ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics of long COVID and to investigate its main influencing factors by examining individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 between March and June 2022 in two communities in Shanghai, to lay the foundation for further research on the mechanism and clinical treatment of long COVID, and to provide the basis for the development of inexpensive, convenient, and feasible prevention and intervention strategies. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted, enrolling 6 410 individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey. The incidence and common symptoms of long COVID were analyzed, along with their associations with demographic characteristics, medical history, and behavioral factors. A logistic regression model was used to identify the major factors associated with the development of long COVID symptoms. ResultsThe overall incidence rate of long COVID among the study population was 13.9%. The most commonly reported symptoms included fatigue (65.1%), attention disorders (23.1%), and cough (16.9%). The analysis showed that having underlying chronic diseases (OR=2.580, 95%CI: 2.165‒3.074), a history of allergies (OR=1.418, 95%CI: 1.003‒1.971), current smoking (OR=1.461, 95%CI: 1.013‒2.079), ever smoking (OR=2.462, 95%CI: 1.687‒3.551), a greater number of symptoms during the acute phase [1 symptom (OR=1.778, 95%CI: 1.459‒2.162), 2 symptoms (OR=2.749, 95%CI: 2.209‒3.409), ≥3 symptoms (OR=7.792, 95%CI: 6.333‒9.593)] and aggravated symptoms during the acute phase (OR=1.082, 95%CI: 1.070‒1.094) were factors associated with a higher risk of developing long COVID symptoms. Additionally, individuals who had consumed alcohol in the past year (OR=1.914, 95%CI: 1.344‒2.684) were more prone to objective long COVID symptoms. Among individuals under 50 years of age, females (OR=1.427, 95%CI: 1.052‒1.943) were more likely to develop objective long COVID symptoms. ConclusionThis study has identified the diversity of long COVID symptoms, which involve multiple organs and systems, including fatigue, attention disorders, cough, and joint pain. It has also revealed associations between long COVID and various demographic factors (e.g., age, gender), personal medical history (e.g., underlying chronic diseases, history of allergies), acute-phase characteristics (e.g., number and severity of symptoms), and behavioral factors (e.g., smoking, alcohol consumption). These findings highlight the need for further research and ongoing surveillance of long COVID and may inform the development of more targeted health management strategies for specific populations.

