Objective: To systematically evaluate the association between random urinary electrolyte levels and hypertension among children and adolescents in Guizhou Province, so as to provide evidence for region specific dietary guidance and interventions. Methods: In 2023, a total of 2 480 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years were recruited from a nine-year coherent style school in Guizhou Province in a children health cohort, with follow ups conducted in 2024 and 2025. Random urine samples were collected to measure urinary sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride, and the urinary sodium to potassium ratio (Na/K) was calculated. The diagnosis of hypertension was based on the criteria established by the Chinese Guidelines for Hypertension Prevention and Treatment (2024 revised edition) and relevant research. Linear mixed models and multinomial Logistic regression were used to assess the associations of urinary electrolytes with systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and the risk of hypertension. Results: At baseline, SBP, DBP, and MAP were 102.33 (94.33, 110.33), 61.33 (56.33, 67.00) and 75.22 (69.67, 81.33)mmHg among children and adolescents, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders and two follow-ups, higher urinary Na/K ratio was positively associated with higher of SBP ( β=0.054, 95%CI =0.028- 0.081 ) and MAP ( β=0.038, 95%CI =0.010-0.066), as well as higher risks of hypertension ( OR=1.248, 95%CI =1.006-1.548) (all P <0.05). Higher of urinary chloride levels were positively associated with higher of SBP ( β=0.088, 95%CI = 0.009- 0.167), whereas higher of urinary potassium (SBP: β=-0.062, 95%CI =-0.096 to -0.028; MAP: β=-0.041, 95%CI = -0.078 to -0.005) and calcium levels (SBP: β=-0.036, 95%CI =-0.065 to -0.007) were negatively associated with blood pressure (all P < 0.05 ). Conclusion The urinary Na/K, as a comprehensive electrolyte marker, more stably reflects sodium load and excretory pressure in children and adolescents, and may serve as an early predictor of hypertension risk.

Objective: To explore the association between vegetable intake with glucose and lipid metabolism levels among school aged children, so as to provide scientific basis for dietary intervention on children s metabolic health. Methods: Based on a natural population cohort in Jiulongpo District and Fengdu County of Chongqing, 2 133 school aged children aged 6-9 years were enrolled in the baseline survey in 2014, and 2 029 children completed the follow up in 2019. Questionnaire surveys were used to collect vegetable intake, general demographic and lifestyle data. Height, weight and waist circumference were measured, and glucose and lipid metabolism indicators such as fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), low densith lipoprotein triglyceride (LDL-C), high densith lipoprotein triglyceride (HDL-C) were detected. Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test were used for intergroup comparisons in multivariate analysis, and mixed effects linear regression model was used to analyze the association between vegetable intake and glucose and lipid metabolism. Results: The levels of FBG, TG, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C at baseline and follow up were [4.09(3.90,4.48), 0.84(0.60,1.14), 3.49(3.09,3.91), 1.25(1.09,1.46), 1.69 ( 1.39 ,2.02)；4.31(4.00,4.64), 0.92(0.71,1.22), 3.49(3.12,3.87), 1.36(1.16,1.57), 1.77(1.51,2.06)] mmol/L, respectively. Among these indicators, FBG, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C all increased significantly ( Z =-12.08, -7.82, -9.82, -5.37, all P < 0.01 ). The detection rate of low HDL-C levels at follow up (13.11%) was significantly lower than that at baseline (18.10%) ( χ 2=19.57, P <0.05). At baseline, there were significant differences in FBG, TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C among children with different vegetable intake levels ( H =68.47, 30.16, 11.02, 13.27, 44.70); at followup, only HDL-C showed significant intergroup differences ( H =13.10)(all P <0.05). Mixed effects linear regression model showed that after adjusting for confounding factors, vegetable intake was significantly negatively correlated with blood glucose levels among school aged children ( β=-0.03, 95%CI = -0.05 to -0.01, P <0.01). Conclusion Higher vegetable intake can independently reduce the risk of abnormal blood glucose in school aged children, which is of great significance for maintaining glucose metabolic health.

