OBJECTIVE Aimd to investigate the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction among healthy elderly individuals in China using a large sample size and to explore its correlations with demographic and other factors.METHODS A total of 5 258 participants who aged 60 and above underwent the T&T olfactometer test and completed questionnaires.The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction was reported,and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the associations between olfactory dysfunction and other factors.RESULTS The overall prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in the study was 26.5%.Independent risk factors for olfactory dysfunction included advanced age,rural residence(OR=1.88,95%CI:1.60-2.22,P<0.01),current smoking(OR=1.45,95%CI:1.15-1.83,P<0.01),and self-reported olfactory dysfunction(OR=10.12,95%CI:8.44-12.14,P<0.01).In contrast,female gender(OR=0.70,95%CI:0.58-0.85,P<0.01)and high educational attainment were independently associated with a lower prevalence of olfactory dysfunction.CONCLUSION The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction among individuals aged 60 and above increased with age.Male gender,rural residence,low educational attainment,current smoking,and self-reported decline in olfactory function were independently associated with olfactory dysfunction.

Objective To analyze serum characteristics and determine the reference range for thyroid function among healthy 11～16 year-old teenagers in Xi'an in order to offer a theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis and therapy.Methods A sum of 1 378 healthy 11～16 year-old teenagers who met the inclusion criteria from the First Affiliated Hospital of the Air Force Medical University(Xijing Hospital)between January 2020 and December 2022 were selected as research subjects,including 628 males and 750 females.They were divided into three groups based on age:Group 1:11～＜13 year-olds(433 cases),Group 2:13～＜15 year-olds(425 cases),and Group 3:15～≤16 year-olds(520 cases).Differences in serum thyroid function indices among different genders and age groups were analyzed,the reference ranges for these indices were established,and 99 healthy 11-16 year-old teenagers who met the inclusion criteria were chosen for verification.Results There were no significant differences between different genders in thyroid stimulating hormone[TSH,2.56(1.80,3.63)μIU/ml vs 2.43(1.68,3.48)μIU/ml]and total thyroxine[TT4,97.84(85.34,111.00)nmol/L vs 98.20(87.16,111.23)nmol/L],the differences were statistically significant(Z=-1.881,-0.638,all P＞0.05).Meanwhile,the differences in free thyroxine[FT4,16.93(15.49,18.60)pmol/L vs 16.26(14.80,17.83)pmol/L],free triiodothyronine[FT3,6.21(5.66,6.80)pmol/L vs 5.59(4.98,6.19)pmol/L],and total triiodothyronine[TT3,2.24(1.96,2.55)nmol/L vs 2.04(1.78,2.34)nmol/L]between different genders were significant(Z=-5.368,-11.994,-6.417 all P＜0.01).The differences in thyroid function indices were significant among different age groups(Z=10.649～261.003,all P＜0.05).The reference ranges for thyroid function indices across different age groups and genders were established,in which thyroid function indicators were verified to be within the established reference range by 99 samples.Conclusion Teenage hormone secretion varies greatly,and the secretion of thyroid hormones is influenced by various factors.Thus,the diagnosis and treatment of teenage thyroid diseases cannot fully rely on the reference ranges provided by adults or manufacturers.This study established the reference range of the thyroid function indices of 11～16 year-old teenagers in Xi'an,offering clinical doctors'diagnosis and treatment data support.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of Huanglian Ejiaotang in intervening in insomnia based on 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT） system and gut microbiota. MethodFifty-five SPF-grade SD rats were randomly divided into normal group， model group， low-， medium-， and high-dose Huanglian Ejiaotang groups （1.925， 3.85， and 7.7 g·kg^-1）， and Estazolam group （0.1 mg·kg^-1）. Except for those in the normal group， the rats in the other five groups were subjected to sleep deprivation on a narrow platform for 12 hours daily for 21 consecutive days. After 14 days of drug intervention， the sleep， exploratory behavior， and depressive-like behavior of the rats were assessed using the pentobarbital sodium sleep synergistic test， the open field test， and the sugar preference test， respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect the levels of 5-HT， 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid （5-HIAA）， tryptophan hydroxylase （TPH）， and monoamine oxidase-A （MAO-A）. Real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to measure the mRNA expression of the 5-HT1A receptor （5-HT1AR） and 5-HT2A receptor （5-HT2AR）. Differences in gut microbiota among the groups were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing， and the correlation between the 5-HT system and microbiota was revealed using redundancy analysis. ResultCompared with the normal group， the model group showed a prolonged sleep latency （P<0.05）， reduced sleep maintenance （P<0.01）， decreased central area activity time in the open field （P<0.01）， and reduced sugar preference rate （P<0.05）. Moreover， the model group also showed decreased levels of 5-HT， 5-HIAA， TPH， and MAO-A （P<0.01）， decreased 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio （P<0.01）， downregulated mRNA expression of 5-HT1AR （P<0.01）， and upregulated mRNA expression of 5-HT2AR （P<0.05）. The proportion of Firmicutes decreased， while that of Bacteroidetes increased， leading to a decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes （F/B） ratio （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the high-dose Huanglian Ejiaotang group exhibited a shortened sleep latency （P<0.01）， and increased sleep maintenance （P<0.01）. The low-dose Huanglian Ejiaotang group showed increased central area activity time （P<0.01） and an increased sugar preference rate （P<0.05）. The high-dose Huanglian Ejiaotang group exhibited increased levels of 5-HT， 5-HIAA， TPH， and MAO-A （P<0.01）， increased 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio （P<0.05）， upregulated mRNA expression of 5-HT1AR （P<0.01）， and downregulated mRNA expression of 5-HT2AR （P<0.05）. The low-dose Huanglian Ejiaotang group displayed an increased proportion of Firmicutes and a decreased proportion of Bacteroidetes， resulting in an increased F/B ratio. At the phylum level， 5-HT， 5-HIAA， and MAO-A were positively correlated with Firmicutes and negatively correlated with Bacteroidetes. At the genus level， 5-HT， 5-HIAA， TPH， and MAO-A were negatively correlated with Prevotella and Lactobacillus and positively correlated with Blautia and Bacteroides. ConclusionHuanglian Ejiaotang can improve sleep deprivation-induced insomnia and depressive-like behavior by regulating the activity of the 5-HT system and the composition of gut microbiota.

