extent possible.The 3D software Digihuman Reconstruction System was utilized to extract and save independent segmentation data.PhotoShop 2021 software was collaborated with to complete dozens of three-dimensional reconstruction anatomical models of the outer skin of the neck and its internal bone structure,cervical spinal cord,blood vessels and nerves,muscles,and ligaments in children.The basic morphology and overall contour integrity verification of each independent structure were completed in MeshLab software.The 3-material research 13.0 software was applied for final fine tuning and anatomical position confirmation,successfully simulating and restoring the true anatomical morphology of the neck of preschool children.(2)Based on and referring to the national standards of the People's Republic of China,a database of commonly used acupoints in children's neck region was collected and organized,including their names,meridians,positioning,local anatomy,needle insertion levels,acupuncture methods,acupuncture accidents and prevention,acupoint indications,and two-dimensional anatomical sectional images.(3)Unity3D software was employed to integrate the three-dimensional model of children's neck,acupuncture simulation operation,and acupoint database,and a three-dimensional digital children's neck acupoint acupuncture visualization system was successfully constructed.The system displayed information on children's neck acupoints,two-dimensional and three-dimensional anatomical structures,and achieved two-dimensional and three-dimensional acupuncture simulation functions and acupuncture safety research functions for children's neck acupoints.Based on the ultra-thin sectional anatomical dataset of real child specimens,the first three-dimensional digital and visualization system for acupoints in the neck region of children had been constructed.Compared with previous acupoint acupuncture systems,it is more in line with the anatomical and morphological development characteristics of Asian children and has high application value in the fields of acupuncture safety research,clinical teaching,and acupuncture simulation training.

There is significant inter-individual variation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacody-namics in patients receiving tacrolimus(TAC)for an-ti-rejection therapy,which cause the rejection or toxic action.Based on results of therapeutic drug monitoring and pathophysiological index of trans-plant patients,the individualized dosing regimen can be designed and adjusted by using model in-formed precision dosing(MIPD).The patients'clini-cal outcome can be improved.In the consensus,the different methods of MIPD used for patients re-ceived TAC for anti-rejection therapy were intro-duced,which can be used for the designing and ad-justing doing regimen,predicting adverse drug reac-tion,improving medication adherence and econom-ics during therapy.

There is significant inter-individual variation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacody-namics in patients receiving tacrolimus(TAC)for an-ti-rejection therapy,which cause the rejection or toxic action.Based on results of therapeutic drug monitoring and pathophysiological index of trans-plant patients,the individualized dosing regimen can be designed and adjusted by using model in-formed precision dosing(MIPD).The patients'clini-cal outcome can be improved.In the consensus,the different methods of MIPD used for patients re-ceived TAC for anti-rejection therapy were intro-duced,which can be used for the designing and ad-justing doing regimen,predicting adverse drug reac-tion,improving medication adherence and econom-ics during therapy.

Objective To study the effects of different implantation angles of bi-leaflet mechanical heart valve(BMHV)on swirling flow in the aorta.Methods Based on the aortic CT images of a healthy volunteer,the effects of 4 different valve implantation angles(0°,45°,90° and 135°)on the aortic swirling flow under constant flow conditions were studied by computational simulation.Results The implantation of BMHV could seriously interfere with the aortic swirling flow,affecting the structure and helicity distributions of the swirling flow in ascending aorta,thus resulting in disturbed blood flows distal to the valve.The 135° implantation angle caused the most disruption to the swirling flow,leading to the largest areas of reversed swirling flows,while the 0° and 45° implantation angles caused relatively smaller damage to the swirling flow.The areas with low wall shear stress(<0.5 Pa)were the smallest when the implantation angle of BMHV was 0°.Conclusions At the implantation angle of 0°-45°,the disruption of BMHV to the swirling flow in ascending aorta was relatively small.Therefore,for different patients,the selection of implantation angle should be individualized according to the spatial geometry of their aorta(including the aortic sinuses),and the implantation angle can be determined between 0°-45°.

Objective To study the apoptosis of human colorectal cancer HT-29 cells induced by Aralia elata Seem leaf total saponin (ETS) and its effects on the expression of relevant proteins. Methods MTT assay was used to detect the proliferation of human colorectal cancer HT-29 cells cultivated with different concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg) of ETS. Hoechst33258 staining and laser confocal imaging were used to detect the apoptotic cells. Morphological changes were observed. The expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax were detected by immuno-histochemistry. Results ETS could induce apoptosis of HT-29 cells and apoptosis was in a dose-dependent manner in a certain range. ETS could decrease the expression of Bcl-2 and increase the expression of Bax in HT-29 cells (P<0.05, P<0.01), showing a significant dose-effect relationship. Conclusion ETS can induce the apoptosis of HT-29 cells, and the mechanism may be related to reducing the expression of Bcl-2 and increasing the expression of Bax.

Objective To investigate the clinical significance of prealbumin (PA),enzymes,C -reactive protein (CRP)detection in severe hand -foot -mouth disease (HFMD)children with myocardial injury.Methods 183 children with HFMD were selected as the observation group,in which 54 children were severe,129 cases were common.100 healthy children during the same period were selected as the control group.PA,α-acid dehydrogenase (α-HBDH),creatine kinase (CK),creatine kinase (CK -MB),CRP levels were detected in the serum of all sub-jects and compared.Results The serum level of PA in the observation group was (194.37 ±42.86)mg/L,which was significantly lower than (267.15 ±52.04)mg/L of the control group (t =5.942,P <0.05).The serum levels ofα-HBDH,CK,CK -MB and CRP in the observation group were (261.58 ±61.40)U /L,(124.80 ±67.51)U /L, (38.79 ±16.26)U /L and (18.06 ±5.27)mg/L,which were significantly higher than those of the control group [(112.93 ±28.56)U /L,(103.94 ±60.86)U /L,(15.17 ±9.34)U /L and (4.82 ±0.95)mg/L,t =8.356,5.087, 9.446 and 10.755,all P <0.05].The serum PA level of the severe HFMD group was (144.92 ±40.36)mg/L, which was significantly lower than (230.89 ±46.27)mg/L of the ordinary HFMD group (t =7.035,P <0.05).The serum levels of α-HBDH,CK,CK -MB and CRP in the severe HFMD group were (301.58 ±71.40)U /L, (145.31 ±67.84)U /L,(43.66 ±18.95)U /L and (21.86 ±6.55)mg/L,which were significantly higher than those in the ordinary HFMD group [(162.93 ±28.56)U /L,(116.05 ±61.37)U /L,(24.75 ±12.04)U /L and (7.25 ± 3.82)mg/L,t =9.440,6.204,11.038 and 13.118,all P <0.05].The serum PA level of the severe HFMD with myocardial injury group was (131.02 ±36.54)mg/L,which was significantly lower than (149.73 ±42.81)mg/L of the severe HFMD group (t =7.801,P <0.05).The serum levels of α-HBDH,CK,CK -MB and CRP in the severe HFMD with myocardial injury group were (327.84 ±74.95)U /L,(152.92 ±68.75)U /L,(45.17 ±20.68)U /L and (23.07 ±7.46 )mg/L respectively,which were significantly higher than those in the severe HFMD group [(286.30 ±70.16)U /L,(134.80 ±66.31)U /L,(41.08 ±17.23)U /L and (20.95 ±6.20)mg/L,t =4.394, 5.938,4.077 and 4.165,all P <0.05].Conclusion Prealbumin,enzymes,CRP detection is favor of judgement the severity of HFMD children,and conducive to the early diagnosis of myocardial injury in children.