Diabetic cataract, a prevalent ocular complication of diabetes mellitus, arises from a complex interplay of pathological mechanisms, with oxidative stress and glycation stress playing central roles. Autophagy, a critical cellular self-protection mechanism, sustains intracellular homeostasis by selectively degrading damaged organelles and misfolded proteins, thereby counteracting the detrimental effects of oxidative and glycation stress under hyperglycemic conditions. Emerging evidence indicates a synergistic interaction between glycation stress and oxidative stress, which may exacerbate autophagic dysfunction and accelerate the onset and progression of diabetic cataract. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying this relationship remain incompletely understood. This review systematically examines the regulatory role of autophagy inthe pathogenesis of diabetic cataract, with a particular focus on how autophagic impairment influences disease progression under the combined effects of glycation and oxidative stress. By elucidating these mechanisms, the paper aims to provide novel insights into molecular diagnostic approaches and targeted therapeutic strategies for diabetic cataract.

BACKGROUND:In previous studies,the equivalent structure of three-dimensional cell reconstruction of tissue engineering oral mucosa is similar to normal oral mucosa,including epithelial-like structure,lamina propria-like structure,and vascular lumen-like structure,and has initially achieved the establishment of vascular equivalent,but its vascularization characteristics are not very clear.OBJECTIVE:Vascular-like structures of vascularized oral mucosa equivalent were obtained by targeting vascular endothelial cells specific marker expression profiles correlated with laser capture microdissection system,and their vascularization ability was evaluated to reveal their vascularization characteristics.METHODS:Human gingival epithelial cells were cultured from human gingival epithelium and human gingival fibroblasts,human gingival mesenchymal stem cells were cultured from human gingival lamina propria.Human gingival mesenchymal stem cells were induced to differentiate into vascular endothelial-like cells after monoclonal expansion culture.Human gingival epithelial cells,human gingival fibroblasts,and vascular endothelial-like cells were loaded with acellular vascular matrix-0.25%human-like collagen type Ⅰ scaffold to construct the vascularized oral mucosa equivalent.The layered structure of oral mucosa equivalent(experimental group)and the acellular vascular matrix-0.25%human-like collagen type Ⅰ scaffold(control group)were implanted subcutaneously into the back of nude mice,respectively.14 days later,the incision surface of the two groups was coated with biogel.The biogel surface of the experimental group was inoculated with human gingival epithelial cells,while the control group was not inoculated with cells.The samples were collected after 14 days of feeding.The layered structure of oral mucosa equivalent was observed by morphology.The neovascular-like structures in oral mucosa equivalents were labeled by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence with a more comprehensive expression profile of vascular endothelial cells,and the vascularization characteristics were analyzed.A laser capture microdissection system was used to capture the neovascularization structures in the oral mucosa equivalents specifically labeled by immunohistochemistry and analyze their vascularization characteristics.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The morphology showed that the cell level of oral mucosa equivalent was clear,and the structure was similar to that of normal oral mucosa,that is,there were epithelioid structures,lamina-like structures,and vascular cavelike structures,and there were scattered erythrocytes in the vascular cavelike structures.(2)The results of EdU Apollo tracer seed cells in the oral mucosa equivalent group showed that human gingival epithelial cells labeled with EdU Apollo 488 showed green fluorescence expression.DAPI labeled human gingival fibroblasts showed blue fluorescence expression and formed lamina-like structures in vivo.EdU Apollo 567 labeled vascular endothelial-like cells showed red fluorescence expression and formed a vascular-like structure in vivo.(3)Vascular endothelial cell specific marker expression profile immunofluorescence labeling of vascular structure showed that compared with normal oral mucosa,the expressions of CD31,CD51,CD54,CD105,Tie-2,VWF,vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1,and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 in oral mucosa equivalents were increased(P<0.000 1).There were no significant changes in CD34 expression(P>0.05).(4)Compared with the specifically labeled oral mucosal vascular structures,the expression levels of CD51,CD54,CD105,Tie-2,VWF,vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1,and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 of the oral mucosa equivalents targeted by the laser capture microdissection system were increased(P<0.000 1).There were no significant changes in expression of CD31 and CD34(P>0.05).(5)The results showed that the oral mucosa equivalent reconstructed by three-dimensional cell stratification could achieve good vascularization,and its vascularization characteristics were consistent with the immunological function and characteristics of neovascularization.Vascularization helps three-dimensional cell layer reconstruction of oral mucosa equivalent regeneration.

