Immune checkpoint inhibitors can induce a rare but fatal complication known as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis(HLH). However, reports of ICI-related HLH in breast cancer are extremely limited, and no cases induced by the combination of toripalimab with chemotherapy have been documented. This article reports a case of a breast cancer patient who developed persistent high fever 13 days after receiving toripalimab combined with chemotherapy. Diagnostic evaluations met the HLH-2004 diagnostic criteria. Following methylprednisolone pulse therapy, the patient's symptoms improved rapidly, with subsequent consolidation treatment involving low-dose etoposide. Follow-up examinations one month after discharge showed normal results. This case suggests that toripalimab may induce HLH in breast cancer patients and that initial treatment with glucocorticoids alone can be effective. It provides a reference for the early clinical identification and management of such severe immune-related adverse events.

Indwelling urinary catheterization is one of the most widely used invasive procedures in clinical practice, playing a critical role in disease diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. In 2024, the European Association of Urology Nurses (EAUN) released the Best Practice Guidelines for Indwelling Urinary Catheterization in Adults-Transurethral and Suprapubic Catheterization (hereinafter referred to as the Guideline), aiming to provide evidence-based clinical guidance and health education information for healthcare professionals. This article interprets the section on "Nursing Principles" within the Guideline, which spans the entire process of catheter management. Key aspects covered include pre-insertion preparation, catheter insertion procedure, catheter maintenance and securement, observation of urine color, prevention of constipation, and catheter removal. The aim is to help urology nurses and related healthcare personnel gain an in-depth understanding of the recommendations in the Guideline, promote its standardized application in clinical practice, improve the quality of indwelling catheter care, and ensure patient safety.

Objective The pathophysiological process of acute high-altitude hypoxia-induced lung injury affects protein expression levels,which are mainly evaluated by Western blot.No systematic study has investigated changes in internal control proteins as calibration loading amounts.Methods Lung injury at an altitude of 6000 m was induced in a low-pressure,low-oxygen chamber for 8,24,and 72 h using C57BL/6J mice.Establishment of the model was confirmed by hematoxylin and eosin staining.Expression levels of various internal control proteins,including vinculin,α-tubulin,eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5(EIF5),β-actin,and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH)were detected by Western blot,and total protein expression was detected by Coomassie blue staining.Furthermore,the lung injury model in vitro was establised by using,Bronchial epithelial cell(BZAS-2B)andhunman umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECS)confirmed by TUNEL staining.Expression levels of internal control proteins were detected by Western blot,and total protein expression was detected by Coomassie Blue staining.Results Acute 8,24,and 72 h hypoxic models were successfully established in lung tissue,demonstrating consistent total protein expression and stable levels of the internal reference proteins vinculin,α-tubulin,EIF5,andβ-actin.GAPDH expression was elevated in the HH8 h,HH24 h,and HH72 h groups compared with the normoxia(Nor)group,but only the increase at HH72 h groups was significant.Similarly,8,24,and 48 h hypoxic models were successfully established in BEAS-2B cells and HUVECs,with consistent total protein expression.In BEAS-2B cells,expression levels of the internal reference proteins β-actin and GAPDH were consistent with the normoxic control(NC)group,while vinculin,α-tubulin,and EIF5 expression levels were significantly reduced under hypoxic conditions for up to 24 h.In HUVECs,vinculin and α-tubulin expression levels were also consistent with the NC group,while EIF5,β-actin,and GAPDH expression levels were significantly reduced at 8 h and increased at 48 h.Conclusions Acute hypoxia induces lung tissue injury,and protein expression levels of the internal reference proteins vinculin,α-tubulin,EIF5,and β-actin are stable,making them suitable internal references for Western blot.Additionally,Western blot detected differential expression levels of the internal reference proteins vinculin,α-tubulin,EIF5,β-actin,and GAPDH in BEAS-2B cells and HUVECs,as the most important in vitro lung tissue models of hypoxia-induced injury.

OBJECTIVE To explore the diagnostic value of combined detection of microRNA(miRNA)and alpha-fetoprotein(AFP),protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-Ⅱ(PIVKA-Ⅱ)in ascites and serum ex-tracellular vesicles(EVs)for hepatitis B virus(HBV)-related primary hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).METHODS From Nov.2023 to Nov.2024,41 patients with liver cancer and 26 patients with liver cirrhosis who underwent ascites placement or ascites concentration and reinfusion procedures at the Fifth Medical Center of Chi-nese PLA General Hospital were selected as study subjects.Ascites and serum samples were collected.Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)was used to detect the expression levels of miR-21,miR-125a,miR-150 and miR-200a in EVs.Chemiluminescence was used to measure the levels of AFP and PIVKA-Ⅱ in ascites,serum and EVs from ascites and serum.An artificial neural network was utilized to con-struct a combined diagnostic model of serum and ascites markers.RESULTS The area under the curve(AUC)for distinguishing HCC from liver cirrhosis using a combination of serum and other indicators was 0.933.The AUC for distinguishing HCC from liver cirrhosis using a combination of ascites and other indicators was 0.912.By screening all detected indicators using an artificial neural network and incorporating indicators with a relative im-portance＞0.5 into the diagnostic model,the model included four indicators:ascites AFP,ascites EVs miR-21,ascites EVs miR-200a and serum EVs miR-200a.This model had a sensitivity of 80.77％,a specificity of 87.80％and an AUC of 0.960 for distinguishing HCC from liver cirrhosis patients.CONCLUSION The combined diagnos-tic markers of miRNA,AFP and PIVKA-Ⅱ in ascites and serum-derived EVs have good application value in the diagnosis of HCC.

