ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in Wuhan from 2006 to 2023, and to provide a scientific basis for the development of foodborne disease prevention and control measures. MethodsDescriptive statistical analyses were performed on foodborne disease outbreaks confirmed by the district and municipal center for disease control and prevention (CDC) in Wuhan from 2006 to 2023, and the attack rate and case fatality rate were calculated as well. ResultsA total of 182 foodborne disease outbreaks were reported in Wuhan from 2006 to 2023, with a cumulative of 2 820 cases. Among which, 3 cases were dead, with an annual average attack rate of 1.22% and a case fatality rate of 0.11%. The highest number of outbreaks occurred in collective canteens (43.96%, 80/182), the highest attack rate was observed in catering facilities (11.03%), and the highest case fatality rate was found in households (1.45%). Among the foodborne disease outbreaks with identified etiologies, microbial factors were the leading causes (36.26%, 66/182), with the main pathogens being norovirus, Bacillus cereus, and other unspecified bacteria. Fungal factors were mainly attributed to poisonous mushrooms, with a relatively high fatality rate of 2.22% (2/90). Outbreaks caused by bacterial factors were more common in the central urban area (30.28%, 33/109), while fungal-related outbreaks were more frequent in the outlying urban areas (24.66%, 18/73). ConclusionCollective canteens are the main venues for foodborne disease outbreaks in Wuhan. Microbial factors are the main pathogenic factors, and poisonous mushrooms are the leading causes to death. It is necessary to strengthen the supervision on collective canteens, carry out various forms of public awareness campaigns on poisonous mushroom poisoning, and, if required, cooperate with the gardening department to eradicate wild poisonous mushrooms in the green belts. A collaborative cooperation involving multiple departments is essential to reduce the occurrence of foodborne disease outbreaks.

ObjectiveTo explore the function of DANCR during the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells （hESC） toward definitive endoderm （DE）. MethodsThe in vitro DE differentiation system was established and its efficiency was verified. The correlation between the expression level of DANCR and DE differentiation process was detected. Using lentivirus system， we stably knocked down DANCR in hESC. The shDANCR hESC line was applied to DE differentiation， using qPCR and Western blot to detect the expression of DE marker genes SOX17 and FOXA2， and that of primitive streak marker genes Brachyury （T）， EOMES， MIXL1 and GSC. Dual luciferase reporter assay and qPCR were used to confirm the interaction between DANCR and the WNT pathway during DE differentiation. ResultsThe in vitro differentiation system mimicked DE differentiation efficiently. And the expression of DANCR was gradually downregulated during differentiation. DANCR was efficiently knocked down in the shDANCR hESC line （P < 0.001）. Compared with those in the control group， the expression levels of primitive markers Brachyury （T）， EOMES， MIXL1 and GSC， as well as DE markers SOX17 and FOXA2， were significantly decreased in shDANCR groups （P < 0.05）. Furthermore， the transcriptional activity of the WNT pathway in shDANCR groups was lower than that in the control group （P < 0.05）. And RNA levels of downstream genes of the WNT pathway， FZD5， FZD8， SFRP1， FRZB and ANKRD6， were significantly decreased in shDANCR groups （P < 0.05）. However， differences in protein levels of the TGFβ pathway effectors SMAD2/3 and p-SMAD2 were statistically insignificant in shDANCR and control groups （P > 0.05）. Forced activation of β-CATENIN rescued DANCR knock down-induced deficiency in DE differentiation. ConclusionsThe expression of DANCR decreases during DE differentiation. DANCR may promote DE differentiation through modulating the activity of the WNT pathway.

Objective:To disclose phylogenetic and antigenic characteristics of hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza B virus (Victoria) (BV) in the 2023-2024 influenza surveillance season in Beijing, and understand the matching with influenza vaccine component strain.Methods:Pharyngeal swab specimens from influenza like-illness (ILI) in the 2023-2024 influenza surveillance season were collected from surveillance network labs in Beijing and BV strains were isolated through MDCK or chicken embryo culture. After extracting nucleic acid, HA gene was amplified and sequenced. The nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity were conducted and the maximum likelihood method in Mega 5.0 software was used to construct the phylogenetic tree of HA gene. N-glycosylation sites of HA were performed online. Furthermore, three-dimensional structure of HA was available from SWISS-MODEL homologous modeling. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests were performed to analyze antigenic characteristics of HA of BV strains.Results:Fifty-four BV strains were randomly selected to be analyzed further. Compared with the HA gene of this influenza season vaccine strain (B/Austria/1359417/2021), there are three amino acid mutations among all BV strains, two of which are located in two different antigenic determinants. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that only one subgroup of 1A.3a.2 was circulating simultaneously. All BV strains are located in Clade 1A.3a.2 subgroup, and in the same subgroup with that of the vaccine component BV strain in 2023-2024. All BV strains have the same glycosylation sites as that of the vaccine component BV strain in 2023-2024. Antigenic analysis showed that all BV strains were antigenically similar with its vaccine strain.Conclusions:In the 2023-2024 influenza surveillance season, the prevalent BV strains in the population in Beijing city are located in Clade 1A. 3a. 2 subgroup. The antigen matching between BV epidemic strains and vaccine BV components is relatively high during this surveillance season.

