Haglund syndrome (HS) is a common cause for posterior heel pain in ankle surgery, but the etiology of heel pain is so complicated that its pathogenic factors are currently unclear. For such diseases as posterior heel pain, conservative treatment should be carried out first. However, as their cause is not eliminated their symptoms are likely to recur. With the rapid development of biotechnology, imaging technology, and arthroscopy technology, biological therapy and minimally invasive surgery have gradually become the main treatments for HS. This review expounds on the factors, mechanisms, imaging diagnostic methods, options of conservative and surgical treatments concerning HS, hoping to help the clinical treatment of HS.

Wilson's disease(WD)is an autosomal recessive inherited copper metabolism disorder that can cause myocardial damage,but the sensitivity of electrocardiography and echocardiography in detecting WD myocardial injury is limited.In recent years,cardiac magnetic resonance has been widely used for non-invasive identification of myocardial damage.Cardiac magnetic resonance,through cine imaging,can detect ventricular remodeling and decreased cardiac function in WD patients,as well as identify myocardial fissures;strain imaging can detect subclinical myocardial contractile dysfunction in WD patients;delayed enhancement can assess myocardial fibrosis in WD patients;Mapping techniques can quantitatively detect myocardial edema,inflammation and fibrosis in WD patients,providing a comprehensive non-invasive assessment of WD myocardial damage and offering important information for understanding the mechanism of myocardial injury in WD.This article reviews the research progress of cardiac magnetic resonance in WD myocardial damage.

Wilson's disease(WD)is an autosomal recessive inherited copper metabolism disorder that can cause myocardial damage,but the sensitivity of electrocardiography and echocardiography in detecting WD myocardial injury is limited.In recent years,cardiac magnetic resonance has been widely used for non-invasive identification of myocardial damage.Cardiac magnetic resonance,through cine imaging,can detect ventricular remodeling and decreased cardiac function in WD patients,as well as identify myocardial fissures;strain imaging can detect subclinical myocardial contractile dysfunction in WD patients;delayed enhancement can assess myocardial fibrosis in WD patients;Mapping techniques can quantitatively detect myocardial edema,inflammation and fibrosis in WD patients,providing a comprehensive non-invasive assessment of WD myocardial damage and offering important information for understanding the mechanism of myocardial injury in WD.This article reviews the research progress of cardiac magnetic resonance in WD myocardial damage.

Haglund syndrome (HS) is a common cause for posterior heel pain in ankle surgery, but the etiology of heel pain is so complicated that its pathogenic factors are currently unclear. For such diseases as posterior heel pain, conservative treatment should be carried out first. However, as their cause is not eliminated their symptoms are likely to recur. With the rapid development of biotechnology, imaging technology, and arthroscopy technology, biological therapy and minimally invasive surgery have gradually become the main treatments for HS. This review expounds on the factors, mechanisms, imaging diagnostic methods, options of conservative and surgical treatments concerning HS, hoping to help the clinical treatment of HS.

Hepatitis E virus(HEV)is one of the most common pathogens in acute viral hepatitis.There are at least eight distinct genotypes of HEV.Only humans can contract HEV genotypes 1 and 2,but zoonotic viruses like genotypes 3 and 4 are mostly spread by eating undercooked or in-fected pork in some affluent nations.As a result,boars,both domestic and wild,are typically regar-ded as primary hosts of HEV.Nevertheless,during the past few years,a growing body of research has demonstrated that a number of other wild ruminant animals,such as wild deer and goats,are also susceptible to HEV infection.Determining their participation in the epidemiological cycle of hepatitis E thus requires an understanding of the risk variables that influence the transmission be-tween wild ruminants and humans.With an emphasis on published serological and molecular re-search,this review offers a broad summary of the body of knowledge currently available on the epi-demiology of HEV in wild ruminants.It addresses potential risk factors that could impact the spread of HEV among animals as well as their potential to serve as a source of infectious zoonotic illnesses.It presents an overview of the most recent developments in the epidemiology of HEV in wild ruminants and offers a framework for HEV prevention and management based on science.

