Bispecific antibodies have shown significant efficacy in tumor therapy due to their dual targeting ability, but the complexity of their structure leads to the production of various process-related impurities such as host cell proteins, host cell DNA, and Protein A, and product-related impurities such as semi antibodies, 3/4 antibodies, homodimers, bispecific antibodies lacking one Fab arm, and aggregates during the manufacturing process. This paper systematically summarizes downstream purification strategies for dual antibodies, including affinity chromatography, deep filtration, hydroxyapatite chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, and multimodal chromatography, to efficiently remove various impurities and provide theoretical support for the purification of dual antibodies.

Implementation evaluation frameworks are essential tools in implementation science for assessing the quality and effectiveness of evidence-based interventions. This paper systematically reviews eight internationally representative evaluation frameworks, outlining their development backgrounds and structural features. It then compares their usability, applicability, and testability. Two case studies are presented to illustrate how evaluation frameworks can be integrated with process models and determinant frameworks to enhance the understanding and guidance of complex interventions. This paper aims to offer practical guidancefor selecting and applying evaluation frameworks, thereby supporting the advancement of implementation science in both local and global health contexts.

Objective:To explore the role of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 4 (TRAF4) in promoting the abnormal activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its effect on lung cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion.Methods:Tumor tissues from patients who underwent lung adenocarcinoma resection at The First Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, from January 2015 to May 2017 were collected, and the expressions of TRAF4 and Ki-67 in lung cancer tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry, the mRNA levels of Cyclin D and Vimentin were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The effect of TRAF4 on the tumor growth ability of lung cancer A549 cells was investigated by the xenograft model, the effect of TRAF4 or EGFR on the tumor proliferation ability was detected by using cell counting kit 8 (CCK8) and BrdU assay, and the migration and invasion abilities of tumor cells were detected by Transwell assay. Different structural domain deletion expression vectors of TRAF4 and EGFR were constructed to transfect cells, and the interaction mode of TRAF4 and EGFR was investigated by immunoprecipitation assay.Results:The expression of TRAF4 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues was positively correlated with the expressions of Ki-67, cyclin D, and vimentin ( r2: 0.438, 0.695, and 0.736, respectively, all P＜0.01). Immunohistochemical assay of tumor tissues from NSCLC patients showed that tissues with high expression of TRAF4 were also high in Ki-67. Patients with high TRAF4 expression (TRAF4 positivity >30%) had a shorter progression-free survival (PFS) time than that of patients with low TRAF4 expression (TRAF4 positivity ≤30%) (median PFS of 12 and 19 months, respectively; P=0.034). Traf4 -/- cells had a weakened proliferative capacity than traf4+/+ cells and formed tumors with smaller size ( P＜0.05). The expression level of Ki-67 in the tumor tissues formed by traf4 -/- cells [(45.6±8.7)%] was lower than that in the tumor tissues formed by traf4+/+ cells [(62.3±10.3)%, P=0.015], the mRNA levels of cyclin D (1.01±0.15) and vimentin (1.01±0.12) in the traf4 -/- cells were lower than those of the traf4+/+ cells (3.41±0.32 and 3.12±0.18, respectively, both P＜0.05).The western blot results showed that, with the elevated intracellular expression level of TRAF4, phosphorylation level of EGFR was significantly increased in both wild-type EGFR and activation mutant EGFR-expression cells. The capacities of proliferation, migration and invasion of A549 cells was weakened after EGFR knockdown (all P＜0.01). Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that TRAF4 binds to the peptide segment of the near-membrane region of EGFR through the TRAF structural domain, and the mutual binding between EGFR molecules was enhanced under TRAF4 overexpression conditions. Increasing TRAF4 expression promoted EGFR molecular phosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling. Conclusions:TRAF4 expression is elevated in NSCLC tissues and tumor cells, which promotes tumor proliferation, migration and invasion. TRAF4 directly binds to EGFR molecules, enhances its own phosphorylation and activates the downstream signaling pathway by promoting the interaction between EGFR molecules.

