ObjectiveRetinal vein occlusion （RVO） is the second most common vascular disease leading to vision loss. Since its pathogenesis remains unclear， current Western medical treatments primarily target complications such as macular edema and neovascularization. The main therapeutic approaches include intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） agents or corticosteroids， laser photocoagulation， and pars plana vitrectomy. However， these treatments cannot fully reverse disease progression or structural damage. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has unique advantages in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of RVO， and integrated Chinese and Western medicine approaches may offer better clinical outcomes. This study， based on the clinical manifestations of RVO， systematically reviews the existing literature and evaluates the alignment of current RVO animal models with clinical manifestations. The aim is to identify the characteristics and limitations of existing models and provide recommendations and prospects for developing RVO animal models featuring the combination of disease and syndrome. MethodsDatabases including CNKI， Wanfang Data， PubMed， and Web of Science were searched with the keywords of "retinal vein occlusion" and "animal model". Model characteristics were assessed based on the diagnostic criteria for diseases and syndromes in both TCM and Western medicine. The alignment of each model with clinical manifestations was analyzed and evaluated. ResultsThe available RVO models were primarily established via methods such as laser photocoagulation， photodynamic therapy， diathermy， intravitreal drug injection， and mechanical modeling. These models demonstrated moderate overall alignment with clinical manifestations， mainly reflecting disease characteristics. However， they generally lack representation of TCM syndrome features. ConclusionExisting RVO models are predominantly based on Western medicine and lack TCM syndrome features. Western medical treatments for RVO have certain limitations， while syndrome differentiation and treatment in TCM offer potential advantages. Future research should focus on developing disease-syndrome integrated animal models that incorporate both pathological features and TCM syndrome characteristics. This approach will enhance the design of RVO models and facilitate both basic and clinical research， which make it a scientifically valuable and necessary endeavor.

ObjectiveRetinal vein occlusion （RVO） is the second most common vascular disease leading to vision loss. Since its pathogenesis remains unclear， current Western medical treatments primarily target complications such as macular edema and neovascularization. The main therapeutic approaches include intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） agents or corticosteroids， laser photocoagulation， and pars plana vitrectomy. However， these treatments cannot fully reverse disease progression or structural damage. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has unique advantages in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of RVO， and integrated Chinese and Western medicine approaches may offer better clinical outcomes. This study， based on the clinical manifestations of RVO， systematically reviews the existing literature and evaluates the alignment of current RVO animal models with clinical manifestations. The aim is to identify the characteristics and limitations of existing models and provide recommendations and prospects for developing RVO animal models featuring the combination of disease and syndrome. MethodsDatabases including CNKI， Wanfang Data， PubMed， and Web of Science were searched with the keywords of "retinal vein occlusion" and "animal model". Model characteristics were assessed based on the diagnostic criteria for diseases and syndromes in both TCM and Western medicine. The alignment of each model with clinical manifestations was analyzed and evaluated. ResultsThe available RVO models were primarily established via methods such as laser photocoagulation， photodynamic therapy， diathermy， intravitreal drug injection， and mechanical modeling. These models demonstrated moderate overall alignment with clinical manifestations， mainly reflecting disease characteristics. However， they generally lack representation of TCM syndrome features. ConclusionExisting RVO models are predominantly based on Western medicine and lack TCM syndrome features. Western medical treatments for RVO have certain limitations， while syndrome differentiation and treatment in TCM offer potential advantages. Future research should focus on developing disease-syndrome integrated animal models that incorporate both pathological features and TCM syndrome characteristics. This approach will enhance the design of RVO models and facilitate both basic and clinical research， which make it a scientifically valuable and necessary endeavor.