Objective:To investigate the interventional effects of the Fuzheng Huayu (FZHY) formula and its partial mechanistic role on cholestatic liver fibrosis in mice.Methods:Mdr2 gene knockout (Mdr2－/ －) mice were randomly divided into a model group, FZHY group, and Obeticholic acid group. Wild-type C57BL/6J mice of the same age served as the control group. Mdr2－/ －mice were given the corresponding drugs starting from the first day of 9 weeks of age by oral gavage in each group. The control and model groups were administered 0.3% sodium carboxymethylcellulose by oral gavage and were sacrificed at 12 weeks of age for specimen collection. High-speed biochemistry analyzer was used to detect serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activity in mice. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and Sirius red staining were used to observe pathological changes in liver tissues. Hydroxyproline content was measured to assess collagen in liver tissues. Immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting, and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR were used to detect the expression of fibrosis markers Col-I and alpha-smooth muscle actin in liver tissues. The expressional condition of cholangiocyte response markers Epcam, CK7, CK19, as well as Pcna, Mki67, and Ccnd1, inflammatory related factors Ccl2, Ccl5, Tnf-α, Il10, and Cxcl4, phosphorylated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) were determined. Comparative analysis among multiple groups was performed using one-way ANOVA. The LSD method was used for comparisons between groups. Two-tailed statistical tests were used.Results:Compared with wild-type mice, Mdr2 －/ － mice had a significant increase in serum alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activity ( P<0.001). The percentage of Sirius red-positive staining areas and hydroxyproline content in liver tissues was significantly increased ( P<0.01). The expression of Col-I, α-smooth muscle actin, Epcam, CK7, CK19, Pcna, Mki67, and Ccnd1, and the expression of Ccl2, Ccl5, Tnf-α, Il10, and Cxcl4 were significantly increased ( P<0.01); however, both FZHY and Obeticholic acid significantly reversed the increases in these indicators ( P<0.05; P<0.01). Further results showed that compared to wild-type mice, the expression of PPARα was significantly reduced in liver tissues of Mdr2 －/ － mice, while NF-κB was significantly enhanced ( P<0.01). In contrast, compared to Mdr2-/- mice, the expression of PPARα in the liver tissues of FZHY group mice was significantly increased ( P<0.05), while NF-κB was significantly inhibited ( P<0.05). Conclusion:FZHY can significantly improve liver fibrosis, cholangiocyte response, and inflammation in Mdr2 －/ － mice with spontaneously occurring cholestatic liver fibrosis, and its mechanistic role is related to the regulation of the PPARα/NF-κB pathway.

Objective:To investigate the imaging features of single hip joint in patients with acetabular labrum injury, and to analyze the clinical value of 3.0T MRI scanning in the diagnosis of acetabular labrum injury.Methods:Clinical data of 76 patients with high suspicion of acetabular labrum injury and hip arthroscopy during clinical physical examination in Peking University Third Hospital Qinhuangdao Hospital from January 2020 to December 2023 were retrospectively collected. All patients underwent 3.0T MRI scan of single hip joint before surgery. The type, location and degree of acetabular labrum injury were evaluated by imaging diagnosis, and the diagnostic efficacy of 3.0T MRI single hip scan for acetabular labrum injury was analyzed with the hip arthroscopy as the " gold standard" .Results:Hip arthroscopy showed that 63 patients with acetabular labrum injury had 87 lesions in 228 labrum regions, including 56 lesions in the anterior labrum, 25 lesions in the outer upper labrum, and 6 lesions in the posterior labrum. The injury types were 141 without tear, 29 with parenchymal tear of acetabular labrum and 58 with cartilage junction of acetabular labrum. MRI scan showed changes in high signal within the labrum of the acetabulum, and there were high signal shadows between the labrum base and the acetabular cartilage, and the signal was uneven. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of single hip MRI scanning in the diagnosis of acetabular labrum injury were 85.71%, 84.62% and 85.53%, respectively. The lesions of anterior pelvis and lip were 80.36%, 75.00% and 78.95%, respectively. The injuries of external upper pelvis and lip were 72.00%, 80.39% and 77.63%, respectively. The injuries of posterior pelvis and lip were 100.00%, 95.71% and 96.05%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of single hip MRI in the diagnosis of parenchymatous tear of acetabulum labrum were 100.00%, 94.83% and 96.55%, respectively, which was in good agreement with that of hip arthroscopy (Kappa=0.924).Conclusions:3.0T MRI scan of single hip can effectively diagnose the injury of acetabular pelvis and lip, and has high diagnostic value in the differential diagnosis of different parts and types of acetabular pelvis and lip injury.