Objective: To construct a risk prediction model for pediatric metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), so as to provide practical tool for the early identification of high risk children. Methods: A healthy cohort of children in Southwest China was established from January 2021 to April 2025. A nested case-control study design was used to include 507 cases MASLD group and 507 cases in non MASLD group. Data on physical measurements, blood biochemical parameters, and liver ultrasound indicators were collected. Conditional Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between individual variables and MASLD, Lasso regression was applied for multivariable screening, and a high risk prediction model was constructed and presented in the form of a nomogram. Internal validation was performed using 10 repeated ten fold cross validations to assess model discrimination, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Results: Logistic regression analysis showed that MASLD was associated with central obesity ( OR=22.11, 95%CI =15.62-31.29), apolipoprotein B ( OR=30.24, 95%CI =12.42-73.63), increased hepatorenal echo ( OR=326.00, 95%CI =183.87-578.01), hepatomegaly ( OR=24.98, 95%CI =16.66-37.46) (all P <0.05). The Lasso regression jointly selected 6 key variables, including hepatorenal echo, central obesity, hepatomegaly, right liver lobe inclination, body mass index, and alanine amino transferase. The results of cross validation showed that the average area under the curve (AUC) was 0.999 5, the average accuracy was 98.74%, and the sensitivity and specificity were 98.21% and 99.22% respectively, indicating a good predictive effect of the model. Conclusion The risk prediction model for high risk MASLD among children based on ultrasound and clinical indicators has good prediction effect, which is helpful for the early identification and risk stratification of pediatric MASLD.

Objective: To investigate the associations between childhood obesity and performance of six minute walk test (6MWT), providing evidence for exercise tolerance assessment and exercise intervention strategies for children and adolescents. Methods: From March 2021 to December 2023, a cohort study was conducted among students recruited from a primary and secondary school in Chongqing, a total of 709 valid samples were included. The 6MWT was used to assess exercise tolerance, with vital signs measured before and after the test. Anthropometric indicators, including height, weight, and waist circumference, were measured using standardized procedures. Generalized additive models (GAM) and restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression were employed to analyze the nonlinear relationships between obesity related indicators and six minute walk distance (6MWD). Results: The mean 6MWD of participants was (602.59±70.73)m. GAM showed that after adjusting for confounding factors, body mass index (BMI) and weight had non linear relationships with 6MWD [effective degrees of freedom were 1.55 and 7.13 respectively], and overweight/obesity was associated with a decrease in 6MWD ( β =-18.65) (all P <0.01). Further RCS regression analysis showed that both BMI and weight showed an "inverted U shaped" non linear relationship with 6MWD in the overall population and sex stratified subgroups; the 6MWD of females was lower than that of males, and it showed a significant downward trend with the increase of BMI or weight (all P <0.05). Conclusion Body weight and BMI in children and adolescents have an important impact on 6MWD, and obesity in children and adolescents is markedly associated with decline in exercise tolerance.

Objective:To investigate the expression of lysosome-associated membrane protein 3(LAMP3)and activating transcription factor 4(ATF4)in cervical cancer and their correlation with clinicopathological parameters.Methods:The expression of LAMP3 and ATF4 in normal cervical tissues,cervical intraepithelial lesions,and cervical cancer tissues was detected by SP immunohistochemistry.The relationships between the expression of these two proteins and patient clinicopathological parameters were analyzed,as well as the correlation between LAMP3 and ATF4 expression.Results:LAMP3 was negative or lowly expressed in both normal cervix tissues and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions,but highly expressed in cervical cancer tissues(38.3%),showing a statistically significant difference(χ2=14.113,P=0.001).ATF4 was highly expressed in 26.7%of the normal cervix tissues,10.0%of the high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions,and 58.3%in the cervical cancer tissues,also showing a significant difference(χ2=11.078,P=0.004).In cervical cancer,LAMP3 expression was significantly associated with FIGO stage(χ2=10.139,P=0.006)and lymph node metastasis(χ2=8.475,P=0.004);ATF4 expression was significantly associated with tumor size(χ2=4.578,P=0.032),FIGO stage(χ2=8.971,P=0.009),and lymph node metastasis(χ2=7.881,P=0.005).There was a positive correlation between the expression of LAMP3 and ATF4 in cervical cancer tissues(r=0.388,P=0.002).Conclusion:LAMP3 and ATF4 are highly expressed in cervical cancer tissues and are positively correlated.Both of them play important roles in the development and progression of cervical cancer and could serve as potential therapeutic targets for cervical cancer treatment.