Objective The pathophysiological process of acute high-altitude hypoxia-induced lung injury affects protein expression levels,which are mainly evaluated by Western blot.No systematic study has investigated changes in internal control proteins as calibration loading amounts.Methods Lung injury at an altitude of 6000 m was induced in a low-pressure,low-oxygen chamber for 8,24,and 72 h using C57BL/6J mice.Establishment of the model was confirmed by hematoxylin and eosin staining.Expression levels of various internal control proteins,including vinculin,α-tubulin,eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5(EIF5),β-actin,and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH)were detected by Western blot,and total protein expression was detected by Coomassie blue staining.Furthermore,the lung injury model in vitro was establised by using,Bronchial epithelial cell(BZAS-2B)andhunman umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECS)confirmed by TUNEL staining.Expression levels of internal control proteins were detected by Western blot,and total protein expression was detected by Coomassie Blue staining.Results Acute 8,24,and 72 h hypoxic models were successfully established in lung tissue,demonstrating consistent total protein expression and stable levels of the internal reference proteins vinculin,α-tubulin,EIF5,andβ-actin.GAPDH expression was elevated in the HH8 h,HH24 h,and HH72 h groups compared with the normoxia(Nor)group,but only the increase at HH72 h groups was significant.Similarly,8,24,and 48 h hypoxic models were successfully established in BEAS-2B cells and HUVECs,with consistent total protein expression.In BEAS-2B cells,expression levels of the internal reference proteins β-actin and GAPDH were consistent with the normoxic control(NC)group,while vinculin,α-tubulin,and EIF5 expression levels were significantly reduced under hypoxic conditions for up to 24 h.In HUVECs,vinculin and α-tubulin expression levels were also consistent with the NC group,while EIF5,β-actin,and GAPDH expression levels were significantly reduced at 8 h and increased at 48 h.Conclusions Acute hypoxia induces lung tissue injury,and protein expression levels of the internal reference proteins vinculin,α-tubulin,EIF5,and β-actin are stable,making them suitable internal references for Western blot.Additionally,Western blot detected differential expression levels of the internal reference proteins vinculin,α-tubulin,EIF5,β-actin,and GAPDH in BEAS-2B cells and HUVECs,as the most important in vitro lung tissue models of hypoxia-induced injury.

To formulate an expert consensus on the principles of preoperative hair removal and provide scientific guidance for standardized removal of hair before surgical procedures so as to reduce the incidence of surgical site infections.METHODS Led by the Hospital Management Institute of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China,this consensus was reached with the joint efforts from the expects of relevant fields such as surgeries,interventional therapies,nursing,and infection prevention and control.The consensus facilitates the classification and evaluation of literatures by following the evidence grade formulated by Oxford Evidence-based Medicine Center and focuses on the association of preoperative hair removal with surgical site infection,it reaches the evidence grade of expert consensus and recommendation intensity by integrating with discussions on meetings and clinical experience of the expects from relevant fields.RESULTS A total of 6 items of consensus were reached by summarizing the latest evidence on the aspects including the indications for preoperative hair removal,tools,range,timing and places.CONCLUSION The consensus,to some extent,make supplements to and complete the exiting regulations and standards.It provides guidance for the medical institutions to carry out the preoperative hair removal.

The aim of this study is to establish a rapid,efficient,and sensitive method for detecting the infectious laryngotracheitis virus(ILTV).The DNA of ILTV was extracted and used as a tem-plate to develop a recombinant enzyme-mediated isothermal amplification(RAA)fluorescence de-tection method for ILTV through optimization of conditions,sensitivity analysis,and repeatability assessment.Additionally,the nucleic acids of avian influenza virus(AIV),IBV,and Newcastle dis-ease virus(NDV)were detected to verify the specificity of this method.Finally,this method was applied to analyze 59 clinical samples collected from multiple large-scale chicken farms in Hebei Province,and the results were compared with those obtained from real-time fluorescence quantifi-cation(qPCR)and PCR methods according to national standards.The results showed that the RAA detection method established in this study had a reaction system of 25.0 μL buffer,2.1 μL primer,0.6 μL probe,5.0 μL magnesium acetate,and 5.0 μL template.The reaction temperature was 39 ℃ and the amplification time was within 20 minutes.The sensitivity of this method was 101 copies/μL,and the specificity detection was 100％.Testing of 59 clinical samples showed that 17 were detected positive by both RAA fluorescence and qPCR,and 12 were detected by PCR,and the detection rate of RAA(fluorescence)was consistent with real-time fluorescence quantification and qPCR,which was higher than that of the PCR assay.The research results indicate that the RAA fluorescence method has a short detection time,good specificity and sensitivity,and can be used for rapid detection of ILTV.