Purpose To explore the effect of compressed sensing(CS)technique with different acceleration factors on the quality of cardiac magnetic resonance cine sequences and feasibility of clinical application.Materials and Methods From January to July 2021,40 healthy volunteers were prospectively recruited for cardiac magnetic resonance cine imaging in Hefei First People's Hospital.Four scan protocols of volunteers were designed:SENSE 2 and CS-cine sequences with acceleration factors of 3,4 and 8.The imaging slices include four chamber heart,short axis heart,left ventricular two chamber heart and three chamber heart.Subjective score of image quality,left ventricular cardiac function and 16-segment myocardial thickness of SENSE 2 and CS3,CS4 and CS8 were compared and analyzed.Results Taking SENSE 2 image as the standard score of 5,the scores of CS3 and CS4 were above 3,and the scores of CS8 were below 3.There was no significant difference between the scores of four chamber heart and short axis heart images of CS3 and SENSE 2 sequence(all P>0.05).There were statistically significant differences in the subjective scores of image quality between the left ventricular two chamber heart and three chamber heart groups of each sequence(all P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in left ventricular function(left ventricular ejection fraction,left ventricular end systolic volume,left ventricular end diastolic volume,left ventricular stroke volume,left ventricular end-diastolic mass)(F=0.027,0.182,0.057,0.140,0.545)and myocardial thickness(F=0.052-7.366)among the four imaging schemes(all P>0.05).Conclusion Cardiac cine based on compressed sensing technology have good application prospects.With the increase of acceleration factors,the scanning time gradually decreases,and the corresponding image quality will also decrease.When the acceleration factor is 4,that is,the scanning time of the conventional cine sequence is reduced by 50%,the left ventricular function and myocardial thickness can still be accurately measured,and the image quality basically meets the diagnostic requirements.

Purpose To explore the influence of different spin-locking frequencies on T1ρ values based on a 3.0T MR system.Materials and Methods Thirty-eight healthy adult volunteers underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from July to September 2023.T1ρ mapping and short-axis cine imaging with steady-state free precession sequences were performed with 3.0T MR system.T1ρ mapping sequence in three short-axis slices with three spin-lock frequencies at the amplitude of 5 Hz,300 Hz,400 Hz,and 500 Hz was scanned,respectively.T1ρ relaxation times and myocardial fibrosis index were quantified for each slice and each myocardial segment,the difference in T1ρ of different spin-locking frequencies and myocardial fibrosis index was analyzed using one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance method.Results T1ρ of 5 Hz,300 Hz,400 Hz,and 500 Hz were(33.9±2.8)ms,(43.4±2.1)ms,(45.4±2.6)ms and(46.5±2.4)ms,respectively;and T1ρ values showed a significant progressive increase from the low spin-lock frequency to the high spin-lock frequency of the heart(300 Hz vs.400 Hz:P<0.001;300 Hz vs.500 Hz:P<0.001;400 Hz vs.500 Hz:P=0.043).In addition,the measured myocardial fibrosis index at 300 Hz,400 Hz and 500 Hz were(9.4±2.2)ms,(11.3±2.9)ms and(12.6±2.7)ms,respectively.Statistical analysis underscored significant variations among these measurements(300 Hz vs.400 Hz:P<0.001;300 Hz vs.500 Hz:P<0.001;400 Hz vs.500 Hz:P=0.033).Conclusion In this prospective study,myocardial T1ρ values for the specific cardiac magnetic resonance setting are provided,and we found that spin-lock frequency can affect the T1ρ values.

Purpose To explore the changes in biventricular volume and mass in chronic kidney disease(CKD)patients with preserved ejection fraction using cardiac magnetic resonance(CMR),and evaluate cardiac function using tissue-tracking strain analysis.Materials and Methods The retrospective analysis of 40 CKD patients without symptoms of cardiovascular disease,diabetes and the estimated glomerular filtration rate<60 ml/(min·1.73 m2)who were treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from October 2020 to June 2023 and 25 age-and gender-matched healthy volunteers.All participants underwent 1.5T CMR scans to calculate left and right ventricular function,myocardial strain and native T1 and T2 values,and differences in various imaging parameters between the two groups were compared.Results The native T1 value[(1 109.6±35.9)ms]and T2 value[(58.1±2.9)ms]of CKD patients were significantly higher than those in control group[(1 046.3±15.9)ms,(53.3±2.3)ms](t=8.296,6.916,both P<0.001).The left ventricular end-diastolic volume index,left ventricular end-systolic volume index,left ventricular mass index,right ventricular end-diastolic volume index,right ventricular end-systolic volume index and right ventricular mass index of CKD patients were significantly increased compared with the control group(t=3.233,3.350,5.751,7.746,5.937,2.363,all P<0.05),while the left and right ventricular strain parameters,left ventricular global longitudinal strain,left ventricular global circumferential strain,left ventricular global radial strain,right ventricular global longitudinal strain,right ventricular global circumferential strain and right ventricular global radial strain were significantly decreased(t=9.506,9.072,-10.603,10.496,11.574,-4.018,all P<0.001),and the estimated glomerular filtration rate exhibited significant correlations with left ventricular global longitudinal strain(r=-0.636),left ventricular global radial strain(r=0.688),right ventricular global longitudinal strain(r=-0.513),right ventricular global circumferential strain(r=-0.827)and right ventricular global radial strain(r=0.514)(all P<0.001).Conclusion CMR can quantitatively assess myocardial fibrosis and edema in patients with CKD,and tissue tracking strain analysis can detect myocardial motion abnormalities before changes in ventricular ejection fraction,offering value in the early detection of cardiac involvement in CKD patients..

Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of cannulated screws combined with suture anchor in the treatment of comminuted patellar fractures.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the data of 72 patients who had been admitted to Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University for comminuted patellar fractures between January 2020 and June 2023. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on the surgical techniques used. In group A of 34 patients subjected to fixation using cannulated screws combined with suture anchors, there were 22 males and 12 females with an age of 49 (39, 58) years, and 7 cases of AO type 34-C2 and 27 cases of AO type 34-C3. In group B of 38 patients subjected to fixation using cannulated screws combined with titanium cables, there were 19 males and 19 females with an age of 55 (40, 62) years, and 11 cases of AO type 34-C2 and 27 cases of AO type 34-C3. Comparisons were made between the 2 groups regarding general preoperative data, postoperative range of knee motion, fracture healing time, complications, soft tissue irritation, secondary surgery, postoperative pain assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS), postoperative Bostman knee score, and postoperative Levack knee score.Results:The 2 groups were comparable because there were no statistically significant differences in the general preoperative data and follow-up time between them ( P>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups either in postoperative range of knee motion, fracture healing time, or Bostman knee score or Levack knee score at the last follow-up (all P>0.05). In group A, the VAS pain score and the rate of soft tissue irritation at the last follow-up were respectively 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) and 0% (0/34), significantly lower than those in group B [1.0 (0.0, 1.3) and 15.8% (6/38)] ( P<0.05). The overall incidence of complications and secondary surgery rate in group A were respectively 5.9% (2/34) and 2.9% (1/34), lower than those in group B [21.1% (8/38) and 15.8% (6/38)], but showing no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:In the treatment of comminuted patellar fractures, fixation using cannulated screws combined with both titanium cables and suture anchors can lead to comparable clinical efficacy, but fixation using cannulated screws and suture anchors can reduce soft tissue irritation, alleviate pain, and improve the quality of life of patients.

Objective:To investigate the application of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) quantitative techniques in evaluating myocardial involvement differences between new onset and longstanding systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.Methods:From August 2020 to April 2023, 14 new onset and 15 longstanding SLE patients treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University were prospectively included as the study group. Additionally, 18 age-, gender-, body surface area-, and body mass index-matched healthy volunteers were included as the control group. Clinical baseline data, electrocardiograms, and CMR results including left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-systolic volume index (LVESVI), left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI), cardiac index (CI), left ventricular stroke volume index (LVSVI), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), myocardial strain, native T 1 values, and T 2 values were collected. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the quantitative parameters among the three groups. Bonferroni correction was applied for pairwise group comparisons. Results:The native T 1 values [1 114.50 (1 089.33, 1 150.39) ms, 1 085.32 (1 051.31, 1 129.75) ms] and T 2 values [(55.9±3.4) ms, (53.3±1.5) ms] of new onset and longstanding SLE patients were higher than those of the healthy control group [native T 1 values 1052.62 (1024.75, 1077.59) ms, H=17.72, P<0.001; T 2 values (51.2±1.3) ms, F=18.70, P<0.001]. The T 2 values of the new onset SLE group was higher than that of the longstanding SLE group ( P<0.05). The LVEDVI[86.87 (80.80, 93.55) ml/m 2], LVSVI [54.63 (50.42, 59.03) ml/m 2], and LVMI [48.39 (41.65, 53.26) g/m 2] of the new onset SLE group were higher than those of the control group [LVEDVI: 71.11 (65.80, 81.28) ml/m 2, Z=3.02, P=0.003; LVSVI: 42.17 (40.36, 51.33) ml/m 2, Z=2.76, P=0.006; LVMI: 38.48 (35.22, 43.83) g/m 2, Z=3.10, P=0.002]. The LVEDVI and LVSVI of the new onset SLE group were also higher than those of the longstanding SLE group [LVEDVI: 73.30 (69.87, 84.71) ml/m 2, Z=1.97, P=0.048; LVSVI: 45.53 (42.28, 50.98) ml/m 2, Z=2.34, P=0.020]. Conclusion:Myocardial involvement is more severe in new onset SLE patients, whereas acute myocardial injury is alleviated in longstanding SLE patients. Therefore, early detection of cardiac involvement in SLE patients is crucial for improving prognosis.