The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway,a critical intracellular regulatory network,plays a piv-otal role in diverse physiological processes,including cell survival,proliferation,metabolism,and immune regulation.Current research has transitioned from elucidating fundamental molecular mechanisms to exploring novel dimensions within the host-pathogen interaction regulatory net-work.This shift emphasizes uncovering molecular strategies employed by pathogens to evade host immune clearance by hijacking or inhibiting this pathway,as well as developing targeted anti-infec-tion therapies specific to this pathway.This article delineates the components and activation mecha-nisms of the PI3K/Akt pathway and reviews its specific roles in mediating immune defense,im-mune evasion,and host tissue damage during bacterial infections.Furthermore,it evaluates the po-tential of targeting this pathway as a therapeutic strategy for infectious diseases.By synthesizing existing research and providing future perspectives,this review aims to advance the understanding of bacterial infection pathogenesis and inform the development of non-antibiotic therapies targeting host signaling pathways.

This study investigated the prevalence and potential mechanisms of gentamicin heterore-sistance in Streptococcus isolates from dairy cows.In this study,A total of 39 Streptococcus isola-ted from raw milk were collected,and the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)of gentamicin and other drugs on the isolates was determined by micro broth dilution method,and the K-B paper diffusion method,colony analysis profile(PAP),and resistance stability test were used to investigate the heteroresistance characteristics of Streptococcus,and the mechanism of heteroresis-tance was analyzed based on whole genome sequencing and resequencing.Seven suspected heterore-sistance strains were identified by K-B paper diffusion method,accounting for 17.95％(7/39)of the total number of suspected strains.PAP confirmed that the MIC to MNIC ratio of L147,L108 and L174 was greater than 8,and the frequency of resistant subgroups ranged from 1.38×10-5 to 8.18 × 10-5,which was greater than 1 × 10-7,confirming that they were heteroresistance strains.Resistance stability tests revealed that the resistant subpopulations of all three strains were not stably inherited.Whole-genome sequencing revealed mutations in the ribosomal target genes of aminoglycoside antibiotics,rsmA,rsmB and rsmE,compared with the reference genome,which may lead to heteroresistance to gentamicin in Streptococcus.The occurrence of heteroresistance of Streptococcus to gentamicin is high in dairy sources,so more attention should be paid to the occur-rence of heteroresistance when using gentamicin for clinical treatment.

Objective:To analyze the prevalence of the Dabie bandavirus among rats in Taipusi Banner, Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Methods:The cytochrome b gene for the identification of rat species was amplified. Real-Time RT-PCR and RT-PCR were used to amplify and sequence DBV positive rat tissues and detected by XilinGol League Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the gene evolution was analyzed.Results:The rat was identified as Spermophilus dauricus. Through molecular detection on 20 samples, 15 samples showed positive result in Real Time RT-PCR nucleic acid test, and 7 samples showed positive result in RT-PCR nucleic acid test. Seven base sequences were obtained through sequencing, and they were compared with those in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) of the United States by BLAST. It was determined that they were the S gene sequences of DBV. It has been uploaded to GenBank with serial numbers PV231886, PV231887 and PV231888.Conclusions:DBV was detected for the first time in the mice of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. In future work, monitoring of DBV carried by rodents and ectoparasites such as ticks and fleas in this area should be strengthened. Publicity and education on severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome should be carried out in this area to improve the local medical system′s ability to identify such cases, ensuring early detection, early diagnosis, and early treatment, and reducing the occurrence of human cases and clustered outbreaks.

