Objective:To digitally measure the three-dimensional (3D) size of primary tooth crowns and the dimensions of the dental arch in children with individual normal primary dentition, preliminarily obtaining baseline data on the 3D size of primary tooth crowns as well as the length and width of the dental arch, and their influence factors. This study aims to provide a data foundation for the design of reference models for primary dentition.Methods:From May to June 2021, 122 caries-free children aged 3.5-4.5 years with individual normal occlusion were selected from five kindergartens in Haidian District, Beijing. Impressions were taken and plaster models were cast. After preliminary screening, 67 eligible models were scanned to obtain digital dental models. Digital measurement software was used for landmark-based measurements. Parameters included 3D crown dimensions (mesiodistal diameter, buccolingual diameter, and occlusogingival height), dental arch dimensions (length and width at specific regions), and occlusal measurements (overjet and overbite at the primary central incisors, and Bolton index for anterior and full dentition). Gender differences in crown dimensions and bilateral symmetry of homologous teeth, as well as the correlations between arch dimensions and gender, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were analyzed.Results:The homonymous teeth of 67 children exhibited strong bilateral symmetry in all 3D dimensions ( P>0.05). Gender differences were observed in the buccolingual dimension for all deciduous molars except for the right mandibular first deciduous molar ( P<0.05). For the occlusogingival dimension, gender differences were found in the right maxillary first and second deciduous molars, left maxillary first deciduous molar, and left mandibular first and second deciduous molars ( P<0.05). For the mesiodistal dimension, only the left mandibular second deciduous molar and right mandibular deciduous canine showed gender differences ( P<0.05). All significant differences above indicated larger dimensions in boys compared to girls. In both maxillary and mandibular arches, the lengths and widths at various locations were significantly larger in boys than in girls ( P<0.05). Univariate correlation analysis revealed that body weight was positively correlated with the width of the terminal plane in both the maxilla and mandible and the total length of the mandibular dental arch, while BMI was positively correlated with the width of the maxillary terminal plane and the widths at all measured sites in the mandible ( P<0.05). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that, after controlling for relevant variables, BMI was a significant positive predictor for the lengths and widths at various sites of the dental arch ( P<0.05), and height was a positive predictor for dental arch length ( P<0.05), as well as body weight was a positive predictor for the width in the molar region ( P<0.05). Overjet at the primary central incisors was 2.28 (1.57, 2.66) mm, and overbite was 1.13 (0.75, 1.92) mm. The anterior Bolton index was 0.79±0.03, and the overall Bolton index was 0.94±0.03. Conclusions:Primary tooth crowns of individual normal occlusion children demonstrate strong bilateral symmetry in homologous teeth. Most primary molars exhibit gender differences in buccolingual and occlusogingival dimensions, with larger values in boys. Arch dimensions (length and width) are consistently larger in boys.

