Parkinson's disease （PD） is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by motor dysfunction. Traditionally， its main clinical features include resting tremor， muscular rigidity， bradykinesia， and postural balance disorders. However， an increasing number of studies have shown that its non-motor symptoms （NMS） exert an even greater impact on patients' quality of life than motor symptoms， severely affecting daily functioning and increasing the burden on families and society. Among these， depression is one of the most common and most debilitating NMS， with statistics indicating that the incidence of depression among PD patients reaches as high as 40%-50%. The pathological mechanisms are complex， involving the interplay between degenerative changes in dopaminergic neurons and disruptions in emotional regulatory circuits， which poses a substantial challenge to clinical treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， characterized by holistic regulation and multi-target intervention， has demonstrated significant advantages in the treatment of PD and depression， offering new insights for managing PD-depression comorbidity. This study integrates research extracted from multiple databases， including PubMed， Web of Science， Google Scholar， and China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， that investigates the potential mechanisms of PD and depression as well as TCM-based treatments for these conditions. The aim is to elucidate the shared pathological mechanisms underlying PD and depression and to explore the therapeutic potential of TCM in effectively combating PD-depression comorbidity through these shared mechanisms， thereby providing valuable insights for the development of targeted therapies.

Dyslipidemia refers to the increased level of TG and total cholesterol in plasma, and also generally refers to other forms of dyslipidemia, which is characterized by non-obvious symptoms in the early stage of the disease, and the first episode is cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of dyslipidemia varies with country, region and population, and the prevalence of dyslipidemia in China is in increase, which is influenced by various risk factors. This paper summarizes the prevalence and risk factors of dyslipidemia and introduces the emerging risk factors of dyslipidemia, such as HIV infection, systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcopenia and environmental problem.

Objective:To develop the Nurse Parenting Stress Scale and evaluate its reliability and validity.Methods:Based on Abidin's Parenting Stress Theory, scale items were generated through literature review and semi-structured interviews. The initial version was constructed via Delphi expert consultation. Using a convenience sampling method, nurses from six hospitals in Shandong Province were surveyed between August and October 2024. The first survey collected 314 questionnaires (308 valid, effective recovery rate 98.1%) for item analysis and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The second survey collected 458 questionnaires (447 valid, effective recovery rate 97.6%) for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) .Results:The Nurse Parenting Stress Scale consists of 4 dimensions and 31 items. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the total scale was 0.951, split-half reliability was 0.782, and test-retest reliability was 0.926. EFA extracted four common factors explaining 70.241% of the cumulative variance. CFA demonstrated a good model fit. The item-level content validity index ( I- CVI) ranged from 0.889 to 1.000, the scale-level universal agreement content validity index ( S- CVI/ UA) was 0.903, and the scale-level average content validity index ( S- CVI/ Ave) was 0.989. Conclusions:The Nurse Parenting Stress Scale shows strong reliability and validity and can serve as an effective tool for assessing parenting stress among nurses.

Objective:To investigate the impact of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subfraction cholesterol, measured by the vertical auto profile (VAP) technique based on vertical density gradient ultracentrifugation, on the occurrence and progression of coronary heart disease.Methods:This retrospective case-control study consecutively enrolled 94 inpatients diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD) by percutaneous coronary angiography at Ningbo University Affiliated First Hospital between June 2023 and June 2024 (CAD group), and 48 outpatients from the cardiology department without carotid or coronary atherosclerosis(non-CAD group). The VAP technique was employed to measure HDL subfraction cholesterol levels (HDL 3-C and HDL 2-C) and their subtypes (HDL 2a-C, HDL 2b-C, HDL 2c-C; HDL 3a-C, HDL 3b-C, HDL 3c-C, HDL 3d-C). Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between HDL subfraction composition and CAD. CAD patients were further stratified by the number of affected coronary vessels (left anterior descending artery, left circumflex artery, and right coronary artery): 44 with single-vessel disease, 22 with double-vessel disease, and 28 with triple-vessel disease for correlation analysis. All CAD patients underwent 6-month clinical and telephone follow-up to record major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and repeat revascularization. Using the median HDL 3d-C level (0.064 mmol/L) as cutoff, CAD patients were divided into high-level ( n=48) and low-level ( n=46) subgroups for Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with log-rank testing. Results:Compared with non-CAD controls, CAD patients showed significantly higher HDL 3d-C [0.064 (0.041, 0.095) mmol/L vs 0.055 (0.038, 0.067) mmol/L] and HDL 3b-C [0.031 (0.001, 0.054) mmol/L vs 0.007 (0.004, 0.029) mmol/L], lower HDL 3c-C (0.220±0.080 mmol/L vs 0.254±0.062 mmol/L) and HDL 3a-C [0.282 (0.224, 0.351) mmol/L vs 0.334 (0.269, 0.433) mmol/L] (all P<0.05). Logistic regression revealed that HDL2b-C was a protective factor against atherosclerosis severity ( OR=0.914, 95% CI 0.896-0.987, P<0.001); HDL 3d-C served as both a CAD risk factor ( OR=2.303,95% CI 1.740-3.047, P<0.001) and disease progression indicator ( OR=1.224, 95% CI 1.123-1.335, P=0.025). MACE patients ( n=6) had elevated HDL3d-C versus non-MACE cases ( n=88) [0.120 (0.083, 0.173) mmol/L vs 0.061 (0.037, 0.092) mmol/L, P<0.05]. The high HDL 3d-C subgroup demonstrated significantly lower 6-month survival (χ2=4.777, P=0.029). Conclusion:Contrary to conventional understanding, our study reveals that HDL2b serves as a protective factor against coronary artery disease progression, whereas HDL 3d-C acts not only as a pathogenic factor for CAD but also as a critical determinant of CAD-related adverse events.