This study investigated the prevalence of hepatitis E virus(HEV)in rodents within the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.In 2024,liver,spleen,kidney,and lung tissue samples were collected from rodents in 11 leagues and cities across the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,including Hohhot,Baotou,Hulunbuir,Xing'an League,Tongliao,Chifeng,Xilin Gol League,Ulan-qab,Ordos,Bayannur,and Wuhai.Nested PCR(RT-PCR)was used to detect the conserved regions of the HEV open reading frame 1(ORF1)gene.The RT-PCR-positive products were sequenced,and phylogenetic and homology analysis of the obtained sequences was performed.A total of 816 rodents were captured in this investigation,including 319 Rattus norvegicus(39.09%,319/816),206 Musmusculus(25.25%,206/816),and 140 Mongolian gerbils(17.16%,140/816).The HEV infection rate among rodents in the In-ner Mongolia region was 3.68%(30/816).Sequencing of the RT-PCR-positive results and analysis of the nucleotide sequences yielded 30 HEV-positive rodent samples.Phylogenetic analysis identified these sequences as belonging to the HEV-C1 genotype.The prevalence of HEV was observed in brown rats(Rattus norvegicus)in five leagues and cities within the Inner Mongolia region,includ-ing Xing'an League,Chifeng City,Hulunbuir City,Xilin Gol League,and Tongliao City,with infection rates of 16.67%,10.00%,5.98%,3.30%,and 2.50%,respectively.Brown rats,a species of house rats,frequently inhabit areas near human residences and have close interactions with humans and livestock.Studies have shown that multiple subtypes of HEV can cause zoonotic infections.Therefore,strengthening the monitoring of pathogens carried by rodents in residential environments and optimizing the prevention and control of rodent-borne diseases will be essential.Timely dissemination of relevant infectious disease knowledge to local communities will also be crucial,to decrease the risk of human infection.

This study investigated the prevalence and potential mechanisms of gentamicin heterore-sistance in Streptococcus isolates from dairy cows.In this study,A total of 39 Streptococcus isola-ted from raw milk were collected,and the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)of gentamicin and other drugs on the isolates was determined by micro broth dilution method,and the K-B paper diffusion method,colony analysis profile(PAP),and resistance stability test were used to investigate the heteroresistance characteristics of Streptococcus,and the mechanism of heteroresis-tance was analyzed based on whole genome sequencing and resequencing.Seven suspected heterore-sistance strains were identified by K-B paper diffusion method,accounting for 17.95％(7/39)of the total number of suspected strains.PAP confirmed that the MIC to MNIC ratio of L147,L108 and L174 was greater than 8,and the frequency of resistant subgroups ranged from 1.38×10-5 to 8.18 × 10-5,which was greater than 1 × 10-7,confirming that they were heteroresistance strains.Resistance stability tests revealed that the resistant subpopulations of all three strains were not stably inherited.Whole-genome sequencing revealed mutations in the ribosomal target genes of aminoglycoside antibiotics,rsmA,rsmB and rsmE,compared with the reference genome,which may lead to heteroresistance to gentamicin in Streptococcus.The occurrence of heteroresistance of Streptococcus to gentamicin is high in dairy sources,so more attention should be paid to the occur-rence of heteroresistance when using gentamicin for clinical treatment.

The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway,a critical intracellular regulatory network,plays a piv-otal role in diverse physiological processes,including cell survival,proliferation,metabolism,and immune regulation.Current research has transitioned from elucidating fundamental molecular mechanisms to exploring novel dimensions within the host-pathogen interaction regulatory net-work.This shift emphasizes uncovering molecular strategies employed by pathogens to evade host immune clearance by hijacking or inhibiting this pathway,as well as developing targeted anti-infec-tion therapies specific to this pathway.This article delineates the components and activation mecha-nisms of the PI3K/Akt pathway and reviews its specific roles in mediating immune defense,im-mune evasion,and host tissue damage during bacterial infections.Furthermore,it evaluates the po-tential of targeting this pathway as a therapeutic strategy for infectious diseases.By synthesizing existing research and providing future perspectives,this review aims to advance the understanding of bacterial infection pathogenesis and inform the development of non-antibiotic therapies targeting host signaling pathways.

Objective:To analyze the prevalence of the Dabie bandavirus among rats in Taipusi Banner, Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Methods:The cytochrome b gene for the identification of rat species was amplified. Real-Time RT-PCR and RT-PCR were used to amplify and sequence DBV positive rat tissues and detected by XilinGol League Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the gene evolution was analyzed.Results:The rat was identified as Spermophilus dauricus. Through molecular detection on 20 samples, 15 samples showed positive result in Real Time RT-PCR nucleic acid test, and 7 samples showed positive result in RT-PCR nucleic acid test. Seven base sequences were obtained through sequencing, and they were compared with those in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) of the United States by BLAST. It was determined that they were the S gene sequences of DBV. It has been uploaded to GenBank with serial numbers PV231886, PV231887 and PV231888.Conclusions:DBV was detected for the first time in the mice of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. In future work, monitoring of DBV carried by rodents and ectoparasites such as ticks and fleas in this area should be strengthened. Publicity and education on severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome should be carried out in this area to improve the local medical system′s ability to identify such cases, ensuring early detection, early diagnosis, and early treatment, and reducing the occurrence of human cases and clustered outbreaks.