Objective:To explore the feasibility of using pulse oxygen saturation (SpO 2) to evaluate the condition of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in the Lijiang region. Methods:Patients with ARDS who visited the department of emergency of People's Hospital of Lijiang from August to December 2020 were selected as study subjects. Patients were divided by severity into mild ARDS group [200 mmHg (1mmHg = 0.133 kPa)≤oxygenation index (PaO 2/FiO 2, P/F)≤300 mmHg] and moderate to severe ARDS group (P/F≤200 mmHg). The general condition, clinical diagnosis, arterial blood gas analysis results of the patients were recorded, and the differences of the above indexes between the two groups of ARDS were compared. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between SpO 2 and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO 2). SpO 2 was carried into the Ellis equation and the Rice equation to calculate the derived P/F and analyze the correlation between the derived P/F and the P/F measured in arterial blood gas analysis; receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curves) were plotted, the sensitivity and specificity of SpO 2/fraction of inspiration oxygen (SpO 2/FiO 2, S/F) instead of P/F to assess oxygenation in patients with ARDS was calculated. To evaluate the feasibility of SpO 2 for the condition evaluation of patients with ARDS in the Lijiang region. Results:Compared with the mild ARDS group, the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2), SaO 2 and hemoglobin (Hb) were significantly decreased in the moderate to severe ARDS group [PaO 2 (mmHg): 50.5 (39.3, 56.5) vs. 60.0 (55.0, 67.5), SaO 2: 0.86 (0.73, 0.91) vs. 0. 93 (0.90, 0.96), Hb (g/L): 142±27 vs. 156±24, respectively, all P < 0.05]. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between SpO 2 and SaO 2 in ARDS patients residing at high altitude ( R = 0.650, P = 0.000). The P/F derived by the Rice formula was significantly and positively correlated with the P/F derived from arterial blood gas analysis ( R = 0.802, P = 0.000). The deduced P/F in mild and moderate to severe ARDS groups were all significantly correlated with the measured P/F ( R values were 0.562, 0.647, both P = 0.000). The P/F derived using the Ellis formula showed a significant positive correlation with the P/F derived from arterial blood gas analysis ( R = 0.822, P = 0.000). The deduced P/F of mild ARDS group and moderate to severe ARDS group were all positively correlated with the measured P/F ( R values were 0.556, 0.589, P values were 0.000, 0.010). There was a significant positive correlation between S/F and P/F in ARDS patients ( R = 0.828, P = 0.000), and the regression equation was S/F = 1.33 P/F+52.41. ROC curve analysis showed that S/F had some predictive value for patients with mild and moderate to severe ARDS, and area under ROC curve (AUC) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were 0.903 (0.829-0.977), 0.936 (0.870-1.000), both P = 0.000. When the cut-off value was 452 mmHg, S/F had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 80.9% for predicting mild ARDS. When the cut-off value was 319 mmHg, S/F predicted moderate to severe ARDS with 95.1% sensitivity and 86.2% specificity. Conclusions:At high altitude, SpO 2 and SaO 2 have been correlated in patients with ARDS, and P/F derived using SpO 2 and measured P/F were significantly correlated in patients with ARDS, especially in those with moderate to severe ARDS. SpO 2 may be useful in the assessment of severity of illness in patients with ARDS at high altitude.

