ObjectiveTo investigate the level of hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) among preschool children (aged 3‒6 years) and primary and secondary school students in Tonglu County, Zhejiang Province, to evaluate the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination, and to provide a basis for hepatitis B prevention and control in the region. MethodsAs part of the 2023 Tonglu County Urban and Rural Residents Health Examination Program, blood samples were collected during health check-ups. Fingertip blood samples were obtained from preschool children, while venous blood samples were collected from primary and secondary school children. The anti-HBs levels in blood (positive + / negative -) were qualitatively tested using hepatitis B surface antibody test kits (latex method). The differences in anti-HBs positivity rates among different age groups were analyzed. ResultsBetween April 1, 2023 and June 30, 2023, a total of 52 919 individuals were surveyed, including 11 973 preschool children and 40 946 primary and secondary school students. The overall anti-HBs positivity rate was 39.74%, with the highest positivity rate observed among preschool children (60.20%). Age was negatively correlated with the anti-HBs positivity rate (P<0.001). No significant gender differences in anti-HBs positivity rates were observed. The anti-HBs positive rate in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas, with statistically significant differences across school grade groups (primary grades 1‒3, grades 4‒6, middle school, and high school) (P<0.001). ConclusionThe anti-HBs positivity rate among preschool and school-age children in Tonglu County decreases with age and remains relatively low. It is recommended to strengthen the monitoring of hepatitis B antibody levels and promote health education among preschool and school-age children. Children who have not completed the full hepatitis B vaccination should receive timely catch-up vaccination.

Based on current national policies, regulations, standards, relevant literature, and departmental experience regarding the protection against radionuclides in China, this study provides a brief overview of key issues in the management of hospital wards for patients with internal radionuclide contamination. The discussion covers the detection of internal contamination, general requirements for internal radionuclide contamination wards, and inpatient management. In addition, the study explores in depth the daily responsibilities, protective measures, and management protocols for both healthcare staff and patients within such wards. This article summarizes a framework for the construction of internal radionuclide contamination wards, along with specific plans and detailed role-based guidelines. These results provide a reference for the management of hospital wards for patients with internal radionuclide contamination.

Objective To explore the characteristics of the inhibitory effect of Evodiamine on the proliferation of activated T cells. Methods Mononuclear cells from peripheral blood (PBMCs) were obtained from healthy donors through density gradient centrifugation, and T cells were subsequently purified by using immunomagnetic bead separation. T cell activation was induced by employing anti-human CD3 and anti-human CD28 antibodies. T cells were treated with different concentrations of EVO (0.37, 1.11, 3.33, and 10)μmol/L. Flow cytometry was applied to evaluate the proliferation index, apoptosis rate, viability, CD25 expression levels, and cell cycle distribution of T cells. The expression levels of cytokines IL-2, IL-17A, IL-4, and IL-10 were quantified by using ELISA. Results 1.11, 3.33 and 10 μmol/L EVO effectively inhibited the proliferation of activated T cells, with an IC₅₀ of (1.5±0.3)μmol/L. EVO did not induce apoptosis in activated T cells and affect the survival rate of resting T cells. EVO did not affect the expression of CD25 and the secretion of IL-2 in activated T cells. EVO arrested the T cell cycle at the G2/M phase, resulting in an increase in G2/M phase cells, and exhibited a concentration-dependent effect. EVO did not affect the secretion of IL-4, IL-10 by activated T cells, but significantly inhibited the secretion of IL-17A. Conclusion EVO did not significantly affect the activation process of T cells but inhibited T cell proliferation by arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and significantly suppressed the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17A, which suggests that EVO has the potential to serve as a lead compound for the development of low-toxicity and high-efficiency immunosuppressants and elucidates the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of the traditional Chinese medicine Evodia rutaecarpa.
Humans ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects* ; Quinazolines/pharmacology* ; T-Lymphocytes/metabolism* ; Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects* ; Apoptosis/drug effects* ; Interleukin-4/metabolism* ; Interleukin-10/metabolism* ; Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism* ; Interleukin-17/metabolism* ; Interleukin-2/metabolism* ; Cell Cycle/drug effects* ; Cells, Cultured

Objective To investigate the relationship between spicy diet and uremic pruritus(UP)in the patients with maintenance haemodialysis(MHD).Methods A total of 403 patients receiving the treat-ment in the blood purification center of this hospital from December 2023 to February 2024 were selected as the study subjects and grouped by the sum of the scores of frequency and degree of pepper intake.The visual analogue rating scale(VAS)was used to conduct the preliminary pruritus score in all patients,and the pa-tients with the score＞0 point conducted the multidimensional evaluation by the 14-item uremic skin pruritus scale.The blood routine and itch-related blood biochemical indexes levels of all patients were measured.Results There were 65 cases in the bland diet group,119 cases in the mild spicy diet group and 219 cases in the spicy diet group,and there was no significant difference in the number of genders between the groups(P＞0.05).There were statistically significant differences in age,dialysis age and lymphocyte count among the groups(P＜0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the degree of pruritus among the groups(Z=9.301,P=0.157),but it was seen that the proportion of moderate and severe pruritus in the mild spicy diet group and the spicy diet group was decreased,and the proportions of no pruritus and mild pruritus showed the increasing trend.The itching score of the bland diet group was higher than that of the mildly spicy diet group and spicy diet group,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05),but there was no statistically significant difference between the mild spicy diet group and spicy diet group(P＞0.05).There was a statistically significant difference in the itch score of the patients aged 40-60 years in each group(P＜0.05),and there was no statistically significant difference in the itch score between the patients aged＞60 years old and＜40 years old in each group(P＞0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the itch-related blood biochemical indexes among the groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion The spicy diet may reduce the degree of pruritus in patients with MHD,moreover which is not affected by the age and other factors,and may be associated with lymphocyte level decrease in the patients.

