Objective To develop an assessment scale of oropharyngeal candidiasis risks in HIV-infected patients,and to test its reliability and validity.Methods The draft of the assessment scale was constructed by the literature analysis method,Delphi consultations and analytic hierarchy process.Totally 231 HIV-infected patients in a tertiary A hospital of Hangzhou were recruited for questionnaire survey in October 2023 to January 2024.Results The scale includes 3 dimensions,including general factors,HIV related factors and oral related factors,12 first-level items and 21 second-level items.The Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.813;the content validity index was 0.98;the correlation of each dimension was 0.574～0.733(P＜0.05).Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the 3 factor models fitted the data well.The critical value(30.5 points)of the scale was determined by ROC curve;the area under the curve was 0.909;the sensitivity of index system was 0.962,and specificity was 0.697.Conclusion The assessment scale of oropharyngeal candidiasis risks in HIV-infected patients has good reliability and validity,and it can be used as an auxiliary tool for effective identification and prediction of oropharyngeal candidiasis risk.

Objective To develop an assessment scale of oropharyngeal candidiasis risks in HIV-infected patients,and to test its reliability and validity.Methods The draft of the assessment scale was constructed by the literature analysis method,Delphi consultations and analytic hierarchy process.Totally 231 HIV-infected patients in a tertiary A hospital of Hangzhou were recruited for questionnaire survey in October 2023 to January 2024.Results The scale includes 3 dimensions,including general factors,HIV related factors and oral related factors,12 first-level items and 21 second-level items.The Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.813;the content validity index was 0.98;the correlation of each dimension was 0.574～0.733(P＜0.05).Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the 3 factor models fitted the data well.The critical value(30.5 points)of the scale was determined by ROC curve;the area under the curve was 0.909;the sensitivity of index system was 0.962,and specificity was 0.697.Conclusion The assessment scale of oropharyngeal candidiasis risks in HIV-infected patients has good reliability and validity,and it can be used as an auxiliary tool for effective identification and prediction of oropharyngeal candidiasis risk.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Fufang-Xuanju capsule combined with levofloxacin mesylate tablets in the treatment of chronic epididymitis. Methods: A total of 76 patients in the Urology Department of Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences who met the inclusion criteria from December 2016 to February 2019, were divided into treatment group (43 cases) and control group (33 cases). The control group was given levofloxacin mesylate tablets orally. The treatment group was given Fufang-Xuanju capsule based on the control group. Both groups were treated for 4 weeks. Chronic epididymitis symptom index (CESI) was used to evaluate the clinical efficacy by pain score and quality of life score. Results: The total effective rate was 83.7% (36/43) in the treatment group and 63.6% (26/33) in the control group. There was statistically significant difference between the two groups (χ²=4.020, P=0.045). Compared with baseline, the pain scores, quality of life scores and total scores of both groups at 2, 4 weeks after treatment were significantly lower (P<0.01). Two weeks after the treatment, the pain scores, quality of life scores and total scores in the treatment group were significantly lower than those of the control group (F value were 16.132, 9.134 and 23.681, respectively, all Ps<0.01). And 4 weeks after the treatment, the pain scores, quality of life scores and total scores of the treatment group were significantly lower than that of the control group (F value were 28.741, 74.049, 72.483, respectively, all Ps<0.01). Conclusions Fufang-Xuanju capsule combined with levofloxacin mesylate tablets can alleviate the pain of patients with chronic epididymitis, improve the quality of life and improve the clinical efficacy.

Objective To review the publication of general practice education in China mainland in 20 years from 1993 to 2012.Methods The research articles of general practice education published between January 1,1993 and December 31,2012 were searched from CNKI and Wanfang databases, and analyzed with bibliometric and literature management software NoteExpress 2, Epidata 3.1 and SPSS 13.0.Results Total 4 281 articles were retrieved and 241 education relevant articles were selected.29.9％ (72/241) of the 241 articles were on on-campus education, 67.6％ (163/241) were on continuing medical education and 4.5％ (11/241) were on post-graduation education.As to the published institutions, 58.5％ (141/241) were from the medical colleges and research institutions, 25.7％ (62/241 were from the tertiary hospitals, 3.7％ (9/241) were from primary care institutions, 1.7％ (4/241 were from the secondary hospitals and 5.8％ (14/241) were from the government departments.The general practice education grants increased from 1 in 2001 to 46 in 2012;20 of which were supported by provincial and ministerial level funds.Conclusion The contents of general medical education literature in China is mainly on on-campus education and continuing medical education;most of which were from the tertiary hospitals and the medical colleges and research institutions.The amount of research grants of general practice education were increasing year by year during 1993-2012, indicating that more attention had been paid to general practice education in mainland China in the last two decades.