Objective:To explore the feasibility and and clinical efficacy of lingual mucosa replacement ureteral stenosis repair and plasty for the treatment of long segment ureteral polyps.Methods:Clinical data of 3 patients (4 sides) with long-segment ureteral polyps admitted to the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University from October 2017 to October 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Two cases were male and one case was female. The ages were22, 16, and 45 years old. Preoperative urologic ultrasound, CT urography and ureteroscopy were performed. The lesions were located on the left side in 3 cases and on the right side in 1 case; the stenosis was located in the middle and upper ureter; the length of the ureteral stenosis was 6, 7, 6, and 6 cm, respectively; and the preoperative blood creatinine was 72, 85, and 70 μmol/L, respectively. Three cases underwent ureteral stenosis repair and plasty with tongue mucosal substitution. During the operation, the ureter was fully exposed and longitudinally incised, polyps were removed, and 7.0-10.0 cm long and 1.5-2.0 cm wide lingual mucosa was harvested according to the length of the stenosis, and then the lingual mucosa was transplanted to the muscular layer and the inner surface of the sheath in the stenosed ureter, fixed with 6-0 thread until the muscular layer was rolled into shape and wrapped with a large omentum. All of them left one double-J tube in the ureter on the affected side. Perioperative results and complications were recorded. The patients' blood creatinine and anterior and posterior renal pelvic diameters were compared before and after treatment.Results:In our study, all three 4-sided surgeries were successfully completed without any serious intraoperative or postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo score ≥ grade Ⅲ). Mean surgical. Time was (240.0±49.0) min, intraoperative bleeding was 50 ml, postoperative drain retention time was (6.3±2.5) d, and median postoperative hospitalization time was 6.5(3, 9)d. The double J-tube was removed at 3 months postoperatively, and renal function and imaging tests were reviewed. Because the postoperative follow-up results of patient 1 were missing, the mean value of blood creatinine in the other 2 patients was 73.0 μmol/L at 3 months postoperatively, which was significantly improved compared with the preoperative value of 58.2 μmol/L, and the difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05). And the average value of anterior and posterior renal pelvic separation diameters of the other 2 patients after surgery was <5 mm, which was significantly improved compared with the preoperative value of 17.9 mm, but the difference was not statistically significant ( P>0.05).There was no restenosis in all 2 patients after surgery, and the intravenous urography showed that the ureter was patent after the surgery, and the degree of urinary obstruction did not aggravate. The group was followed up for 3 to 8 months (mean 4.7 months), and no recent complications have occurred so far. Conclusions:Lingual mucosa replacement ureteral stenosis repair and plasty for the treatment of ureteral polyps in the long segment has a high success rate and precise efficacy, and its operation is feasible.

Objective:To construct a continuity of care plan for adolescent fixed orthodontic patients based on the theory of timing, and provide systematic and standardized nursing interventions for adolescent fixed orthodontic patients.Methods:Guided by the theory of timing, preliminary plan items were formulated through literature review and questionnaire survey. Using the Delphi method, 15 experts were consulted for two rounds to determine the continuity of care plan for adolescent fixed orthodontic patients from October to December, 2023.Results:The effective response rates of the two rounds of questionnaires were 15/15, respectively. The expert authority levels were 0.93 and 0.94, and the Kendall harmony coefficients were 0.28 and 0.38, respectively. The differences were statistically significant (both P<0.001). The final established plan included 5 primary indicators, 23 secondary indicators, and 47 tertiary indicators. Conclusions:The continuity of care plan for adolescent fixed orthodontic patients based on the timing theory is reliable and scientific, and can meet the continuity of care needs of patients at different stages, providing reliable clinical basis for carrying out continuity of care.

Objective:To digitally measure the three-dimensional (3D) size of primary tooth crowns and the dimensions of the dental arch in children with individual normal primary dentition, preliminarily obtaining baseline data on the 3D size of primary tooth crowns as well as the length and width of the dental arch, and their influence factors. This study aims to provide a data foundation for the design of reference models for primary dentition.Methods:From May to June 2021, 122 caries-free children aged 3.5-4.5 years with individual normal occlusion were selected from five kindergartens in Haidian District, Beijing. Impressions were taken and plaster models were cast. After preliminary screening, 67 eligible models were scanned to obtain digital dental models. Digital measurement software was used for landmark-based measurements. Parameters included 3D crown dimensions (mesiodistal diameter, buccolingual diameter, and occlusogingival height), dental arch dimensions (length and width at specific regions), and occlusal measurements (overjet and overbite at the primary central incisors, and Bolton index for anterior and full dentition). Gender differences in crown dimensions and bilateral symmetry of homologous teeth, as well as the correlations between arch dimensions and gender, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were analyzed.Results:The homonymous teeth of 67 children exhibited strong bilateral symmetry in all 3D dimensions ( P>0.05). Gender differences were observed in the buccolingual dimension for all deciduous molars except for the right mandibular first deciduous molar ( P<0.05). For the occlusogingival dimension, gender differences were found in the right maxillary first and second deciduous molars, left maxillary first deciduous molar, and left mandibular first and second deciduous molars ( P<0.05). For the mesiodistal dimension, only the left mandibular second deciduous molar and right mandibular deciduous canine showed gender differences ( P<0.05). All significant differences above indicated larger dimensions in boys compared to girls. In both maxillary and mandibular arches, the lengths and widths at various locations were significantly larger in boys than in girls ( P<0.05). Univariate correlation analysis revealed that body weight was positively correlated with the width of the terminal plane in both the maxilla and mandible and the total length of the mandibular dental arch, while BMI was positively correlated with the width of the maxillary terminal plane and the widths at all measured sites in the mandible ( P<0.05). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that, after controlling for relevant variables, BMI was a significant positive predictor for the lengths and widths at various sites of the dental arch ( P<0.05), and height was a positive predictor for dental arch length ( P<0.05), as well as body weight was a positive predictor for the width in the molar region ( P<0.05). Overjet at the primary central incisors was 2.28 (1.57, 2.66) mm, and overbite was 1.13 (0.75, 1.92) mm. The anterior Bolton index was 0.79±0.03, and the overall Bolton index was 0.94±0.03. Conclusions:Primary tooth crowns of individual normal occlusion children demonstrate strong bilateral symmetry in homologous teeth. Most primary molars exhibit gender differences in buccolingual and occlusogingival dimensions, with larger values in boys. Arch dimensions (length and width) are consistently larger in boys.