Objective:To explore the role of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 4 (TRAF4) in promoting the abnormal activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its effect on lung cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion.Methods:Tumor tissues from patients who underwent lung adenocarcinoma resection at The First Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, from January 2015 to May 2017 were collected, and the expressions of TRAF4 and Ki-67 in lung cancer tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry, the mRNA levels of Cyclin D and Vimentin were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The effect of TRAF4 on the tumor growth ability of lung cancer A549 cells was investigated by the xenograft model, the effect of TRAF4 or EGFR on the tumor proliferation ability was detected by using cell counting kit 8 (CCK8) and BrdU assay, and the migration and invasion abilities of tumor cells were detected by Transwell assay. Different structural domain deletion expression vectors of TRAF4 and EGFR were constructed to transfect cells, and the interaction mode of TRAF4 and EGFR was investigated by immunoprecipitation assay.Results:The expression of TRAF4 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues was positively correlated with the expressions of Ki-67, cyclin D, and vimentin ( r2: 0.438, 0.695, and 0.736, respectively, all P＜0.01). Immunohistochemical assay of tumor tissues from NSCLC patients showed that tissues with high expression of TRAF4 were also high in Ki-67. Patients with high TRAF4 expression (TRAF4 positivity >30%) had a shorter progression-free survival (PFS) time than that of patients with low TRAF4 expression (TRAF4 positivity ≤30%) (median PFS of 12 and 19 months, respectively; P=0.034). Traf4 -/- cells had a weakened proliferative capacity than traf4+/+ cells and formed tumors with smaller size ( P＜0.05). The expression level of Ki-67 in the tumor tissues formed by traf4 -/- cells [(45.6±8.7)%] was lower than that in the tumor tissues formed by traf4+/+ cells [(62.3±10.3)%, P=0.015], the mRNA levels of cyclin D (1.01±0.15) and vimentin (1.01±0.12) in the traf4 -/- cells were lower than those of the traf4+/+ cells (3.41±0.32 and 3.12±0.18, respectively, both P＜0.05).The western blot results showed that, with the elevated intracellular expression level of TRAF4, phosphorylation level of EGFR was significantly increased in both wild-type EGFR and activation mutant EGFR-expression cells. The capacities of proliferation, migration and invasion of A549 cells was weakened after EGFR knockdown (all P＜0.01). Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that TRAF4 binds to the peptide segment of the near-membrane region of EGFR through the TRAF structural domain, and the mutual binding between EGFR molecules was enhanced under TRAF4 overexpression conditions. Increasing TRAF4 expression promoted EGFR molecular phosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling. Conclusions:TRAF4 expression is elevated in NSCLC tissues and tumor cells, which promotes tumor proliferation, migration and invasion. TRAF4 directly binds to EGFR molecules, enhances its own phosphorylation and activates the downstream signaling pathway by promoting the interaction between EGFR molecules.

Objective:To systematically evaluate and integrate the midwifery care needs of parturition, to provide reference for formulating effective measures to improve obstetric care.Methods:A computer search was conducted on Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Biomedical Literature Database and Wanfang Database for qualitative research on midwifery care needs of parturition. The search period was from the establishment of the database to April 2024. The quality of the included literature was evaluated using the qualitative research quality evaluation criteria of the Australian Joanna Briggs Institute Evidence based Health Care Center. A thematic synthesis was used for result integration.Results:A total of 16 articles were included, and 63 major research results were extracted and summarized into 9 new categories, forming 4 integrated results: physiological comfort needs, respect needs, professional nursing support needs and social network harmonious needs.Conclusions:The needs of midwifery care during childbirth are diverse and need help and support from various aspects. It is suggested that nursing staff should pay attention to the experience and needs of childbirth, improve the management plan of nursing during childbirth, improve the cognitive experience of childbirth and promote natural childbirth.

Objective To analyze the hotspots and development trends in orientation and mobility research within the international field of visual impairment. Methods Literature related to orientation and mobility in the field of visual impairment was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database from January,2004 to March,2024,and was analyzed with CiteSpace 6.3 R1. Results A total of 197 literatures were included.The quantity of literature in the field of orientation and mobility for visu-al impairment showed a growth trend.The top scholars in this field by publication volume were Robert Wall Em-erson,Kim Dae Shik,Nora Griffin-Shirley,and Giulio E Lancioni.The United States demonstrated high research output and influence in the study of orientation and mobility for individuals with visual impairments.Core key-words included navigation,assistive technology,cognitive maps,older adults,design,experience,children,per-ception and acuity.Hot topics primarily focused on five aspects:transportation and rehabilitation for low-vision individuals,development of orientation and mobility assistive technologies,orientation and mobility research for individuals with multiple disabilities due to visual impairment,construction of spatial cognition for visually im-paired individuals,and navigation research based on multisensory cues.Scholars evolved their focus from the ba-sic living needs and simple applications of assistive technologies for visually impaired individuals to an emphasis on personal experiences and actual needs,and finally to exploring how to utilize assistive technologies to en-hance quality of life and orientation and mobility capabilities. Conclusion Researches in orientation and mobility are on the rise,with hot topics including transportation and rehabilita-tion,assistive technologies,spatial cognition,and individuals with multiple disabilities related to visual impair-ment.It is needed to promote interdisciplinary research and collaboration,while focus on the development and in-novation of orientation and mobility assistive technologies.