Objective:To analyze the effects of fluorine exposure on calcium ion metabolism and the expression of related calcium-regulating proteins in the kidneys of rats.Methods:Forty-five 5-week-old specific pathogen-free male Wistar rats (weighed 90 - 120 g) were selected and divided into three groups according to the randomized numeric table: 0 (control), 50, and 100 mg/L fluorine exposure groups, with 15 rats in each group. The control group was given deionized water, while the 50 and 100 mg/L fluorine exposure groups were given sodium fluoride solutions containing 50 and 100 mg/L fluorine ions, respectively. After 12 weeks, urine samples were collected, and kidneys and blood were harvested. Urinary fluorine levels were measured using a fluoride ion-selective electrode method. Calcium ion levels in the urine, kidneys, and serum were determinated using the methylthymol blue microplate method. The protein expression levels of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 5 (TRPV5), calbindin-D28K (CB-D28K), sodium-calcium exchanger-1 (NCX1), Klotho and plasma membrane calcium ATPase 1b (PMCA1b) in the kidneys were detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry.Results:The urinary fluorine levels in the control group and the 50 and 100 mg/L fluorine exposure groups were (0.48 ± 0.09), (20.01 ± 1.68), (37.45 ± 2.45) mg/L, respectively, with statistically significant differences between the groups ( F = 929.58, P < 0.001). Significant differences in calcium ion levels in urine, kidneys, and serum were observed among the three groups ( F = 14.66, 11.09, 10.31, P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the 100 mg/L fluorine exposure group exhibited higher levels of calcium ion in the urine and kidneys, and lower serum calcium ion levels ( P < 0.05). The results of Western blotting analysis revealed that the protein expression levels of TRPV5 and CB-D28K in the kidneys increased with the increase of fluorine exposure level ( Z = 2.11, 2.11, P = 0.035). The protein expression level of NCX1 in the kidneys showed a decreasing trend with increasing fluorine exposure level ( Z = - 2.11, P = 0.035). Significant differences were also observed in the protein expression levels of Klotho and PMCA1b among the three groups ( F = 8.93, 7.08, P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the 100 mg/L fluorine exposure group showed higher level of Klotho protein expression and lower level of PMCA1b protein expression in the kidneys ( P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical results indicated significant differences in the protein expression levels of TRPV5, CB-D28K, NCX1, and Klotho in the kidneys of the three groups ( F = 27.56, 24.94, 16.05, 32.72, P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the protein expression levels of TRPV5, CB-D28K, and Klotho in kidneys of 50 and 100 mg/L fluorine exposure groups were higher, while the protein expression levels of NCX1 were lower ( P < 0.05). Conclusion:Fluorine exposure may cause calcium ion metabolism disorders by regulating the expression levels of Klotho and other calcium-regulating proteins in the kidneys.

