Crohn′s disease (CD) is a chronic, progressive and destructive inflammatory disease affecting the entire digestive tract. Changes in the intestinal microbiota, particularly a decrease in gut microbiome diversity, are thought to be associated with chronic intestinal inflammation of CD. As for the mechanism of antibiotics in CD treatment, some scholars believe that antibiotics can affect the course of disease by reducing the concentration of intestinal bacteria and changing the composition of intestinal microbiota. Different antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and rifaximin, have been proved to have certain therapeutic effect on some patients with CD in clinical practice, but there are still limitations in the use of antibiotics.In this review, the relationship between intestinal flora and the incidence of CD and the application of antibiotics in CD were reviewed, providing reference and help for the standardized application of antibiotics in CD.

Crohn′s disease (CD) is a chronic transmural inflammation disease which may affect the whole gastrointestinal tract. It is known that ileal and colonic involvement of CD is common. Capsule endoscopy (CE) is widely used for CD because of its noninvasiveness and convenience, especially for diagnosis of early-onset and atypical small bowel CD. CE also plays an important role in improving and modifying disease extent and assessment of disease activity. However, CE has its limitations. We mainly summarize the efficacy of CE for early-onset diagnosis and evaluation of extent and activity in small bowel CD. The retention risks are also reviewed to give some references for clinical practice.

Crohn′s disease (CD) is a chronic transmural inflammation disease which may affect the whole gastrointestinal tract. It is known that ileal and colonic involvement of CD is common. Capsule endoscopy (CE) is widely used for CD because of its noninvasiveness and convenience, especially for diagnosis of early-onset and atypical small bowel CD. CE also plays an important role in improving and modifying disease extent and assessment of disease activity. However, CE has its limitations. We mainly summarize the efficacy of CE for early-onset diagnosis and evaluation of extent and activity in small bowel CD. The retention risks are also reviewed to give some references for clinical practice.

AIM: To investigate the effect of nobiletin (Nob) on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by high glucose and its mechanism. METHODS: Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMS) were stimulated with high glucose (HG) to establish cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and nobiletin was given. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. C-myc and Nppa mRNA levels were detected by qRT-PCR. Cellular surface area was detected by immunofluorescence, and Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expressions were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: After stimulation with 33.3 mmol/L HG for 48 h, the survival rate of NRCMS was significantly decreased, C-myc, Nppa mRNA levels and cellular surface area were significantly increased, Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expression were significantly decreased (P<0.05). After Nob treatment, compared with HG group, cellular surface area, Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expression were significantly increased, C-myc and Nppa mRNA levels were significantly decreased. The above indexes were reversed by using Nrf2 inhibitor. CONCLUSION: Nob inhibits cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by high glucose, and its mechanism may be related to the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Crohn′s disease (CD) that affects the gastrointestinal tract is a chronic, non-specific transmural inflammatory disease, and its pathogenesis is not clear at present. Traditional drug therapy includes glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents and so on. In nearly two decades, biological agents represented by anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α monoclonal antibodies have greatly changed the prognosis of CD. However, its clinical application still faces challenges, such as primary non-response or secondary non-response. With the in-depth study of the pathophysiology of CD, novel therapeutic targets drugs are emerging continuously. This article summarizes and discusses the research progress of these novel drugs to provide references for clinical treatment.

Crohn′s disease (CD) that affects the gastrointestinal tract is a chronic, non-specific transmural inflammatory disease, and its pathogenesis is not clear at present. Traditional drug therapy includes glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents and so on. In nearly two decades, biological agents represented by anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α monoclonal antibodies have greatly changed the prognosis of CD. However, its clinical application still faces challenges, such as primary non-response or secondary non-response. With the in-depth study of the pathophysiology of CD, novel therapeutic targets drugs are emerging continuously. This article summarizes and discusses the research progress of these novel drugs to provide references for clinical treatment.

Objective To discuss the correlation between family history of malignant neoplasms (MN-FH) and the clinicopathological features of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods The clinicopathological data of 326 patients with NSCLC in Yangzhou University Affiliated Hospital from June 2016 to June 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups based on with or without MN-FH, and the clinicopathological features of the two groups were analyzed by χ 2 test. Results Of the 326 patients with NSCLC, 41 (12.6％) were in the MN-FH group and 285 (87.4％) in the MN-FH group. There were no significant differences in sex, age, smoking, location of tumors and histological classification between patients with or without MN-FH (χ 2 values were 0.031, 0.769, 0.546, 0.117, and 0.945, all P > 0.05), but in patients with MN-FH, the proportion of tumor diameter < 5 cm [65.9％ (27/41) vs. 42.5％(121/285), χ 2 = 14.173, P < 0.05], undifferentiation and low differentiation [70.7％ (29/41) vs. 53.7％(153/285), χ 2 = 4.224, P < 0.05], TNM stage Ⅲ+Ⅳ [65.9％ (27/41) vs. 46.7％ (133/285), χ 2 = 5.280, P <0.05], lymph node metastasis [78.0％ (32/41) vs. 60.0％ (171/285), χ 2 = 4.970, P < 0.05], distant metastasis [75.6％ (31/41) vs. 53.3％ (152/285), χ 2 = 7.224, P < 0.05], high degree of malignancy [70.7％ (29/41) vs. 51.6％ (147/285), χ 2 = 5.293, P < 0.05] and combination of other tumors [29.3％ (12/41) vs. 7.7％ (22/285),χ 2 = 17.817, P < 0.05] were significantly higher than those in patients without MN-FH. Conclusions NSCLC patients with MN-FH have a higher degree of malignancy. For people with MN-FH, physical examination is very important.