Objective:To investigate the imaging features of single hip joint in patients with acetabular labrum injury, and to analyze the clinical value of 3.0T MRI scanning in the diagnosis of acetabular labrum injury.Methods:Clinical data of 76 patients with high suspicion of acetabular labrum injury and hip arthroscopy during clinical physical examination in Peking University Third Hospital Qinhuangdao Hospital from January 2020 to December 2023 were retrospectively collected. All patients underwent 3.0T MRI scan of single hip joint before surgery. The type, location and degree of acetabular labrum injury were evaluated by imaging diagnosis, and the diagnostic efficacy of 3.0T MRI single hip scan for acetabular labrum injury was analyzed with the hip arthroscopy as the " gold standard" .Results:Hip arthroscopy showed that 63 patients with acetabular labrum injury had 87 lesions in 228 labrum regions, including 56 lesions in the anterior labrum, 25 lesions in the outer upper labrum, and 6 lesions in the posterior labrum. The injury types were 141 without tear, 29 with parenchymal tear of acetabular labrum and 58 with cartilage junction of acetabular labrum. MRI scan showed changes in high signal within the labrum of the acetabulum, and there were high signal shadows between the labrum base and the acetabular cartilage, and the signal was uneven. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of single hip MRI scanning in the diagnosis of acetabular labrum injury were 85.71%, 84.62% and 85.53%, respectively. The lesions of anterior pelvis and lip were 80.36%, 75.00% and 78.95%, respectively. The injuries of external upper pelvis and lip were 72.00%, 80.39% and 77.63%, respectively. The injuries of posterior pelvis and lip were 100.00%, 95.71% and 96.05%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of single hip MRI in the diagnosis of parenchymatous tear of acetabulum labrum were 100.00%, 94.83% and 96.55%, respectively, which was in good agreement with that of hip arthroscopy (Kappa=0.924).Conclusions:3.0T MRI scan of single hip can effectively diagnose the injury of acetabular pelvis and lip, and has high diagnostic value in the differential diagnosis of different parts and types of acetabular pelvis and lip injury.

BACKGROUND:In previous studies,the equivalent structure of three-dimensional cell reconstruction of tissue engineering oral mucosa is similar to normal oral mucosa,including epithelial-like structure,lamina propria-like structure,and vascular lumen-like structure,and has initially achieved the establishment of vascular equivalent,but its vascularization characteristics are not very clear.OBJECTIVE:Vascular-like structures of vascularized oral mucosa equivalent were obtained by targeting vascular endothelial cells specific marker expression profiles correlated with laser capture microdissection system,and their vascularization ability was evaluated to reveal their vascularization characteristics.METHODS:Human gingival epithelial cells were cultured from human gingival epithelium and human gingival fibroblasts,human gingival mesenchymal stem cells were cultured from human gingival lamina propria.Human gingival mesenchymal stem cells were induced to differentiate into vascular endothelial-like cells after monoclonal expansion culture.Human gingival epithelial cells,human gingival fibroblasts,and vascular endothelial-like cells were loaded with acellular vascular matrix-0.25%human-like collagen type Ⅰ scaffold to construct the vascularized oral mucosa equivalent.The layered structure of oral mucosa equivalent(experimental group)and the acellular vascular matrix-0.25%human-like collagen type Ⅰ scaffold(control group)were implanted subcutaneously into the back of nude mice,respectively.14 days later,the incision surface of the two groups was coated with biogel.The biogel surface of the experimental group was inoculated with human gingival epithelial cells,while the control group was not inoculated with cells.The samples were collected after 14 days of feeding.The layered structure of oral mucosa equivalent was observed by morphology.The neovascular-like structures in oral mucosa equivalents were labeled by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence with a more comprehensive expression profile of vascular endothelial cells,and the vascularization characteristics were analyzed.A laser capture microdissection system was used to capture the neovascularization structures in the oral mucosa equivalents specifically labeled by immunohistochemistry and analyze their vascularization characteristics.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The morphology showed that the cell level of oral mucosa equivalent was clear,and the structure was similar to that of normal oral mucosa,that is,there were epithelioid structures,lamina-like structures,and vascular cavelike structures,and there were scattered erythrocytes in the vascular cavelike structures.(2)The results of EdU Apollo tracer seed cells in the oral mucosa equivalent group showed that human gingival epithelial cells labeled with EdU Apollo 488 showed green fluorescence expression.DAPI labeled human gingival fibroblasts showed blue fluorescence expression and formed lamina-like structures in vivo.EdU Apollo 567 labeled vascular endothelial-like cells showed red fluorescence expression and formed a vascular-like structure in vivo.(3)Vascular endothelial cell specific marker expression profile immunofluorescence labeling of vascular structure showed that compared with normal oral mucosa,the expressions of CD31,CD51,CD54,CD105,Tie-2,VWF,vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1,and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 in oral mucosa equivalents were increased(P<0.000 1).There were no significant changes in CD34 expression(P>0.05).(4)Compared with the specifically labeled oral mucosal vascular structures,the expression levels of CD51,CD54,CD105,Tie-2,VWF,vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1,and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 of the oral mucosa equivalents targeted by the laser capture microdissection system were increased(P<0.000 1).There were no significant changes in expression of CD31 and CD34(P>0.05).(5)The results showed that the oral mucosa equivalent reconstructed by three-dimensional cell stratification could achieve good vascularization,and its vascularization characteristics were consistent with the immunological function and characteristics of neovascularization.Vascularization helps three-dimensional cell layer reconstruction of oral mucosa equivalent regeneration.