ObjectiveTo preliminarily confirm the effective anti-lung cancer sites of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium and study their mechanism of action. MethodOn the basis of preliminary research， the extraction method of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium was optimized and the effective parts were screened under the guidance of pharmacological effects. Different ethanol elution and water elution sites of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium were obtained through adsorption and elution with D101 macroporous resin. The methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide （MTT） colorimetric assay was used to detect the effects of total drug extracts and different elution sites on the proliferation of various tumor cell lines， and to screen for the optimal elution site and tumor sensitive strains. Flow cytometry was used to detect the effect of the elution sites of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium on intracellular reactive oxygen species （ROS） and apoptosis in A549 cells. Western blot was used to compare the expressions of tumor protein 53 （p53）， Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）， cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 and 9 （Caspase-3 and Caspase-9） proteins in A549 cells. ResultThe inhibitory effect of Momordicae Semen on the proliferation of A549 cells was better than the kernel of Momordicae Semen， with 50% inhibitory concentration （IC₅₀） being （86.83±2.88） mg·L^-1 and （95.10±18.13） mg·L^-1， respectively. The effect of total extracts of Epimedii Folium on A549 anti proliferation IC₅₀ value was （4.71±0.81） mg·L^-1. The IC₅₀ values of the 40%， 60%， and 80% ethanol and anhydrous ethanol eluted macroporous resins of the total extracts of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium inhibiting A549 proliferation were （45.32±4.38）、 （14.95±0.73）、 （17.07±1.76）、 （14.46±2.35）、 （51.7±2.26）、 （12.37±0.67）、 （20.29±0.93）、 and （3.43±0.91） mg·L^-1， respectively. Compared with the normal group， the 1∶1 combination of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium inhibited A549 cell proliferation in a time-dependent and concentration-dependent manner. Compared with the normal group， 50 mg·L^-1 of the combination of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium significantly increased intracellular ROS expression （P<0.01）. Compared with the normal group， 12.5， 25， 50 mg·L^-1 of the combination of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium significantly increased the expression of A549 cell apoptosis （P<0.01）. Compared with the normal group， 25， 50 mg·L^-1 of the combination of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium significantly increased the expression of p53 in A549 cells （P<0.01）. Compared with the normal group， 12.5， 25， 50 mg·L^-1 of the combination of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium significantly increased the expression of Bax （P<0.01）. Compared with the normal group， 50 mg·L^-1 of the combination of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium significantly reduced the expressions of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 （P<0.01）. ConclusionThe anti-tumor effect of Momordicae Semen is better than that of the kernel of Momordicae Semen. The anti-tumor substances of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium mainly concentrate in the 60% ethanol to anhydrous ethanol elution site. A549 cells are sensitive to the 1∶1 combination of Momordicae Semen and Epimedii Folium， which can effectively inhibit the cell proliferation. The mechanism may be related to increasing the generation of ROS in A549 cells， promoting their apoptosis， increasing the expressions of apoptotic proteins such as p53 and Bax， and reducing the expressions of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9.

Demyelination of the central nervous system often occurs in neurodegenerative diseases， such as multiple sclerosis （MS）. The myelin sheath， a layer of myelin membrane wrapping the axon， plays a role in the rapid conduction and metabolic coupling of impulses for neurons. The exposure of the axon will lead to axonal degeneratio， and further neuronal degeneration， which is the main cause of dysfunction and even disability in patients with demyelinating neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to the demyelination of mature myelin sheath， remyelination disorder is also one of the major reasons leading to the development of the diseases. The myelin sheath is composed of oligodendrocytes （OLs） derived from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells （OPCs） which are differentiated from neural stem cells （NSCs）. The process of myelin regeneration， i.e.， remyelination， is the differentiation of NSCs into OLs. Recent studies have shown that this process is regulated by a variety of genes. MicroRNAs， as important regulators of neurodegenerative diseases， form a complex regulatory network in the process of myelin regeneration. This review summarizes the main molecular pathways of myelin regeneration and microRNAs involved in this process and classifies the mechanisms and targets. This review is expected to provide a theoretical reference for the future research on the treatment of demyelinating diseases by targeting the regulation of microRNAs.