PRECEDE-PROCEED model is a new research hotspot in the field of health education in recent years, which has been widely used in many education fields and has achieved good results. This article discussed in detail the theoretical framework, advantages and application status of PRECEDE-PROCEED model in the field of health education, so as to enhance the medical and nursing staff's understanding of this model, and provide a reference for applying this model to clinical work scientifically.

OBJECTIVE：To excavate the safety warning signals induced by azole antifungal agents ，including fluconazole ， ketoconazole，itraconazole and voriconazole after marketing ，and to provide references for rational drug use in the clinic. METHODS：Reporting odds ratio （ROR）data mining algorithm was used to investigate signals of adverse drug event （ADE）for fluconazole，ketoconazole，itraconazole and voriconazole from FDA Adverse Event Reporting System （FAERS）during January 1st，2004 to March 30th，2019. ROR data mining method was used to excavate the ADR signals of the drugs ，and main ADR involved in the safety information of azole antifungal agents instructions were analyzed. RESULTS ：A total of 27 831，5 712， 5 381 and 11 333 reports were picked out for fluconazole ，ketoconazole，itraconazole and voriconazole ，respectively. All of these drugs had exhibited high-risk signals detection by ROR ，including medical examination ，blood and lymphatic system disorders ， renal and urinary disorders ，endocrine diseases ，hepatobiliary disorders. The hepatotoxic-related ADR signals were mainly concentrated in fluconazole and voriconazole （fluconazole ROR ＝6.51，voriconazole ROR ＝14.65）；ADR detection results of Cushing’s-like syndrome （ROR＝24.86） and adrenal suppression （ROR＝44.06） by itraconazole showed high-risk signals ； ketoconazole and itraconazole had showed a strong ADR signal in adrenocortical dysfunction （ketoconazole ROR ＝15.64， itraconazole ROR ＝23.26），and the signal intensity of ketoconazole （ROR＝2.81）in skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders was significantly higher than that of other drugs . In addition ，hemorrhagic cystitis caused by fluconazole，itraconazole and voriconazole were not included in the drug instructions （fluconazole ROR ＝17.73，itraconazole ROR ＝31.43，voriconazole ROR ＝17.06）； netted green spot caused by fluconazole （ROR＝10.50）were not included in the drug instructions . CONCLUSIONS：Clinical staff should pay more attention to the differences in serious ADR related to fluconazole ，ketoconazole，itraconazole and voriconazole ； particularly some ADRs not mentioned in the drug instructions but have high incidence such as hemorrhagic cystitis caused by fluconazole，itraconazole，voriconazole and netted green spot caused by fluconazole ，as well as ADRs mentioned in the drug instructions but have abnormally high signal ，such as Cushing ’s-like syndrome and adrenal suppression caused by itraconazole .

Objective To investigate the value of dual-exponential model intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) DWI and conventional single-exponential DWI model based on readout segmentation echo-planar (RS-EP) sequence in differential diagnosis of simple rhinitis and chronic hypertrophic rhinitis.Methods Totally,20 patients confirmed by pathology were enrolled in this study and all of them underwent IVIM DWI and conventional DWI.The pure diffusion (D),pseudo-diffusion (D*),perfusion fraction (f) and conventional ADC maps were obtained respectively.The quantitative parameters of anterior,middle,posterior regions of inferior nasal concha mucosa were measured.Comparative statistical analysis was performed for comparing two groups and three regions.ROC analysis was conducted to assess the diagnostic performance.Results The ADC and D values in the simple rhinitis group were (1 938.84 ± 170.46) × 10-6 mm2/s,and (1 698.91 ±145.17) × 10-6 mm2/s.In chronic hypertrophic rhinitis group,the ADC value was (1 681.76± 132.21) × 10-6 mm2/s,and the D value was (1 439.39 ± 101.26)× 10-6 mm2/s.There were significant differences between the two groups (both P＜0.05).No significant differences were found for D* and f values between two groups (both P＞0.05).ADC values increased significantly from anterior region,middle region to posterior region (all P＜0.05).No significant difference was found for D* value among three regions (P＞0.05).ROC analysis demonstrated a higher area under the curve (AUC) for D value than ADC value (0.932±0.044 vs 0.896±0.058) with sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,positive and negative predictive values of 92.31％,93.75％,90.00％,93.75％,85.71％.Conclusion Based on RS-EP sequence,both IVIM DWI model and conventional single-exponential DWI model demonstrated great value in differential diagnosis of simple rhinitis and chronic hypertrophic rhinitis,and the IVIM-derived D value exhibited a higher diagnostic performance than the conventional ADC value.