Objective:To investigate the effects and its related mechanism of placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells(PMSCs)on the lipopolysaccharides(LPS)damaged astrocytes.Methods:Primary astrocytes were isolated from the cerebral cortex of neonatal rats.The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)was identified using immu-nofluorescence staining to evaluate the purity of the primary astrocytes.PMSCs were cocultured with LPS-treated astro-cytes.The expression levels of factors related to inflammation including interleukin-1β(IL-1β),inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),arginase-1(Arg-1),S100 calcium-bind-ing protein A10(S100A10),and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway-related proteins such as transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1),transforming growth factor beta type I receptor(TβRⅠ),transforming growth factor beta type II re-ceptor(TβRⅡ),phospho-Smad2 and phospho-Smad3(p-Smad2,p-Smad3)in astrocytes from each group were detec-ted using real time RT-PCR or Western blot techniques.Results:Astrocytes at the third passage exhibited an 80%pos-itivity rate for GFAP.After treated with 10 μg/ml LPS,the astrocytes expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β,iNOS,IL-6,and TNF-α were significantly increased(P<0.05),while their expression levels of the anti-inflam-matory factors of Arg-1 and S100A10 were significantly decreased(P<0.05).Meanwhile,their expression levels of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway related proteins of TGF-β1,TβRⅠ,TβRⅡ,p-Smad2 and Smad3 were increased(P<0.05).After the LPS damaged astrocytes were cocultured with PMSCs,their expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β,iNOS,IL-6,and TNF-α were significantly decreased(P<0.05),while their expression levels of the anti-inflammatory factors of Arg-1 and S100A10 were significantly increased(P<0.05).Also,their expression levels of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway related proteins of TGF-β1,TβRⅠ,TβRⅡ,p-Smad2,and Smad3 were decreased(P<0.05).Conclusion:PMSCs may inhibit the activation of A1 astrocytes through the TGF-β/Smad signaling path-way,by which reducing the astrocytic activation.

Objective:To analyze the effects of fluorine exposure on calcium ion metabolism and the expression of related calcium-regulating proteins in the kidneys of rats.Methods:Forty-five 5-week-old specific pathogen-free male Wistar rats (weighed 90 - 120 g) were selected and divided into three groups according to the randomized numeric table: 0 (control), 50, and 100 mg/L fluorine exposure groups, with 15 rats in each group. The control group was given deionized water, while the 50 and 100 mg/L fluorine exposure groups were given sodium fluoride solutions containing 50 and 100 mg/L fluorine ions, respectively. After 12 weeks, urine samples were collected, and kidneys and blood were harvested. Urinary fluorine levels were measured using a fluoride ion-selective electrode method. Calcium ion levels in the urine, kidneys, and serum were determinated using the methylthymol blue microplate method. The protein expression levels of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 5 (TRPV5), calbindin-D28K (CB-D28K), sodium-calcium exchanger-1 (NCX1), Klotho and plasma membrane calcium ATPase 1b (PMCA1b) in the kidneys were detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry.Results:The urinary fluorine levels in the control group and the 50 and 100 mg/L fluorine exposure groups were (0.48 ± 0.09), (20.01 ± 1.68), (37.45 ± 2.45) mg/L, respectively, with statistically significant differences between the groups ( F = 929.58, P < 0.001). Significant differences in calcium ion levels in urine, kidneys, and serum were observed among the three groups ( F = 14.66, 11.09, 10.31, P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the 100 mg/L fluorine exposure group exhibited higher levels of calcium ion in the urine and kidneys, and lower serum calcium ion levels ( P < 0.05). The results of Western blotting analysis revealed that the protein expression levels of TRPV5 and CB-D28K in the kidneys increased with the increase of fluorine exposure level ( Z = 2.11, 2.11, P = 0.035). The protein expression level of NCX1 in the kidneys showed a decreasing trend with increasing fluorine exposure level ( Z = - 2.11, P = 0.035). Significant differences were also observed in the protein expression levels of Klotho and PMCA1b among the three groups ( F = 8.93, 7.08, P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the 100 mg/L fluorine exposure group showed higher level of Klotho protein expression and lower level of PMCA1b protein expression in the kidneys ( P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical results indicated significant differences in the protein expression levels of TRPV5, CB-D28K, NCX1, and Klotho in the kidneys of the three groups ( F = 27.56, 24.94, 16.05, 32.72, P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the protein expression levels of TRPV5, CB-D28K, and Klotho in kidneys of 50 and 100 mg/L fluorine exposure groups were higher, while the protein expression levels of NCX1 were lower ( P < 0.05). Conclusion:Fluorine exposure may cause calcium ion metabolism disorders by regulating the expression levels of Klotho and other calcium-regulating proteins in the kidneys.