Objective:To construct a continuity of care plan for adolescent fixed orthodontic patients based on the theory of timing, and provide systematic and standardized nursing interventions for adolescent fixed orthodontic patients.Methods:Guided by the theory of timing, preliminary plan items were formulated through literature review and questionnaire survey. Using the Delphi method, 15 experts were consulted for two rounds to determine the continuity of care plan for adolescent fixed orthodontic patients from October to December, 2023.Results:The effective response rates of the two rounds of questionnaires were 15/15, respectively. The expert authority levels were 0.93 and 0.94, and the Kendall harmony coefficients were 0.28 and 0.38, respectively. The differences were statistically significant (both P<0.001). The final established plan included 5 primary indicators, 23 secondary indicators, and 47 tertiary indicators. Conclusions:The continuity of care plan for adolescent fixed orthodontic patients based on the timing theory is reliable and scientific, and can meet the continuity of care needs of patients at different stages, providing reliable clinical basis for carrying out continuity of care.

Objective:To explore the feasibility and and clinical efficacy of lingual mucosa replacement ureteral stenosis repair and plasty for the treatment of long segment ureteral polyps.Methods:Clinical data of 3 patients (4 sides) with long-segment ureteral polyps admitted to the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University from October 2017 to October 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Two cases were male and one case was female. The ages were22, 16, and 45 years old. Preoperative urologic ultrasound, CT urography and ureteroscopy were performed. The lesions were located on the left side in 3 cases and on the right side in 1 case; the stenosis was located in the middle and upper ureter; the length of the ureteral stenosis was 6, 7, 6, and 6 cm, respectively; and the preoperative blood creatinine was 72, 85, and 70 μmol/L, respectively. Three cases underwent ureteral stenosis repair and plasty with tongue mucosal substitution. During the operation, the ureter was fully exposed and longitudinally incised, polyps were removed, and 7.0-10.0 cm long and 1.5-2.0 cm wide lingual mucosa was harvested according to the length of the stenosis, and then the lingual mucosa was transplanted to the muscular layer and the inner surface of the sheath in the stenosed ureter, fixed with 6-0 thread until the muscular layer was rolled into shape and wrapped with a large omentum. All of them left one double-J tube in the ureter on the affected side. Perioperative results and complications were recorded. The patients' blood creatinine and anterior and posterior renal pelvic diameters were compared before and after treatment.Results:In our study, all three 4-sided surgeries were successfully completed without any serious intraoperative or postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo score ≥ grade Ⅲ). Mean surgical. Time was (240.0±49.0) min, intraoperative bleeding was 50 ml, postoperative drain retention time was (6.3±2.5) d, and median postoperative hospitalization time was 6.5(3, 9)d. The double J-tube was removed at 3 months postoperatively, and renal function and imaging tests were reviewed. Because the postoperative follow-up results of patient 1 were missing, the mean value of blood creatinine in the other 2 patients was 73.0 μmol/L at 3 months postoperatively, which was significantly improved compared with the preoperative value of 58.2 μmol/L, and the difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05). And the average value of anterior and posterior renal pelvic separation diameters of the other 2 patients after surgery was <5 mm, which was significantly improved compared with the preoperative value of 17.9 mm, but the difference was not statistically significant ( P>0.05).There was no restenosis in all 2 patients after surgery, and the intravenous urography showed that the ureter was patent after the surgery, and the degree of urinary obstruction did not aggravate. The group was followed up for 3 to 8 months (mean 4.7 months), and no recent complications have occurred so far. Conclusions:Lingual mucosa replacement ureteral stenosis repair and plasty for the treatment of ureteral polyps in the long segment has a high success rate and precise efficacy, and its operation is feasible.