ObjectiveTo analyze the surveillance results of foodborne diseases in Wuhan to investigate the temporal, spatial, and demographic distribution of foodborne disease in Wuhan, so as to provide an evidence for the prevention and control of foodborne diseases. MethodsData were collected through the foodborne disease surveillance network system and analyzed statistically. Stool, blood, rectal swabs, and vomitus samples from some diarrhea cases were collected for pathogens detection, including Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and norovirus. ResultsA total of 14 733 cases of foodborne diseases were reported in Wuhan from 2019 to 2022, with a male-to-female ratio of 1∶0.92. The highest incidence was 3.58 per 10 000 person-years in 2019 and the lowest was 2.19 per 10 000 person-years in 2020. The peak incidence occurred from June to October. Higher incidence rates were observed in central districts such as Jiang’an District, Wuchang District, and Caidian District. The age group with the highest incidence was 20‒29 years, while the age group with the highest total pathogen detection rate was 0‒9 years old. The affected population primarily included middle school students, household workers, and unemployed individuals, and children living at home. Suspected food sources were mainly vegetarian, other miscellaneous foods, and animal-based food. Of the 3 499 biological samples collected, 1 820 of them was conducted a detection for norovirus, the overall detection rate of pathogenic bacteria was 22.89% (801/3 499), with detection rates of Salmonella and Escherichia coli at 19.23% (673/3 499) and 3.03% (106/3 499), respectively. The detection rate of norovirus was 4.12% (75/1 820). The detection rate of pathogenic bacteria in biological samples of the patients who consumed infant food, milk, and egg-based foods was higher, at 53.33% and 42.93%, respectively. In terms of detected pathogens, the highest detection rate of Salmonella was found in the biological samples of patients who consumed infant food, milk, and egg-based foods, the highest detection rate of Escherichia coli was found in the biological samples of patients who consumed milk, egg, and animal-based foods, while Vibrio parahaemolyticus and norovirus had higher detection rates in patients who consumed beverages and alcoholic drinks. Suspected food sources were often found in food services, retail or farmer products markets, and homemade food. Salmonella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli were detected more frequently from June to September, while norovirus was detected more frequently in winter and spring. ConclusionThe population aged between 0‒29 years in Wuhan is the key high-risk group for foodborne diseases. Salmonella, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, and norovirus are the main pathogens causing foodborne diseases in Wuhan. Market supervision departments should focus on strengthening the regulation of infant food.

Objective To investigate the effect of Cyclocarya paliurus(Batal.)lljinskaja polysaccharides on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats by regulating glucose transporter 4(GLUT4)translocation in islet and liver.Methods High-fat diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin(35 mg·kg-1)to induce type 2 diabetes model,all the rats were randomly divided into model control group,Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharides groups(5,10 g·kg-1)and metformin group(0.25 g·kg-1),and treated for eight weeks(n=9 in each group).Fasting glucose and lipid were determined.Histopathology of rat islet and liver were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining.Protein expressions of phosphorylated phosphoinositide-3-kinase(p-PI3K),phosphorylated serine-threonine kinase 1(p-Akt1),and GLUT4 in islet were measured by immunohistochemistry staining.GLUT4 translocation in the islet and liver was detected by immunofluorescence.Results Compared with the model control group,the Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharides group and metformin group had declined fasting glucose levels and increased high-density lipoprotein(P＜0.05).The structure of the islets and liver was relatively complete.The content of p-PI3K,p-Akt1 and GLUT4 in the islet increased(P＜0.05).GLUT4 translocation in the liver and islet enhanced(P＜0.05).Conclusions Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharides alleviate glucose and lipid metabolism disorders.The mechanism may lay in it activating protein expressions of p-PI3K,p-Akt1,and GLUT4 in islet cells.GLUT4 translocation to the islet and liver cell membrane are increased to regulate peripheral islet resistance.

Background::China is one of the countries with the largest burden of gastrointestinal and liver diseases (GILD) in the world. The GILD constitutes various causes of mortality and disability. The study aimed to investigate the trend of GILD in China using the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019 (GBD 2019) data resources from 1990 to 2019.Methods::The data on the age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for GILD in China from 1990 to 2019 were collected from the GBD 2019 data resources. Furthermore, the ranking of the main causes of deaths and DALYs, as well as the trends of ASMR, DALYs, years of life lost (YLLs), and years of life lost due to disability (YLDs) per 1,000,000 in GILD were reported.Results::The ASMR and DALYs for stomach cancer, liver cancer, and esophageal cancer, which ranked top three among the GILDs from 1990 to 2019, were gradually decreasing. Significant decreases in the ASMR and DALYs were found in diarrheal diseases and acute hepatitis (A, E, and C). However, noteworthy increases were found in those of colon and rectum cancer (CRC) and pancreatic cancer. Trend of DALYs, mortality, and YLLs rates for most of GILD were decreasing from 1990 to 2019, except the burden of CRC and pancreatic cancer with an increasing trend. The DALYs, mortality and YLLs of most GILD diseases showed decreasing trends from 1990 to 2019, except the burden of CRC and pancreatic cancer with an increasing trends.Conclusions::The result of the GBD 2019 showed that the rates of most GILDs decreased in China; however, gastrointestinal and liver cancer, such as stomach cancer still held the top ranking. Furthermore, the shift from infectious diseases to non-communicable causes among GILD burden is occurring.