Objective To analyze the efficacy of CT-guided alcohol ablation of splanchnic nerve block(SNB)in the treatment of pain in patients with pancreatic cancer,and to discuss the related factors influencing the effectiveness in treating pancreatic cancer pain.Methods The clinical data of patients with pancreatic cancer pain,who was unable to receive surgery and underwent CT-guided SNB at Hai'an People's Hospital from June 2018 to September 2023,were retrospectively analyzed.According to postoperative one-month VAS pain score and the used dosage of opioids,the improvement of pain was assessed.Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the demographic characteristics,tumor features,and pain-related factors so as to determine the predictive factors for effective analgesia after SNB,and the survival outcomes were compared between the patients with effective SNB analgesia and the patients with ineffective SNB analgesia.Results A total of 133 patients were included in this analysis.One week after SNB,74.4％of patients achieved effective pain relief,and one month after the procedure,54.9％of patients experienced effective pain relief.One month after treatment,multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the diabetes(OR=0.637,95％CI=0.397-0.876,P=0.034),serum CA199(OR=1.531,95％CI=1.030-2.370,P=0.042),serum MMP-1(OR=0.703,95％CI=0.457-0.983,P=0.038),preoperative ECOG score(OR=2.693,95％CI=1.234-6.609,P=0.021),and preoperative daily morphine consumption(OR=2.797,95％CI=1.148-6.695,P=0.019)were the independent predictive factors for achieving a good analgesic efficacy after SNB.Patients with poor analgesic outcomes after SNB had a significantly lower median survival time when compared to patients with good analgesic outcomes(82 days vs 149 days,P＜0.05).No serious SNB-related adverse events occurred.Conclusion For the treatment of refractory pancreatic cancer pain,CT-guided SNB is clinically safe and effective.The diabetes,ECOG score,serum MMP-1 level,CA199 level,and preoperative daily used dosage of opioids are the independent predictive factors for the efficacy of CT-guided SNB in treating pancreatic cancer pain.

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a new non-invasive functional imaging technology, which has the advantages of non-invasion, non-radiation, low cost, fast response, portability and visualization. In recent years, more and more studies have shown that EIT has great potential in the detection of lung diseases and has been applied to early diagnosis and treatment of some diseases. This paper introduced the basic principle of EIT, discussed the research and clinical application of EIT in the detection of acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumothorax and pulmonary embolism, and focused on the summary and introduction of indicators and functional images of EIT related to the detection of lung diseases. This review will help medical workers understand and use EIT, and promote the further development of EIT in lung diseases as well as other fields.
Humans ; Electric Impedance ; Tomography/methods* ; Lung Diseases/diagnosis* ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnosis* ; Pulmonary Embolism/diagnosis* ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome/diagnosis*