Objective To evaluate whether perinatal personalized self-efficacy can improve the rate of breastfeeding six months after delivery in primiparas by applying it in the breastfeeding by primiparas. Methods Totally 76 pregnant women who were admitted by the outpatient service of the Obstetrics Department from January to February 2016 were selected as the object of intervention by convenience sampling. Pregnant women admitted in January 2016 were divided into the control group (n=38) and received conventional nursing, while those admitted in February 2016 were divided into the observation group (n=38) and received perinatal personalized breastfeeding self-efficacy intervention. Then the breastfeeding self-efficacy one week and one month after delivery and the rate of pure breastfeeding one week, one month, three months and six months after delivery were compared between two groups.Results The pregnant women in the observation group showed higher breastfeeding self-efficacy than the pregnant women in the control group (t=25.43,22.78;P<0.05). The rates of pure breastfeeding one week, one month, three months and six months after delivery were 88.57％, 85.71％, 80.00％ and 77.14％, respectively, higher than those of the pregnant in the control group, which were 66.67％, 55.56％, 47.22％ and 36.11％, respectively (χ2=4.878, 7.749, 8.215, 12.146;P<0.05). Conclusions Perinatal personalized self-efficacy intervention can improve the breastfeeding self-efficacy and the rate of pure breastfeeding six months after delivery.

Objective To examine the expression and clinical significance of MyD88 in ovarian carcinomas.Methods Specimens from 115 patients with ovarian carcinomas managed in our hospital between Augest 2000 and February 2010 were included in this study.Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of MyD88 in ovarian carcinomas and normal tissues.All the specimens were confirmed by pathology for ovarian carcinomas and normal tissues by HE staining.The correlation between the expression and clinical significance of patients was analyzed.Results The positive expression rate of MyD88 in ovarian carcinomas and normal tissues was 70.4％ and 23.5％,respectively.MyD88 expression was significantly associated with tumor stage and distant metastasis (P ＜ 0.05).According to the survival analysis of 115 ovarian carcinomas patients,cases in the MyD88 positive-expression group showed poorer overall survival rate when compared with negative-expression group (P ＜ 0.001).Conclusion These results indicate that the expression of MyD88 was related with in the progression of ovarian carcinomas and may have clinical utility in the prediction of prognosis of ovarian carcinomas.

OBJECTIVETo observe and summarize the morphologic features that may suggest submucosal invasive adenocarcinoma in colorectal mucosa biopsy specimens.

METHODSThe study cohort included 432 colorectal biopsy specimens were obtained from 2006 to 2012. All the cases had radical surgery. Basing on the pathologic diagnoses, the cases were divided into 366 invasive adenocarcinoma (IAC) and 66 high-grade intraepithelial neoplasms (HGIN). These two groups were compared.

RESULTSIn the IAC group, the percentage of tumor forming cribriform structures, acute angle-shaped glands, diffuse carcinoma cell proliferation was 61.2% (224/366) , 33.8% (124/366) and 7.4% (27/366) , respectively. In the HGIN group, cribriform gland structures appeared in 6.0% (4/66) of the cases, while no acute angle-shaped gland or diffuse carcinoma cell proliferation was detected. The difference of these three characteristics in the two group was statistically significant (all P < 0.01). Glandular branching was detected in 89.9% (329/366) of IAC cases and 66.7% (44/66) of HGIN cases; this difference was not significant. There was no difference in cellular atypia between the two groups. Interstitial fibrosis was detected more frequently in the IAC group (85.5%, 313/366 in IAC versus 0 in HGIN, P < 0.01). In biopsy specimens of IAC, a few cases showed neoplastic glands in close contact with large lymphatics, adipose tissue, and ganglion.

CONCLUSIONSIn colorectal biopsy specimen, the five features that suggest submucosal invasion of the neoplastic glands including the formation of cribriform structure, angular gland, diffuse carcinoma cells, interstitial fibrosis and neoplastic glands in close contact with the thick-walled vessels.

Adenocarcinoma ; pathology ; Biopsy ; Carcinoma in Situ ; pathology ; Cell Proliferation ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa ; pathology ; Neoplasm Invasiveness