Objective To investigate the status and distribution characteristics of human immuno-deficiency virus(HIV)infection,and the relationship between sample value/cut-off value(S/CO value)and positive test when HIV is tested reactivity by chemiluminescence immunoassay(CLIA).Methods The data of 820 HIV reactivity samples screened by Abbott CLIA in the Department of Clinical Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University from 2017 to 2023 were selected as the research objects.SPSS22.0 software was used for statistical analysis according to different years,genders and ages.The distribution characteristics of screening reactivity and confirmed positive immunoblot test was compared.The relationship between the confirmed positive,uncertain and negative results and their S/CO values,and the distribution of corresponding bands were retrospectively analyzed.Results From 2017 to 2023,the total number of HIV positive patients decreased first decreased and then increased.The positive rate was 31.95%(262/820),the ratio of males to females was 6.7∶1,the gender difference was statistically significant(χ2=126.8,P<0.05).The ratio of men to women who responded to the screening test was 1.4∶1.The age group with the most confirmed positives for both men and women was 30～50 years old.Divided into five groups according to S/CO value,the positive rate was 0%(0/436)in 1.0≤S/CO≤5.0 group,the positive rate was 6.90%(4/58)in 5.0＜S/CO≤10.0 group,the positive rate was 25.86%(15/58)in 10.0＜S/CO≤50.0 group,the positive rate was 82.09%(110/134)in 50.0＜S/CO≤500.0 group,and the positive rate was 99.25%(133/134)in S/CO＞500.0 group,there was statistical significance in the number of confirmed positives among the five groups(χ2=816.3,P<0.05).There were 473 confirmed negative cases,more women than men,the difference was statistically significant(χ2=98.3,P<0.05),among which the results of S/CO value≤10.0 accounted for 90.49%(428/473).There were 85 uncertain cases,the gender difference was not statistically significant(χ2=1.3,P>0.05),among which the results of S/CO value≤10.0 accounted for 72.94%(62/85).The positive bands gp120 and gp160 appeared in all the results,and p55 appeared the least,accounted for 51.91%(136/262).The uncertain bands were mainly p24,followed by gp160,etc.To a certain extent,the higher the S/CO value of chemiluminescence screening test,the more bands were present when the confirmative test was positive,and the more bands were present when the confirmative test was uncertain.Conclusion The higher the S/CO value of chemiluminescence test for HIV screening test,the higher the positive rate of the confirmation test and the more positive bands,they have practical value for laboratory analysis and early clinical diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of pathogens isolated from the elderly population with infections in Baotou,Inner Mongolia.METHODS The clinical data were collected from 9268 elder-ly patients with infections(with no less than 60 years of age)who were treated in Baotou Medical College of Cen-ter Clinical Medical School and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College from 2017 to 2021 and were retrospectively analyzed.The 9268 samples were cultured for isolation of pathogens,the isolated pathogens were identified,and the drug susceptibility testing was performed.RESULTS Totally 9268 strains of pathogens were isolated,53.11％of which were gram-negative bacteria,28.94％were gram-positive bacteria,and 17.95％were fungi.Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the major species of gram-negative bacteria;Entero-cocci and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were dominant among the gram-positive bacteria;Candida albicans was the predominant species of fungi.There were certain differences in the pathogens isolated from the elderly pa-tients with infection between different sexes,among the different seasons and age groups.With respect to drug re-sistance,the gram-positive bacteria maintained highly sensitive to vancomycin and teicoplanin,while the drug re-sistance rates to ampicillin and penicillin were relatively high.The drug resistance rates of the gram-negative bacte-ria to carbapenems were relatively low,but the drug resistance rates to ampicillin and cefazolin were high.CONCLUSIONS The gram-negative bacteria are dominant among the pathogens isolated from the elderly population with infections in Baotou City,Inner Mongolia;the distribution of pathogens is affected by the sex,age and sea-son.There is serious problem with the drug resistance of pathogens,the strains are highly resistant to the com-monly used antibiotics such as ampicillin and penicillin.It is necessary for the hospital to reasonably use antibiotics according to the epidemiological characteristics and drug resistance trends of the pathogens and optimize the strate-gies for clinical diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.

Objective To investigate the status and distribution characteristics of human immuno-deficiency virus(HIV)infection,and the relationship between sample value/cut-off value(S/CO value)and positive test when HIV is tested reactivity by chemiluminescence immunoassay(CLIA).Methods The data of 820 HIV reactivity samples screened by Abbott CLIA in the Department of Clinical Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University from 2017 to 2023 were selected as the research objects.SPSS22.0 software was used for statistical analysis according to different years,genders and ages.The distribution characteristics of screening reactivity and confirmed positive immunoblot test was compared.The relationship between the confirmed positive,uncertain and negative results and their S/CO values,and the distribution of corresponding bands were retrospectively analyzed.Results From 2017 to 2023,the total number of HIV positive patients decreased first decreased and then increased.The positive rate was 31.95%(262/820),the ratio of males to females was 6.7∶1,the gender difference was statistically significant(χ2=126.8,P<0.05).The ratio of men to women who responded to the screening test was 1.4∶1.The age group with the most confirmed positives for both men and women was 30～50 years old.Divided into five groups according to S/CO value,the positive rate was 0%(0/436)in 1.0≤S/CO≤5.0 group,the positive rate was 6.90%(4/58)in 5.0＜S/CO≤10.0 group,the positive rate was 25.86%(15/58)in 10.0＜S/CO≤50.0 group,the positive rate was 82.09%(110/134)in 50.0＜S/CO≤500.0 group,and the positive rate was 99.25%(133/134)in S/CO＞500.0 group,there was statistical significance in the number of confirmed positives among the five groups(χ2=816.3,P<0.05).There were 473 confirmed negative cases,more women than men,the difference was statistically significant(χ2=98.3,P<0.05),among which the results of S/CO value≤10.0 accounted for 90.49%(428/473).There were 85 uncertain cases,the gender difference was not statistically significant(χ2=1.3,P>0.05),among which the results of S/CO value≤10.0 accounted for 72.94%(62/85).The positive bands gp120 and gp160 appeared in all the results,and p55 appeared the least,accounted for 51.91%(136/262).The uncertain bands were mainly p24,followed by gp160,etc.To a certain extent,the higher the S/CO value of chemiluminescence screening test,the more bands were present when the confirmative test was positive,and the more bands were present when the confirmative test was uncertain.Conclusion The higher the S/CO value of chemiluminescence test for HIV screening test,the higher the positive rate of the confirmation test and the more positive bands,they have practical value for laboratory analysis and early clinical diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of pathogens isolated from the elderly population with infections in Baotou,Inner Mongolia.METHODS The clinical data were collected from 9268 elder-ly patients with infections(with no less than 60 years of age)who were treated in Baotou Medical College of Cen-ter Clinical Medical School and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College from 2017 to 2021 and were retrospectively analyzed.The 9268 samples were cultured for isolation of pathogens,the isolated pathogens were identified,and the drug susceptibility testing was performed.RESULTS Totally 9268 strains of pathogens were isolated,53.11％of which were gram-negative bacteria,28.94％were gram-positive bacteria,and 17.95％were fungi.Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the major species of gram-negative bacteria;Entero-cocci and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were dominant among the gram-positive bacteria;Candida albicans was the predominant species of fungi.There were certain differences in the pathogens isolated from the elderly pa-tients with infection between different sexes,among the different seasons and age groups.With respect to drug re-sistance,the gram-positive bacteria maintained highly sensitive to vancomycin and teicoplanin,while the drug re-sistance rates to ampicillin and penicillin were relatively high.The drug resistance rates of the gram-negative bacte-ria to carbapenems were relatively low,but the drug resistance rates to ampicillin and cefazolin were high.CONCLUSIONS The gram-negative bacteria are dominant among the pathogens isolated from the elderly population with infections in Baotou City,Inner Mongolia;the distribution of pathogens is affected by the sex,age and sea-son.There is serious problem with the drug resistance of pathogens,the strains are highly resistant to the com-monly used antibiotics such as ampicillin and penicillin.It is necessary for the hospital to reasonably use antibiotics according to the epidemiological characteristics and drug resistance trends of the pathogens and optimize the strate-gies for clinical diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.