The incidence of breast cancer is increasing year by year,and its pathogenesis is highly complex.The dysregulation of gut microbiota function is closely related to the occurrence and development of breast cancer.The estrogen levels through enterohepatic circulation is regulated by β-glucuronidase produced by the gut microbiota,thereby influencing the occurrence and development of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer and leading to tamoxifen resistance.The metabolites from the gut microbiota,such as short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)and lithocholic acid(LCA),can participate in regulating the tumor cell cycles and cell proliferation.The colonization of gut microbiota maintains the integrity of the intestinal barrier and regulates the anti-tumor immunity mediated by T lymphocytes.Maintaining gut microbiota homeostasis can enhance the efficacy of tumor chemotherapy and immunotherapy and reduce the adverse reactions in anti-tumor treatments.The targeted action of engineered probiotics in immunotherapy can improve the precision of drug treatment.The effect of gut microbiota on radiotherapy is not yet clear,but regulating gut microbiota can aid in the treatment of radiation enteritis.This review discusses the correlation and effect of gut microbiota on breast cancer and analyzes its role in the treatment of breast cancer.

Objective:To develop a list of basic and expanded medical laboratory tests in community health service centers in Shanghai.Methods:The status quo of human and equipment resource allocation, the test items and quality control currently performed, the perspectives of various stakeholders, the capacity building of community clinical laboratory in community health service centers in Shanghai were investigated by quantitative survey and qualitative interview; and the rating scores of each test item were assessed by expert consultation using Delphi method. The expert focus discussion was conducted, and each test item was rated and classified. Finally a list of the basic tests and expanded tests in clinical laboratories of community health service center was developed.Results:A total of 247 questionnaires were distributed and 192 (77.7%) were answered. A list of 94 laboratory test items was screened out based on the questionnaire survey of the laboratories of the community health centers. Thirty one experts in the relevant areas were invited to rate the test items, the average authority coefficient of experts was 0.90, with which the weighted average of the expert ratings was made. There were 45 (47.9%) items scored 7 or higher, 38 (40.4%) scored between 5 and 7, and 11 (11.7%) scored less than 5. Based on the results of the expert focus discussion, 48 items were recommended as the basic tests and 46 items as the extended tests.Conclusion:In this study a list of tests recommended to clinical laboratories in Shanghai community health service centers has been developed, which contains 48 basic tests and 46 extended tests.

Objective:This study compared the prevalence,awareness,treatment and control of hypertension and associated factors in China and the United States(US).Methods:Adult data from nationally representative samples were derived from the Chronic Disease and Risk Factors Surveillance in 2010 and 2013 in China and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2010 and 2013 in the US.Multivariable logistic and Poisson regression analysis were conducted to assess associations of the four outcomes with body weight status and behavioral factors.Results:Age-standardized prevalence rates of hypertension was 35.7％(95％confidence interval[CI]:35.4％to 36.1％)in 2010 and 29.8％(95％CI:29.4％to 30.2％)in 2013 in China,and 35.3％(95％CI:33.6％to 37.1％)in 2010 and 37.9％(95％CI:36.0％to 39.7％)in 2013 in the US.Among hypertensive participants,the age-standardized rates of treatment were 18.4％(95％CI:17.9％to 18.9％)in 2010 and 23.8％(95％CI:23.1％to 24.6％)in 2013 in China and 54.5％(95％CI:50.3％to 58.7％)in 2010 and 50.9％(95％CI:46.5％to 55.3％)in 2013 in the US;the age-standardized hypertension control rates were 3.2％(95％CI:3.0％to 3.5％)and 5.7％(95％CI:5.3％to 6.0％)in 2010 and 2013 in China and 50.6％(95％CI:46.2％to 55.0％)and 55.3％(95％CI:50.3％to 60.3％)in the US.Obesity was significantly associated with prevalence,awareness and control rates in both countries.Different from the US,obesity was negatively associated with hypertension control in China.Conclusion:Hypertension prevalence in China is similar to that in the US,but the control rate in China was significantly lower.Obesity was a critical risk factor for poor hypertension control in China.

In the past, the use of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer did not exhibit survival benefits and was not recommended by the practicing guidelines. In recent years, with the emergence of novel hormonal therapeutics such as Abiraterone, Enzalutamide, Apalutamide and Darolutamide, the interest for neoadjuvant therapy has been reignited. Here, we summarize the four categories of neoadjuvant therapy with new hormonal agents, and discuss how to evaluate the efficacy and explore the molecular mechanism after neoadjuvant therapy.