Public health emergencies pose severe challenges to the public health sector and emergency management work in hospitals.Enhancing the emergency management capabilities in general hospitals is of great significance in promoting high-quality development of hospitals,improving the government's public governance system,alleviating social panic,and other aspects.However,there are the practical dilemmas of insufficient monitoring and early warning,imperfect guarantee systems,and lack of technological innovation in emergency management in general hospitals.The emergency management capabilities in general hospitals can be improved through normalized monitoring and disposal,standing facility and material teams,information-based power systems,and standardization of technical support,further promoting the innovation and development of the emergency management system in general hospitals.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the liver and poses serious health burdens on China and the whole world. However， most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are already in the advanced stage at the time of diagnosis， with fewer opportunities for surgery and limited treatment options. In recent years， the advances in molecular targeted therapies have brought new hope for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Among these therapies， lenvatinib is the second first-line drug after sorafenib approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma， and it has attracted widespread attention for its powerful anti-tumor properties. However， the efficacy of lenvatinib is severely limited by its drug resistance. This article reviews the research advances in the molecular mechanisms of lenvatinib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma and discusses possible ways to improve the efficacy of lenvatinib， so as to improve its efficacy.

Objective:To investigate the mechanism of Xianglian Huazhuo Decoction in treating chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) rats by detecting the protein and gene expressions of Wnt1, GSK-3β, β-catenin in Wnt signaling pathway.Methods:Totally 60 Wistar rats were randomly divided into blank group and model group. The CAG model was established by MNNG free drink combined with sodium salicylate gavage combined with abnormal hunger and satiety. After model establishment, the rats were randomly divided into model group, Xianglian Huazhuo Group and folic acid group. Folic acid group received the folic acid water solution 1.3 mg/kg for gavage; the Xianglian Huazhuo Group received Xianglian Huazhuo Decoction 15.5 g/kg for gavage; the blank group and the model group received the same volume of purified water for gavage. After 8 weeks of intervention, the general state and the atrophic degree of gastric mucosa were observed. The expressions of Wnt1, GSK-3β and β-catenin were detected by immunohistochemical method, and the mRNA expression of β-catenin expression was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction PCR.Results:The general condition of rats in Xianglian Huazhuo group was improved, the atrophy of gastric mucosa was improved, and the effect was better than that in folic acid group. Compared with the model group, the positive area ratio of Wnt1 decreased in Xianglian Huazhuo group ( P<0.05), and the positive area ratio of β-catenin decreased in folic acid group and Xianglian Huazhuo group ( P<0.05 or P<0.01), the positive area ratio of GSK-3β increased ( P<0.05), and the β-catenin mRNA level of Xianglian Huazhuo group decreased ( P<0.05). Conciusion 　Xianglian Huazhuo Decoction may increase GSK-3β by downregulating abnormal expression of Wnt1, promoting β-catenin to degrade normally, thereby blocking the abnormal activation of the Wnt signaling pathway, delaying or reversing CAG carcinogenesis to a certain extent, and exerting therapeutic effects.

Objective:To explore the potential mechanism of Tianshui Dichang Decoction in the treatment of ulcerative colitis through network pharmacology and experimental verification.Methods:The active components and targets of Tianshui Dichang Decoction were screened by TCMSP. The related targets of ulcerative colitis were screened by OMIM, GeneCard and TTD databases, and the effective component targets of Tianshui Dichang Decoction were intersected with the potential targets of ulcerative colitis. The PPI network was constructed by STRING database to screen the core targets, and the "Chinese materia medica-disease-active components-target" network was constructed by Cytoscape 3.8.0 software. GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were carried out using Metascape database. 48 mice were divided into control group, model group, mesalazine group (0.3 g/kg) and Tianshui Dichang Decoction low-, medium-, and high-dosage groups (7.5,15 and 30 g/kg) according to random number table method, with 8 mice in each group. Except the control group, the ulcerative colitis model was established in other groups. After 7 days of intervention with corresponding drugs, the disease activity index (DAI) was scored, the pathological changes of colon were observed by HE staining, and the expressions of IL-6, STAT3mRNA and protein in colon tissue were detected by PCR and Western blot methods.Results:Totally 127 active components in Tianshui Dichang Decoction and 560 targets of ulcerative colitis were obtained. 89 intersecting targets of Tianshui Dichang Decoction and ulcerative colitis were obtained, and the core targets included IL6, TNF, IL1B, AKT1, TP53, VEGFA, JUN, PTGS2, CXCL8, CCL2, STAT3, MMP9 and so on. Oxidative stress response, lipopolysaccharide metabolism, bacterial response, signal transduction and other biological processes were mainly involved, mainly through the cancer pathway, IL17, TNF, MAPK and other signal pathways to play a role in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. The results of experimental verification showed that the DAI score, the expressions of IL-6 and STAT3 protein in colon tissue of Tianshui Dichang Decoction medium- and high-dosage groups.decreased ( P<0.05). The levels of IL-6 and STAT3 mRNA in colon tissue decreased in the Tianshui Dichang Decoction low-, medium- and high-dosage groups.groups ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Tianshui Dichang Decoction has a certain therapeutic effect on UC through component-multitarget-signal pathway, and its mechanism is related to regulating IL-6/STAT3 signal pathway and inhibiting intestinal mucosal inflammation.