According to the theory of "toxin accumulation damaging yin"， the accumulation of pathological products and the disruption of homeostasis in the pre-metastatic niche （PMN） of malignant tumors correspond to "toxin accumulation" and "yin damage" respectively. During the dynamic evolution of PMN， the main pathogenesis in the initial stage is healthy qi deficiency and phlegm congestion， obstruction in the ying （营） and wei （卫） level， for which the therapeutic approach is fortifying spleen and warming yang， reinforcing healthy qi， consolidating the root， and assissting in resolving phlegm. In the progression stage， the predominant mechanism is mutual binding of phlegm and stasis， with collateral damage and pathological transformation. Treatment should focus on resolving phlegm and eliminating stasis， using insect-derived medicinals to attack accumulation and block pathological transmission. In the terminal stage， the main pathogenesis involves phlegm-stasis transforming into fire， with depletion of qi and yin， for which it is suggested to replenish qi and nourish yin， combine clearing and tonifying methods to control fire-toxin. After the PMN has formed， pathogenic toxin may flow along the collaterals， tending to lodge in corresponding viscera with functional imbalance and deviation between deficiency and excess， eventually giving rise to malignant tumors. Understanding the pathogenesis of the PMN in the malignant tumors based on the "toxin accumulation damaging yin" theory may provide a valuable perspective for developing traditional Chinese medicine strategies for the prevention and treatment of tumor metastasis.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) plays a pivotal role in shaping the inner mitochondrial membrane, forming cristae junctions and establishing interaction sites between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes and thereby serving as a cornerstone of mitochondrial structure and function. In the past decade, MICOS abnormalities have been extensively linked to AD pathogenesis. In particular, dysregulated expression of MICOS subunits and mutations in MICOS-related genes have been identified in AD, often in association with hallmark pathological features such as amyloid-β plaque accumulation, neurofibrillary tangle formation, and neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, MICOS subunits interact with several etiologically relevant proteins, significantly influencing AD progression. The intricate crosstalk between these proteins and MICOS subunits underscores the relevance of MICOS dysfunction in AD. Therapeutic strategies targeting MICOS subunits or their interacting proteins may offer novel approaches for AD treatment. In the present review, we introduce current understanding of MICOS structures and functions, highlight MICOS pathogenesis in AD, and summarize the available MICOS-targeting drugs potentially useful for AD.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent inflammation and joint damage, accompanied by the accumulation of plasma cells, which contributes to its pathogenesis. Understanding the genetic alterations occurring during plasma cell differentiation in RA can deepen our comprehension of its pathogenesis and guide the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. Here, our study elucidates the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying plasma cell differentiation by demonstrating that PRDX1 interacts with DOK3 and modulates its degradation by the autophagy-lysosome pathway. This interaction results in the inhibition of plasma cell differentiation, thereby alleviating the progression of collagen-induced arthritis. Additionally, our investigation identifies Salvianolic acid B (SAB) as a potent small molecular glue-like compound that enhances the interaction between PRDX1 and DOK3, consequently impeding the progression of collagen-induced arthritis by inhibiting plasma cell differentiation. Collectively, these findings underscore the therapeutic potential of developing chemical stabilizers for the PRDX1-DOK3 complex in suppressing plasma cell differentiation for RA treatment and establish a theoretical basis for targeting PRDX1-protein interactions as specific therapeutic targets in various diseases.

Probiotics play a crucial role in colon cancer treatment by metabolizing prebiotics to generate short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Colon cancer patients are frequently propositioned to supplement with probiotics to enhance the conversion and utilization of prebiotics. Nevertheless, the delivery and colonization of probiotics is hindered by the harsh conditions of gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Here, we devised a straightforward yet potent modified prebiotic-based "shield" (Gelatin-Inulin, GI), employing dietary inulin and natural polymer gelatin crosslinked via hydrogen bonding for enveloping Lactobacillus reuteri (Lr) to formulate synbiotic hydrogel capsules (Lr@Gl). The GI "shield" serves as a dynamic barrier, augmenting the resistance of Lr to gastric acid and facilitating its bioactivity and adherence in the GIT, synergizing with Lr to elicit an anti-tumor effect. Simultaneously, Lr@GI demonstrates anti-tumor effects by depleting glutathione to release reactive oxygen species, accompanied by the activation of NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3), and the induction M1 macrophage polarization. Furthermore, Lr@GI can not only promote the recovery of intestinal barrier but also regulate intestinal flora, promoting the production of SCFAs and further exerting anti-tumor effect. Crucially, Lr@GI also potentiates the anti-tumor effect of 5-Fluorouracil. The construction and synergistic anti-tumor mechanism of synbiotic hydrogel capsules system provide valuable insights for gut microbial tumor therapy.