Objective:To establish UPLC fingerprint method and 2 contents determination methods of Buddleja officinalis; To provide a reference for improving the quality control standard and evaluation of Buddleja officinalis from different habitats.Methods:UPLC method was used to establish the fingerprints of 17 batches of Buddleja officinalis. The similarity evaluation, clustering analysis, principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were used to compare the quality differences of Buddleja officinalis from different habitats. The contents of acteoside and linarin in Buddleja officinalis were determined.Results:There were 12 common peaks in UPLC fingerprints of Buddleja officinalis, six of which were identified as echinacoside, acteoside, cynaroside, isoacteoside, linarin, and apigenin. The fingerprint similarity of 17 batches of Buddleja officinalis was more than 0.9; Buddleja officinalis from different habitats were classified into 2 groups. Five differential markers were determined by OPLS-DA analysis. The order of significance was acteoside > peak 3 > echinacoside > isoacteoside > linarin. Edgeworthia chrysantha was identified by the method of fingerprint as counterfeit. The results of content determination showed that the content of Buddleja officinalis in Hubei and Sichuan was the high and stable.Conclusion:The method can effectively analyze the differences of Buddleja officinalis from different habitats, and provide reference for the quality control of Buddleja officinalis.

Objective To explore the association between mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1(MST1)gene poly-morphism and haplotype and the risk of colorectal cancer,rectal cancer,and colon cancer in the Han population in Baotou area by case-control association study.Methods A total of 390 patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed by pathology and 413 normal physical examination population were collected,and 2 ml of peripheral blood was taken for subsequent gene genotyping.Single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)of MST1 gene were screened according to the genetic polymorphism data of Chinese Han population provided by the National Center for Biotechnology In-formation-Haplotype Mapping database.Gene genotyping was performed by Taqman method.Logistic regression was used to calculate the association between each SNP and the risk of colorectal cancer,colon cancer,and rectal cancer under codominant,dominant,overdominant,and recessive genetic models.Results Four SNPs of MST1 gene were screened,namely rs8000,rs2234197,rs2267853,and rs6073629.Among them,SNP rs2234197 was associated with the risk of rectal cancer.Compared with the GG+AA genotype,the AG genotype could reduce the risk of rectal cancer,OR[95%confidence interval(CI)]=0.657(0.442-0.976).SNP rs8000 was associated with the risk of colon cancer.Compared with the TT+GT genotype,the GG genotype could reduce the risk of colon cancer[OR(95%CI)=0.425(0.182-0.992)].Conclusion MST1 gene SNP rs2234197 AG genotype and SNP rs8000 GG genotype may be protective factors for rectal cancer and colon cancer,respectively.