Objective To observe the therapeutic efficacy of electrical stimulation and balloon dilatation in treating cricopharyngeal achalasia after a brainstem stroke.Methods Thirty dysphagia patients with cricopharyngeal achalasia after a brainstem stroke were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group, each of 15.The experimental group was given real-time electrical stimulation and balloon dilatation, while the control group was treated using common electrical stimulation and balloon dilatation.Results Twenty-six patients in the 2 groups returned to oral feeding after treatment.Videofluoroscopy revealed that the cricopharyngeal sphincter had relaxed and the food passed successfully when swallowing.No aspiration was observed.There was no significant difference in swallowing between the two groups, but the average treatment time, days of treatment and cost of therapy in the experimental group were significantly less than in the control group.Conclusions Either real-time electrical stimulation or common electrical stimulation combined with balloon dilatation can treat dysphagia effectively, but the former can shorten the course of treatment and lower its cost.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of lonidamine on apoptosis of human breast carcinoma cells MCF-7 and the possible mechanisms.

METHODSMTT assay and colony-forming assay were used to evaluate the growth inhibition induced by lonidamine in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. PI/Annexin-V staining was used to detect the apoptotic cells. The ATP levels in the cells were detected using an ATP assay kit. The expression of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), inhibitor of apoptosis protein (cIAP1) and caspase-8 were analyzed with Western blotting.

RESULTSMTT assay and colony-forming assay showed that 50-250 mmol/L lonidamine caused a time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of MCF-7 cell proliferation. Exposure to increased concentrations of lonidamine resulted in significantly increased apoptosis rate in MCF-7 cells. In MCF-7 cells treated with 50, 150 and 250 mmol/L lonidamine for 5 h, the intracellular ATP levels were lowered to 80.67%, 62.78% and 30.73% of the control level, respectively. Western blotting showed that lonidamine up-regulated the expression of GRP78, down-regulated the expression of cIAP1 and promoted caspase-8 activation as the treatment time extended.

CONCLUSIONLonidamine can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, and these effects are probably mediated by reducing ATP level, inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress response, down-regulating cIAP1, and promoting caspase-8 activation in the cells.

Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Breast Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Caspase 8 ; metabolism ; Cell Proliferation ; Down-Regulation ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; metabolism ; Humans ; Indazoles ; pharmacology ; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins ; metabolism ; MCF-7 Cells ; drug effects ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; metabolism ; Up-Regulation

Objective To investigate the effect of lonidamine on apoptosis of human breast carcinoma cells MCF-7 and the possible mechanisms. Methods MTT assay and colony-forming assay were used to evaluate the growth inhibition induced by lonidamine in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. PI/Annexin-V staining was used to detect the apoptotic cells. The ATP levels in the cells were detected using an ATP assay kit. The expression of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), inhibitor of apoptosis protein (cIAP1) and caspase-8 were analyzed with Western blotting. Results MTT assay and colony-forming assay showed that 50-250 mmol/L lonidamine caused a time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of MCF-7 cell proliferation. Exposure to increased concentrations of lonidamine resulted in significantly increased apoptosis rate in MCF-7 cells. In MCF-7 cells treated with 50, 150 and 250 mmol/L lonidamine for 5 h, the intracellular ATP levels were lowered to 80.67%, 62.78%and 30.73%of the control level, respectively. Western blotting showed that lonidamine up-regulated the expression of GRP78, down-regulated the expression of cIAP1 and promoted caspase-8 activation as the treatment time extended. Conclusion Lonidamine can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, and these effects are probably mediated by reducing ATP level, inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress response, down-regulating cIAP1, and promoting caspase-8 activation in the cells.