Objective:To understand the current status of oral frailty in elderly diabetic patients and analyze its influencing factors.Methods:A convenience sampling method was used to select elderly diabetic patients hospitalized at Henan Cancer Hospital and Henan Provincial People's Hospital from October 2023 to May 2024. The general information questionnaire, Oral Frailty Index-8 (OFI-8) , Short Form of Health Literacy Dental Scale (HeLD-14) , Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) , and the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) were used to collect data. Binary Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the influencing factors of oral frailty in elderly diabetic patients.Results:A total of 235 questionnaires were distributed, and 220 valid questionnaires were returned, with an effective response rate of 93.62% (220/235) . The incidence of oral frailty in elderly diabetic patients was 46.82% (103/220) . The binary Logistic regression analysis showed that glycated hemoglobin, dry mouth, remaining teeth, nutritional risk, oral health literacy, and diabetes distress were significant influencing factors for the occurrence of oral frailty in elderly diabetic patients ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:The current status of oral frailty in elderly diabetic patients is concerning. Healthcare providers should pay attention to the oral health status of elderly diabetic patients and provide targeted nursing interventions and recommendations based on the influencing factors of oral frailty, in order to reduce its occurrence.

Objective:To investigate effect of cedrol on radiosensitivity of prostate cancer(PCa)cells and its mechanism.Methods:mRNA and protein expressions of cGAS and STING in PCa tissues and cells were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot,respectively.Human PCa cells PC-3 were divided into control group,radiation group,cedrol group,combination group and inhibitor group.Radiosensitivity of cells in each group was detected by plate cloning test;apoptosis,migration and invasion were detected by flow cytometry,scratch test and Transwell chamber,respectively;γ-H2AX immunofluorescence staining was used to analyze effect of cedrol on DNA damage repair;after PC-3 cells and CD8+T cells were co-cultured,cells were divided into T cell group,co-culture group,cedrol group and inhibitor group,MTT and flow cytometry were used to detect proliferation and apoptosis of CD8+T cells,IFN-γ,IL-2 and TNF-α levels in supernatant of CD8+T cells were detected by ELISA;Western blot was used to detect prolife-rating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA),Bcl-2 associated protein(Bax),programmed death recepter ligand 1(PD-L1)and cGAS-STING signal pathway protein.Results:cGAS and STING protein and mRNA expressions in PCa tissues and cells were decreased(P<0.05),which were lowest in PC-3 cells.Compared with control group,colony formation rate,cell survival rate,scratch healing rate and cell inva-sion rate of PC-3 cells in radiation group and cedrol group were decreased obviously,apoptosis rate and number of γ-H2AX focus were increased obviously(P<0.05);compared with radiation group and cedrol group,combined group inhibited proliferation,migration and invasion of PC-3 cells,and induced DNA damage and apoptosis(P<0.05);inhibitor group attenuated inhibitory effect of com-bined group on proliferation,migration and invasion of PC-3 cells,and promoted DNA damage and apoptosis(P<0.05);compared with T cell group,A490,levels of IFN-γ,IL-2 and TNF-α in CD8+T cells in co-culture group were decreased,apoptosis rate was in-creased(P<0.05);compared with co-culture group,A490,levels of IFN-γ,IL-2 and TNF-α in CD8+T cells in cedrol group were in-creased,apoptosis rate was decreased(P<0.05);compared with cedrol group,A490,levels of IFN-γ,IL-2 and TNF-α in CD8+T cells in inhibitor group were decreased,apoptosis rate was increased(P<0.05).Compared with control group,expressions of PCNA and PD-L1 proteins in PC-3 cells in cedrol group were reduced obviously,expressions of Bax,cGAS and STING proteins were increased obviously(P<0.05);inhibitors of cGAS-STING pathway could reverse effect of cedrol on above proteins(P<0.05).Conclusion:Cedrol may enhance radiosensitivity of PCa cells by activating cGAS-STING signal pathway and inhibiting immune escape.

Objective:To analyze the current situation of medical consumables management policy in China,and to provide a reference for the refined management of medical consumables.Methods:Through the policy triangle model and policy tool theory,it comprehensively analyzes the reimbursement medical consumables catalogue and payment management policy of medical insurance in China,covering the policy background,content,process,and participant dimensions.Results:The use frequency of medical consumables policy tools is not balanced,the payment management rules need to be refined,and the participation of multi-stakeholders such as patients is lacking.Conclusion:It is necessary to further strengthen the foundational management of reimbursement medical consumables catalogue,improve the access mechanism of medical consumables for medical insurance,and explore the formulation of categorized payment standards and innovative payment mechanisms.