Objective To investigate the associations of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2304733 in TEA domain transcription factor 1 (TEAD1) , rs7135838 and rs1990330 in TEA domain transcription factor 4 (TEAD4) genes with the risk of non-cardia gastric carcinogenesis.Methods Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect specific antibodies against Helicobacter pylori(Hp) in serum samples of the normal con-trol group.470 normal controls were divided into Hp infection negative group (n=223) and positive group (n=247) based on antibody titers.In the 450 non-cardia gastric cancer cases and 470 controls, polymerase chain reac-tion-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to genotype the each SNP locus.The uncon-ditional Logistic regression method was used to evaluate the associations between each SNP locus and the risk of non-cardia gastric carcinogenesis.Results The SNPs of TEAD1 and TEAD4 were not associated with Hp infec-tion.TEAD1 rs2304733 was associated with the risk of non-cardia gastric cancer.Compared with the carriers of TT genotype, the carries of CT and CC genotypes had an increased risk of non-cardia gastric cancer (CT vs TT:OR=2.321 , 95％CI:1.690-3.188;CC vs TT:OR=5.140 , 95％CI:1.080-24.463) .TEAD4 rs1990330 was as-sociated with the risk of non-cardia gastric cancer.Compared with the carriers of GG genotype, those with GT geno-type had an increased risk of non-cardia gastric cancer (OR = 2.405 , 95％ CI: 1.480 - 3.908) .TEAD4 rs7135838 was not associated with the risk of non-cardia gastric cancer.TEAD1 rs2304733, TEAD4 rs7135838 and rs1990330 had interaction effects on the risk of non-cardia gastric cancer (P<0.05).Conclusion In Baotou Han population, TEAD1 rs2304733 and TEAD4 rs1990330 do not play a major role in Hp infection, but may play a role in the risk of non-cardia gastric cancer.TEAD4 rs7135838 may not play a major role in the risk of Hp infec-tion and non-cardia gastric cancer.TEAD1 rs2304733 and TEAD4 rs1990330 have the strongest synergistic effect on the risk of non-cardia gastric cancer, which is the best interaction model.

ObjectiveTo analyze the risk factors of dementia among healthy elderly individuals in the middle of their lives. MethodsA total of 175 participants aged 55 to 75 from two communities in Beijing were included from July, 2021 to April, 2023. Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia (CAIDE) related risk factors and other demographic data were collected. According to the CAIDE assessment, participants with scores ≥ 9 were as high-risk group, and those with scores < 9 were as low-risk group. They were evaluated with Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT), two elements 1-back task paradigm and the revised Trail Making Test (TMT); measured the grip strength, 30 s forearm flexion tests and five sit-to-stand tests; the average step speed and step length of a 10-meter walk were recorded. ResultsThe average total score of CAIDE was 9.86 in the high-risk group, and was 4.95 in the low-risk group. There was no difference in age between two groups (P = 0.188). There were differences in the proportion of participants of male, less than seven years' education, systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg, cholesterol > 6.5 mmol/L, body mass index > 30 kg/m², and lack of physical activity between two groups (χ² > 3.116, P < 0.05). The grip strength (t = -4.174), walking speed (t = -2.414), SCWT accuracy (Z = -2.684) were all worse in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that walking speed (OR = 25.483), grip strength (OR = 1.133) and SCWT accuracy (OR = 37.430) were independent influencing factors of dementia (P < 0.05). ConclusionWeaker grip strength, slower gait speed and worse inhibitory control might be independent influencing factors of dementia.

In recent years,China has made great progress in basic nanomedicine,nanotoxicology and nanobiology research.Nanotechnology has been continuously applied in biomaterial and medical device,more and more medical devices applying nanomaterials are developed and manufactured.In order to gain more comprehension and accurate understanding of the research and industrial development in nanobiomaterial medical devices,this study reviewed the common nanomaterial in medical devices and the regulatory situation of nanomaterial medical devices at home and abroad,and discussed the current challenges in biological evaluation of nanomaterial medical devices,with a view to providing ideas for the safety evaluation and research of related products.