Objective To investigate the effect of lonidamine on apoptosis of human breast carcinoma cells MCF-7 and the possible mechanisms. Methods MTT assay and colony-forming assay were used to evaluate the growth inhibition induced by lonidamine in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. PI/Annexin-V staining was used to detect the apoptotic cells. The ATP levels in the cells were detected using an ATP assay kit. The expression of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), inhibitor of apoptosis protein (cIAP1) and caspase-8 were analyzed with Western blotting. Results MTT assay and colony-forming assay showed that 50-250 mmol/L lonidamine caused a time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of MCF-7 cell proliferation. Exposure to increased concentrations of lonidamine resulted in significantly increased apoptosis rate in MCF-7 cells. In MCF-7 cells treated with 50, 150 and 250 mmol/L lonidamine for 5 h, the intracellular ATP levels were lowered to 80.67%, 62.78%and 30.73%of the control level, respectively. Western blotting showed that lonidamine up-regulated the expression of GRP78, down-regulated the expression of cIAP1 and promoted caspase-8 activation as the treatment time extended. Conclusion Lonidamine can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, and these effects are probably mediated by reducing ATP level, inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress response, down-regulating cIAP1, and promoting caspase-8 activation in the cells.

Objective To explore changes of hemorheology in H type hypertension patients and its clinical significance . Methods One hundred and twenty-four primary hypertension patients were chosen for the study , and were divided into the H type hyper-tension group (n=62) and the control group (n=62) in accordance with the levels of serum homocysteine .Mean levels of 24-h dynamic blood pressure , whole blood viscosity , plasma viscosity , hematocrit and fibrinogen were detected and analyzed respectively .Results No significant differences could be found in 24-h dynamic systolic and diastolic blood pressures , and there was no statistical significance , when comparisons were made between the 2 groups(P>0.05).Whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, hematocrit, fibrinogen in the H type hypertension group [(15.38 ±1.03)mPa? s、(5.91 ±0.32)mPa? s、(2.65 ±0.83)mPa? s、(52.96 ±2.11)%、(5.52 ±0.93) g/L] were significantly higher than those of the control group [(11.35 ±1.24)mPa? s]、(5.36 ±1.52)mPa? s、(1.52 ±1.04)mPa? s、(50.00 ±1.03)%、(4.03 ±1.33)g/L](P<0.05).Whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, hematocrit, fibrinogen in the grade 3 H type hypertension patients were significantly higher than those of the grade 1 and grade 2 H type hypertension patients(P<0.05), while whole blood viscosity and fibrinogen in grade 2 H type hypertension patients were higher than those of the grade 1 H type hypertension patients (P<0.05).Conclusion Significant elevation of blood viscosity in the H type hypertension patients might be closely associated with the oc-currence of cardio-cerebraovascular events and efforts should be made for positive intervention .

Objective To explore changes of hemorheology in H type hypertension patients and its clinical significance . Methods One hundred and twenty-four primary hypertension patients were chosen for the study , and were divided into the H type hyper-tension group (n=62) and the control group (n=62) in accordance with the levels of serum homocysteine .Mean levels of 24-h dynamic blood pressure , whole blood viscosity , plasma viscosity , hematocrit and fibrinogen were detected and analyzed respectively .Results No significant differences could be found in 24-h dynamic systolic and diastolic blood pressures , and there was no statistical significance , when comparisons were made between the 2 groups(P>0.05).Whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, hematocrit, fibrinogen in the H type hypertension group [(15.38 ±1.03)mPa? s、(5.91 ±0.32)mPa? s、(2.65 ±0.83)mPa? s、(52.96 ±2.11)%、(5.52 ±0.93) g/L] were significantly higher than those of the control group [(11.35 ±1.24)mPa? s]、(5.36 ±1.52)mPa? s、(1.52 ±1.04)mPa? s、(50.00 ±1.03)%、(4.03 ±1.33)g/L](P<0.05).Whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, hematocrit, fibrinogen in the grade 3 H type hypertension patients were significantly higher than those of the grade 1 and grade 2 H type hypertension patients(P<0.05), while whole blood viscosity and fibrinogen in grade 2 H type hypertension patients were higher than those of the grade 1 H type hypertension patients (P<0.05).Conclusion Significant elevation of blood viscosity in the H type hypertension patients might be closely associated with the oc-currence of cardio-cerebraovascular events and efforts should be made for positive intervention .