Objective To study the expression of ultra-conserved gene sequence uc.454 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and its clinical significance.Methods Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression level of uc.454 mRNA in 130 cases of NSCLC and adjacent normal tissues from Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University between January 2014 and December 2017,and its association with clinicopathological factors and prognosis of NSCLC patients was analyzed.Results The expression level of uc.454 mRNA in NSCLC tissues was lower than that in adjacent normal tissues (2.98 ±0.96 vs.13.95± 2.23,t =98.441,P ＜ 0.05),and its expression level was associated with tumor infiltration depth (x2 =7.823,P =0.040),TNM stage (x2 =20.719,P ＜ 0.01) and lymph node metastasis (x2 =24.142,P ＜ 0.01).The survival time of patients with low expression of uc.454 mRNA was shorter than that of patients with normal or high expression (26.9 months vs.43.7 months),and the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The low expression of ultra-conserved gene sequence uc.454 mRNA is related to the occurrence,development and prognosis of NSCLC.

Objective To explore the changes and their clinical significance of peripheral blood myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC)and their subtypes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).Methods From April 2016 to April 2017,99 hospitalized IBD patients in 2nd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University were enrolled as observation group one,which included 84 Crohn's disease (CD) (70 in active phase and 14 in remission phase)and 15 patients with ulcerative colitis(UC).At the same period,32 healthy controls were enrolled as healthy control group one.The proportion of peripheral blood MDSC and subtypes of CD patients,UC patients and healthy controls were examined.Observation group two including 62 IBD patients (47 CD and 15 UC)were selected from observation group one and 21 healthy individuals were selected from healthy control group one as healthy control.The serum levels of tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)and interleukin 8 (IL-8)were detected.Chi square test,t test and one-way analysis of variance were performed for statistical analysis.Pearson correlation was performed for correlation analysis.Results The proportion of MDSC in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of CD and UC patients of observation group one were both higher than that of healthy control group one ((6 .30 ± 3.97)% and (7.50±3.12)% vs.(3.94±2.25)%,respectively),and the differences were statistically significant (t＝-3.22 and -3.21,both P＜0.01).The proportion of granulocytic MDSC in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of CD patients was higher than that of UC patients and healthy control group one ((65.69±20.45)% vs.(50.93±13.56)% and (51.50±11.61)%,respectively),and the differences were statistically significant (t＝2 .93 and 3 .79 ,both P＜0 .01 ).The proportion of monocytic MDSC in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of UC patients was higher than that of CD patients and healthy control group one ((28.41±18.33)% vs.(18.38±17.43)% and (28.17±10.22)%,respectively),and the differences were statistically significant (t＝2.22 and 2.93,both P＜0.05 ).The proportion of granulocytic MDSC was higher and the proportion of monocytic MDSC was lower in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of CD patients in active phase than those of CD patients in remission phase ((67 .36 ± 2.27)% vs.(46.49±6.32)%,and (17.19±2.02)% vs.(34.33±6.12)%),and the differences were statistically significant (t＝3.60 and 3.26,both P＜0.01).The serum level of TNF-αof CD patients of observation group two was higher than that of UC patients and healthy control group two ((7.83± 6.54)ng/L vs.(4.77±2.12)ng/L and (4.40±2.05)ng/L),and the differences were statistically significant (t＝2.01 and 2.53,both P＜0.05).The serum level of IL-8 of UC patients of observation group two was higher than that of CD patients and healthy control group two ((65.80±45.14)ng/L vs. (25.80±22.32)ng/L and (26.40±22.37)ng/L),and the differences were statistically significant (t＝4.87 and 4.21,both P＜0.01).Granulocytic MDSC was positively correlated with TNF-α(r＝0.319, P＝0 .0 1 1 )and was negatively correlated with IL-8 (r＝-0 .2 9 6 ,P＝0 .0 1 9 ).Monocytic MDSC was negatively correlated with TNF-α(r＝-0.260,P＝0.040)and was positively correlated with IL-8 (r＝0.306,P＝0.016).Conclusions The proportion of granulocytic MDSC in peripheral blood mononuclear cells significantly increases in active CD patients,while the proportion of monocytic MDSC significantly increases in UC and CD patients in remission phase.Detection of MDSC and their subtypes maybe helpful in the differentiation of CD and UC as well as the diagnosis and treatment of CD.

Objective To investigate the protective effect and its potential molecular mechanism of Nec-1 on cytotoxicity induced by cyclosporine A.Methods MRTEpiC, glomerular endothelial cell MGEC and mesangial cell line MMC were co-administered with Nec-1 and cyclosporin A in mouse renal tubular epithelial cell line, and then MTT assay and soft agar clone formation assay were used to detect Cell growth curve changes, clonal formation ability.Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry.The expression of cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK2, Cyclin E and apoptosis-related Caspase 3 were detected by Western blot.Results After cyclosporine A action, the cell growth ability was significantly decreased and the clone formation ability was significantly decreased(P<0.05).Cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK2 and Cyclin E were significantly increased(P<0.05), but the ratio of apoptosis and the expression of Caspase 3 did not change.Nec-1 has obvious protective effect on cytotoxicity induced by cyclosporine A, which can increase the cell growth ability and clone formation ability, and reduce the cell cycle-related proteins Cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK2, Cyclin E.Conclusion Nec-1 has cytotoxic effect on the glomeruli and renal tubular cells by up-regulating the cell cycle-related proteins Cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK2 and Cyclin E, while Nec-1 has protective effect.