ObjectiveThis study explores the efficacy and pharmacological mechanism of Wujiwan in rats with inflammatory bowel disease （IBD） from the perspectives of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ （PPARγ） signaling pathway and T-cell immunity， providing reference for the treatment of IBD with traditional Chinese medicine. MethodThe study involved administering 2，4，6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid （TNBS） enemas to 35 rats to induce acute IBD. After 24 hours， the animals were divided into the following groups： normal group， model group， Wujiwan treatment group， and positive drug control group. Each group received gastric gavage for 8 consecutive days before the rats were dissected to compare the disease activity index （DAI） of the rat colon tissue， the colon mucosal damage index （CMDI）， and the spleen index. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to measure the levels of interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， interleukin-10 （IL-10）， and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） in the serum. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to determine the mRNA expression levels of T-bet （T-box expressed in T cells） and Gata3 （Gata-binding protein-3） in the colon tissue. Western blot analysis was conducted to detect the protein expression levels of PPARγ， T-bet， and nuclear factor-κB p65 （NF-κB p65） in the rat colon. ResultThe rat model of IBD was successfully established. Compared with the model group， the Wujiwan treatment group showed reduced DAI， CMDI， and spleen index， decreased content of TNF-α in the serum（P<0.01）， significantly increased content of IL-10（P<0.01）， and elevated mRNA content of T-bet and Gata3（P<0.05） in the colon tissue. The expression of PPARγ protein was augmented（P<0.05）， and the expression of T-bet and NF-κB p65 protein was decreased（P<0.05，P<0.01）. ConclusionWujiwan activates or upregulates PPARγ expression in IBD rats to inhibit the generation of pro-inflammatory factors， participates in the inflammatory immune process， and alleviates inflammatory reactions. Its mechanism may involve regulating the NF-κB pathway through PPARγ， enhancing Th2 cell transcription expression， and reducing Th1 cell transcription.

Dementia in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） mainly presents amnesia and dullness. Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia belong to the category of dementia in TCM. These progressive neurological diseases have a complex etiology and a long course， and the drugs that can reverse the disease course remain to be developed. Therefore， early intervention plays a vital role in delaying the disease progression. Apathy refers to a lack of motivation that leads to the attenuation or disappearance of goal-directed behaviors， cognitive functions， and emotional responses. Clinical studies have suggested that apathy exists in the early stage of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases， being one of the key symptoms to the early diagnosis of dementia. The severity of apathy is related to the severity of dementia. Therefore， early diagnosis and treatment of apathy are of great significance to the prevention and treatment of dementia. The preclinical research on apathy in dementia is still in its infancy， and the systematic evaluation method has not been prescribed. The clinical diagnosis and treatment are also in the exploratory stage， and the complex pathophysiological mechanisms of apathy and dementia development have not been fully elucidated. This article reviews the research progress of apathy in dementia， the apathetic behaviors of dementia animal models， the behaviors of patients with apathy， and the treatment methods in recent years and summarizes the research status of apathy in dementia. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for exploring the behavior of apathy in dementia and conducting preclinical research and evaluation of the pathogenesis and to lay a foundation for the treatment of apathy in dementia.

Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has a long history of application in China and has consistently played a vital role in treating diseases and saving lives. TCM prescriptions （compounds） constitute the primary form of clinical TCM treatment and significantly differ from western medicine （chemicals） due to the diverse composition and chemical constituents of TCM （compounds）. Nevertheless， the potential multi-component， multi-target， and multi-pathway action characteristics of TCM prescriptions also demonstrate their possible （complementary） therapeutic advantages when compared with single-component chemical drugs. Therefore， driven by the development of modern science and technology and the demands of the modernization and internationalization of TCM， modern theories regarding the complexity of TCM prescription effects have been continuously proposed： Different from the abstract language of traditional prescription theory， the modern TCM prescription theory is more inclined to illustrate the connotation of prescription compatibility concretely and vividly from an experimental and scientific perspective. In this paper， new theories on the complexity of TCM prescriptions proposed in recent years are summarized to provide research references and ideas for the greater role of TCM prescriptions and a better scientific understanding.

Objective To compare the effect of discrete trial training(DTT),pivotal response treatment(PRT)and a combination of DTT and PRT on joint attention in children aged three to six years with mild to moderate autism spectrum disor-der(ASD). Methods From January,2023 to March,2024,39 children with ASD aged 36 to 72 months in Tiger Children's Rehabili-tation Center in Shanghai were randomly divided into DTT,PRT and combination groups,who received DTT,PRT and a combination of DTT and PRT,respectively,for ten weeks.They were assessed with Joint Attention As-sessment Scale for children with ASD before and after intervention. Results Two cases in DTT group and one case in PRT group dropped down,resulting in a final sample of 36 cases.The main effects of group(F=11.225,P<0.001)and time(F=416.935,P<0.001)were significant,as well as the interaction(F=10.501,P<0.001),and the combination group was the best during intervention and follow-up(P<0.05). Conclusion Both DTT and PRT may improve joint attention in children with ASD,and the combination of DTT and PRT is the best.