Objective:To investigate the interventional effects of the Fuzheng Huayu (FZHY) formula and its partial mechanistic role on cholestatic liver fibrosis in mice.Methods:Mdr2 gene knockout (Mdr2－/ －) mice were randomly divided into a model group, FZHY group, and Obeticholic acid group. Wild-type C57BL/6J mice of the same age served as the control group. Mdr2－/ －mice were given the corresponding drugs starting from the first day of 9 weeks of age by oral gavage in each group. The control and model groups were administered 0.3% sodium carboxymethylcellulose by oral gavage and were sacrificed at 12 weeks of age for specimen collection. High-speed biochemistry analyzer was used to detect serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activity in mice. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and Sirius red staining were used to observe pathological changes in liver tissues. Hydroxyproline content was measured to assess collagen in liver tissues. Immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting, and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR were used to detect the expression of fibrosis markers Col-I and alpha-smooth muscle actin in liver tissues. The expressional condition of cholangiocyte response markers Epcam, CK7, CK19, as well as Pcna, Mki67, and Ccnd1, inflammatory related factors Ccl2, Ccl5, Tnf-α, Il10, and Cxcl4, phosphorylated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) were determined. Comparative analysis among multiple groups was performed using one-way ANOVA. The LSD method was used for comparisons between groups. Two-tailed statistical tests were used.Results:Compared with wild-type mice, Mdr2 －/ － mice had a significant increase in serum alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activity ( P<0.001). The percentage of Sirius red-positive staining areas and hydroxyproline content in liver tissues was significantly increased ( P<0.01). The expression of Col-I, α-smooth muscle actin, Epcam, CK7, CK19, Pcna, Mki67, and Ccnd1, and the expression of Ccl2, Ccl5, Tnf-α, Il10, and Cxcl4 were significantly increased ( P<0.01); however, both FZHY and Obeticholic acid significantly reversed the increases in these indicators ( P<0.05; P<0.01). Further results showed that compared to wild-type mice, the expression of PPARα was significantly reduced in liver tissues of Mdr2 －/ － mice, while NF-κB was significantly enhanced ( P<0.01). In contrast, compared to Mdr2-/- mice, the expression of PPARα in the liver tissues of FZHY group mice was significantly increased ( P<0.05), while NF-κB was significantly inhibited ( P<0.05). Conclusion:FZHY can significantly improve liver fibrosis, cholangiocyte response, and inflammation in Mdr2 －/ － mice with spontaneously occurring cholestatic liver fibrosis, and its mechanistic role is related to the regulation of the PPARα/NF-κB pathway.

Improving the entire outpatient clinic experience is an important measure in the new era to enhance patients'sense of gain from medical treatment.Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University explores the establishment of a full-process outpatient service management system based on continuous improvement of medical services.Through the concept of forward service,it focuses on the patient's pre-diagnosis experience;the process is simplified and intelligently guided to optimize the patient's in-diagnosis experience;and continuous diagnosis and treatment Model innovation improves patients'post-diagnosis experience and creates a Chinese-style modern outpatient medical service model to continuously meet the people's growing needs for a better life.

Improving the entire outpatient clinic experience is an important measure in the new era to enhance patients'sense of gain from medical treatment.Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University explores the establishment of a full-process outpatient service management system based on continuous improvement of medical services.Through the concept of forward service,it focuses on the patient's pre-diagnosis experience;the process is simplified and intelligently guided to optimize the patient's in-diagnosis experience;and continuous diagnosis and treatment Model innovation improves patients'post-diagnosis experience and creates a Chinese-style modern outpatient medical service model to continuously meet the people's growing needs for a better life.

Improving the entire outpatient clinic experience is an important measure in the new era to enhance patients'sense of gain from medical treatment.Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University explores the establishment of a full-process outpatient service management system based on continuous improvement of medical services.Through the concept of forward service,it focuses on the patient's pre-diagnosis experience;the process is simplified and intelligently guided to optimize the patient's in-diagnosis experience;and continuous diagnosis and treatment Model innovation improves patients'post-diagnosis experience and creates a Chinese-style modern outpatient medical service model to continuously meet the people's growing needs for a better life.