This study investigated the prevalence of hepatitis E virus(HEV)in rodents within the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.In 2024,liver,spleen,kidney,and lung tissue samples were collected from rodents in 11 leagues and cities across the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,including Hohhot,Baotou,Hulunbuir,Xing'an League,Tongliao,Chifeng,Xilin Gol League,Ulan-qab,Ordos,Bayannur,and Wuhai.Nested PCR(RT-PCR)was used to detect the conserved regions of the HEV open reading frame 1(ORF1)gene.The RT-PCR-positive products were sequenced,and phylogenetic and homology analysis of the obtained sequences was performed.A total of 816 rodents were captured in this investigation,including 319 Rattus norvegicus(39.09%,319/816),206 Musmusculus(25.25%,206/816),and 140 Mongolian gerbils(17.16%,140/816).The HEV infection rate among rodents in the In-ner Mongolia region was 3.68%(30/816).Sequencing of the RT-PCR-positive results and analysis of the nucleotide sequences yielded 30 HEV-positive rodent samples.Phylogenetic analysis identified these sequences as belonging to the HEV-C1 genotype.The prevalence of HEV was observed in brown rats(Rattus norvegicus)in five leagues and cities within the Inner Mongolia region,includ-ing Xing'an League,Chifeng City,Hulunbuir City,Xilin Gol League,and Tongliao City,with infection rates of 16.67%,10.00%,5.98%,3.30%,and 2.50%,respectively.Brown rats,a species of house rats,frequently inhabit areas near human residences and have close interactions with humans and livestock.Studies have shown that multiple subtypes of HEV can cause zoonotic infections.Therefore,strengthening the monitoring of pathogens carried by rodents in residential environments and optimizing the prevention and control of rodent-borne diseases will be essential.Timely dissemination of relevant infectious disease knowledge to local communities will also be crucial,to decrease the risk of human infection.

Precancerous lesions of gastric cancer is a key stage in the development of gastric cancer.The reprogramming of glucose metabolism is a prominent feature of precancerous lesions of gastric cancer.Hypoxic microenvironment and hypoxia-inducible factors are important factors influencing the occurrence of glucose metabolic reprogramming.This article summarized the relationship between hypoxic microenvironment and the reprogramming of glucose metabolism in precancerous lesions of gastric cancer,and concluded the relevant research on TCM compounds and effective components to improve hypoxic microenvironment and further regulate glycolysis for the treatment of this disease.It was concluded that the mechanism may be the inhibition of angiogenesis,regulation of signaling pathways and key proteins of glycolysis,expression of multiple enzymes,reduction of lactate secretion,inhibition of cell malignant proliferation and invasion.It explored the mechanism of Chinese materia medica in improving hypoxic microenvironment and regulating glycolysis,so as to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of precancerous lesions of gastric cancer.

Objective:To explore and analyze the predictive value of EuroSCORE Ⅱ and SYNTAX Ⅱ scores for clinical outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery.Methods:A total of 500 coronary artery disease (CAD) patients who underwent CABG in Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital from April 2014 to July 2023 were selected as the study subjects, all patients were given EuroSCORE Ⅱand SYNTAX Ⅱ scores to evaluate the predictive value of EuroSCOREⅡfor perioperative mortality and SYNTAX Ⅱ for 4-year mortality. Univariate and multivariate Logistic analysis were employed to analyze the independent risk factors for perioperative and 4-year mortality.Results:There were 3 deaths during the perioperative period, with a mortality rate of 0.60%, the predicted mortality rate of EuroSCOREⅡwas 1.71%; there were 21 deaths at 4 years after surgery, with a mortality rate of 4.23% and the predicted mortality rate of SYNTAX Ⅱwas 9.02%. Logistic regression analysis showed that left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was the only independent protective factor for perioperative mortality, and advanced age was the only independent risk factor for 4-year postoperative mortality in patients ( P<0.05). The analysis of the working characteristic curve of the subjects found that the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ( ROC) of EuroSCORE Ⅱ for perioperative mortality was 0.782, and the area under ROC curve of SYNTAX Ⅱfor postoperative 4-year mortality was 0.743. Conclusion:Both EuroSCORE Ⅱand SYNTAX Ⅱhave certain predictive value for perioperative mortality and postoperative 4-year mortality in patients undergoing CABG, respectively, but the predicted mortality rate is relatively higher.