Objective:To measure and analyze the occlusal force and contact in children with mixed dentition,and to preliminarily provide baseline data on the occlusion of individual normal occlusion children with mixed dentition.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted,including 20 children with mixed dentition and individual normal occlusion,consisting of 12 boys and 8 girls,aged 6.5-9.8 years.The Dental Prescale Ⅱ occlusal analysis system was used to measure the occlusal force and contact at the intercuspal position,including the maximum occlusal force(N)and the occlusal contact area(mm2)of the entire dentition,and the left and right sides,average occlusal pressure(MPa),maximum occlusal pressure(MPa),and to determine the position of the center of occlusal force.The gender differences in maximum occlusal force,average occlusal pressure,and occlusal contact area were ana-lyzed,the bilateral symmetry of occlusion in children with mixed dentition and individual normal occlu-sion was compared,and the correlation between occlusal data and age,height,weight,and body mass index(BMI)was analyzed.Results:(1)The average maximum occlusal force of the entire dentition in the 20 children with mixed dentition at the intercuspal position was(869.18±106.64)N,the average occlusal contact area was(25.19±2.89)mm2,the average occlusal pressure was(34.37±5.98)MPa,and the maximum occlusal pressure M(P25,P75)was 120(120,120)MPa;(2)There was no statistically significant difference in the maximum occlusal force,average occlusal pressure,maximum occlusal pressure,and occlusal contact area between the left and right sides(P＞0.05);(3)At the intercuspal position,the average occlusal contact area for 12 boys and 8 girls was(26.71±3.91)mm2and(21.62±3.08)mm2 respectively,and the average maximum occlusal force was(911.92±145.05)N and(769.47±116.45)N respectively,with statistically significant differences(P＜0.05),while there was no statistically significant difference in the average occlusal pressure between boys and girls(P＞0.05);(4)The maximum occlusal force at the intercuspal position was weakly correlated with age(r=0.219,P=0.046),and strongly positively correlated with the occlusal contact area(r=0.949,P＜0.001),while the average occlusal pressure,maximum occlusal pressure,and occlusal contact area were not correlated with age,height,weight,or BMI;(5)The center of occlusal force in the 20 children with mixed dentition and individual normal occlusion was located in the molar region,with 7 children having the maximum occlusal pressure point only in the first permanent molar region,10 children having it in both the deciduous molar region and the first permanent molar region,and 3 children having it only in the deciduous molar region.Conclusion:In children with mixed dentition and individual normal occlusion,the maximum occlusal force,occlusal contact area,average occlusal pressure,and maximum occlusal pressure at the intercuspal position show good bilateral symmetry;there are gender differences in the maximum occlusal force and occlusal contact area,with boys having greater values than girls;the maxi-mum occlusal force is positively correlated with the occlusal contact area.

Plant bioreactor is a new production platform for expression of recombinant protein, which is one of the cores of molecular farming. In this study, the anti DYKDDDDK (FLAG) antibody was recombinantly expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and purified. FLAG antibody with high affinity was obtained after immunizing mice for several times and its sequence was determined. Based on this, virus vectors expressing heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) inoculated into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves by using Agrobacterium-mediated delivery. Accumulation of the HC and LC was analyzed by SDS/PAGE followed by Western blotting probed with specific antibodies from 2 to 9 days postinfiltration (dpi). Accumulation of the FLAG antibody displayed at 3 dpi, and reached a maximum at 5 dpi. It was estimated that 66 mg of antibody per kilogram of fresh leaves could be obtained. After separation and purification, the antibody was concentrated to 1 mg/mL. The 1:10 000 diluted antibody can probe with 1 ng/mL FLAG fused antigen well, indicating the high affinity of the FLAG antibody produced in plants. In conclusion, the plant bioreactor is able to produce high affinity FLAG antibodies, with the characteristics of simplicity, low cost and highly added value, which contains enormous potential for the rapid and abundant biosynthesis of antibodies.
Animals ; Mice ; Antibodies ; Nicotiana/genetics* ; Agrobacterium/genetics* ; Bioreactors ; Blotting, Western