Objective To investigate the clinical distribution and risk factors of metabolic syndrome(MS)in children from Lubei district of Tangshan City from 2020 to 2024.Methods A total of 964 children were identified by multi-segment stratified cluster sampling.A questionnaire survey was conducted on all subjects,and the recovery rate of the questionnaire was 98.0%,with 945 samples recovered.The detection rates of MS in different populations were compared,and risk factors of MS in children were analysed by Logistic regression analysis.Results In 945 children,49(5.19%)had MS,and there was no significant difference in detection rate between different genders of children(P>0.05).There were no significant differences in blood pressure[systolic blood pressure(SBP)and diastolic blood pressure(DBP)],blood lipid[triglycerides(TG)and high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)]between children ages 7 to 10 years old and 11 to 14 years old(P>0.05).The values of total cholesterol(TC),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)and waist circumference(WC)were higher in boys aged 11-14 than those in girls(P＜0.05).The proportion of body weight and obesity,the proportion of physical activity time＜10 h/week,the proportion of family history of hypertension and WC level were higher in the MS group than those in the non-MS group(P＜0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression model showed that weight obesity,physical activity time＜10 h/week,family history of hypertension and high WC value were independent risk factors for MS in children(P＜0.05).Conclusion Obesity,family history of hypertension,time spent in physical activity and higher WC are strongly associated with the development of MS in children,and clinical attention should be paid to them.

Objective:To investigate the effects and its related mechanism of placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells(PMSCs)on the lipopolysaccharides(LPS)damaged astrocytes.Methods:Primary astrocytes were isolated from the cerebral cortex of neonatal rats.The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)was identified using immu-nofluorescence staining to evaluate the purity of the primary astrocytes.PMSCs were cocultured with LPS-treated astro-cytes.The expression levels of factors related to inflammation including interleukin-1β(IL-1β),inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),arginase-1(Arg-1),S100 calcium-bind-ing protein A10(S100A10),and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway-related proteins such as transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1),transforming growth factor beta type I receptor(TβRⅠ),transforming growth factor beta type II re-ceptor(TβRⅡ),phospho-Smad2 and phospho-Smad3(p-Smad2,p-Smad3)in astrocytes from each group were detec-ted using real time RT-PCR or Western blot techniques.Results:Astrocytes at the third passage exhibited an 80%pos-itivity rate for GFAP.After treated with 10 μg/ml LPS,the astrocytes expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β,iNOS,IL-6,and TNF-α were significantly increased(P<0.05),while their expression levels of the anti-inflam-matory factors of Arg-1 and S100A10 were significantly decreased(P<0.05).Meanwhile,their expression levels of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway related proteins of TGF-β1,TβRⅠ,TβRⅡ,p-Smad2 and Smad3 were increased(P<0.05).After the LPS damaged astrocytes were cocultured with PMSCs,their expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β,iNOS,IL-6,and TNF-α were significantly decreased(P<0.05),while their expression levels of the anti-inflammatory factors of Arg-1 and S100A10 were significantly increased(P<0.05).Also,their expression levels of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway related proteins of TGF-β1,TβRⅠ,TβRⅡ,p-Smad2,and Smad3 were decreased(P<0.05).Conclusion:PMSCs may inhibit the activation of A1 astrocytes through the TGF-β/Smad signaling path-way,by which reducing the astrocytic activation.