Objective To investigate the clinical phenotype,sperm characteristics,genetic etiology and the outcomes of assisted repro-ductive technology of 2 minority patients(P1 Hui and P2 Uyghur)with globozoospermia.Methods The clinical data and various pa-rameters of semen examination in the 2 minority patients with globozoospermia were analyzed.The ultrastructure of their sperms was ob-served,and the genetic etiology of the patients was analyzed by whole exome sequencing(WES)and qPCR.Intracytoplasmic sperm in-jection(ICSI)combined with artificial oocyte activation(AOA)were applied for assisted reproduction thyrapy.The outcomes of assis-ted reproduction in the two couples were observed.Results Homozygous 109681 bp deletion in DPY19L2 gene was found in both the patients.The homozygous deletion of DPY19L2 gene in P2 patient came from his inbred parents.Low sperm motility and high sperm DNA fragmentation rate were observed in the P1 patient,the and the rate of round-headed sperm was 100％in morphology.The ab-sence of sperm acrosome and ultrastructural defects of plasma membrane,mitochondria and microtubules were found under the electron microscope.In the P2 patient,sperm motility and sperm DNA fragmentation rate patient were normal,and the sperm morphology was 100％round-headed sperm.Under the electron microscope,the main defects of sperm were small and round head with acrosomal ab-sence,structural damage,but the ultrastructural defects of organelles were rare,such as plasma membrane,mitochondria and microtu-bules.Both couples of the two patients received ICSI+AOA for assisted pregnancy,and the ICSI fertilization rate was 62.5％for P1 pa-tient and 75％for P2 patient.Both the patients successfully obtained clinical pregnancy.Conclusion The abnormal DPY19L2 gene is the main genetic cause in the globozoospermia patients with different ethnic backgrounds.Both structural damage and ultrastructural de-fects of organelles such as plasma membrane,mitochondrial and microtubule damage could be found in globozoospermia.ICSI combined with AOA should be an effective assisted reproductive thyrapy strategy for the patients with globozoospermia.

Objective:To explore the locations of the lumbosacral nerve roots by use of the magnetic stimulation.Methods:Thirty healthy subjects were studied. The projections of the right L 2 to S 1 intervertebral foramina on their body surfaces were determined manually with ultrasound assistance. Magnetic stimulation was applied to different nerve root segments to induce compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) in the vastus medialis, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius muscles of the lower limbs. The changes in latency, amplitude, and motor threshold were observed. Results:Magnetic stimulation on the L 2-L 3 segment resulted in a significant direct excitation of the vastus medialis. That on the L 5-S 1 segment evoked a significant direct excitatory effect on the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius, with a motor threshold below 40%, an amplitude exceeding 1mV, and many effective responses. However, during the magnetic stimulation on the L 4 segment, the amplitude of the vastus medialis was above 1mV, with no significant differences in the number of effective responses among the muscle groups. Moreover, there was a stepwise change in the latency of effective muscle responses to magnetic stimulation at different segments. The CMAP latencies of 12+ ms for the tibialis anterior and 13+ ms for the gastrocnemius indicated activation of the L 5 and L 4 nerve roots, respectively, while those of 6+ ms, 7+ ms, and 8+ ms for the vastus medialis suggested activation of the L 4, L 3, and L 2 nerve roots, respectively. Conclusions:Based on the responses (CMAP latency, amplitude and motor threshold) of the vastus medialis, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius to magnetic stimulation at different L 2 to S 1 segments, the spinal nerve root segments responsible for innervation can be inferred.