Objective To develop albumin-binding indocyanine green (ICG) and assess its potential for near-infrared fluorescence imaging and intraoperative navigation in lung cancer. Methods ABD-tri was recombinantly expressed by genetic engineering. Its albumin-binding capability was determined using size-exclusion chromatography, and its albumin-dependent binding to lung cancer cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. ICG was conjugated to ABD-tri to generate the fluorescent probe ABD-tri-ICG. The potential of ABD-tri-ICG for near-infrared fluorescence imaging and imaging-guided tumor resection was evaluated in mice bearing subcutaneous tumor grafts of lung cancer. Results ABD-tri was highly expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and was purified to homogeneity via a simple affinity chromatography. ABD-tri bound both human and murine serum albumin, contributing to its binding to lung cancer cells. ICG was effectively conjugated to ABD-tri to produce the fluorescence probe ABD-tri-ICG after mixing and incubation at room temperature for 1 h. In mice bearing lung cancer tumor grafts, intravenously injected ABD-tri-ICG enabled clear visualization of tumors with diameters ranging from 5 to 7 mm within 0.5-24 h post-injection. The tumor grafts were resected under the guidance of ABD-tri-ICG-mediated near-infrared fluorescence imaging. Conclusion Intravenous injection of ABD-tri-ICG allows rapid and sustained visualization of lung cancer tumor grafts and enables intraoperative navigation in mice, warranting further evaluation on the clinical translation of ABD-tri-ICG.

Objective To investigate the potential protective mechanism of tanshinone ⅡA against acetaminophen （APAP）-induced acute liver injury. Methods Thirty mice were randomly divided into the normal group, model group, low-dose tanshinone ⅡA group （5 mg/kg）, medium-dose tanshinone ⅡA group （10 mg/kg） and high-dose tanshinone ⅡA group （20 mg/kg）. All groups were intragastrically administered once daily for 7 consecutive days. On the 7th day, except for the normal group, mice in the remaining groups were intraperitoneally injected with 400 mg/kg APAP to establish the acute lung injury （ALI） model. The protective effect of tanshinone ⅡA was evaluated based on the liver weight ratio, the levels of aspartate aminotransferase （AST） and alanine aminotransferase （ALT）, and HE staining. Targets of tanshinone ⅡA were predicted by the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology （TCMSP）, and a shared target protein-protein interaction （PPI） network was constructed by Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins （STRING） 11.5 in combination with disease targets from GeneCards. The Gene Ontology （GO） and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） enrichment analysis was performed by Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery （DAVID）, and the component-target-pathway network was constructed. The molecular docking between tanshinone ⅡA and the core targets was performed by AutoDock and visualised. Results Compared with the normal group, the liver weight ratio and serum aminotransferase level of mice with acute liver injury were significantly elevated （P<0.05）, and the pathological injury of liver tissue was obvious. After tanshinone ⅡA treatment, the above index were significantly reduced （P<0.05）, and the pathological injury was significantly improved. Further network pharmacological analysis was carried out and found that KEGG pathway enrichment analysis focused on IL-17 signaling pathway and tumor necrosis factor （TNF） signaling pathway, etc. In addition, the PPI core network showed that the key targets of tanshinone ⅡA to ameliorate acute liver injury mainly included TP53, AKT1, SRC, TNF and JUN. The molecular docking results showed that tanshinone ⅡA had high binding scores with the targets of MMP9, NFKB1, TNF, EP300 and SMAD3; and was able to bind to the targets of TP53, AKT1, SRC and JUN. Conclusion Tanshinone ⅡA may play a protective role against acute liver injury by regulating genes such as AKT1, JUN and TNF, and participating in signaling pathways such as TNF and IL-17.

Retinal vein occlusion(RVO)is the second most common blinding retinal vascular disease, and its secondary macular edema(ME)is an important cause of visual function impairment in patients. Intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)drugs serves as the first-line treatment, yet it is confronted with such issues as the need for repeated injections and non-response in some patients. Imaging and laboratory biomarkers play a crucial role in the early accurate diagnosis, prediction of disease progression, and evaluation of visual prognosis of RVO-ME. This study systematically reviews the research progress of imaging and laboratory biomarkers related to the prognosis of RVO-ME after anti-VEGF treatment in recent years, covering imaging biomarkers like central retinal thickness and ellipsoid zone integrity, as well as laboratory biomarkers such as serum APLN and aqueous humor IL-6. It summarizes the associations between different biomarkers and the prognosis of anti-VEGF therapy, aiming to provide a basis for the early accurate assessment and optimization of individualized treatment for RVO-ME patients, which holds significant clinical reference value.

Dry eye is a chronic ocular surface disease caused by multiple factors. It is caused by the instability of tear film and the imbalance of the microenvironment of ocular surface, and may be accompanied by ocular surface inflammation, damage, and abnormal nerve sensation. The instability of tear film is its core characteristic. Mucin is an important component of the tear film and plays a role in stabilizing the tear film. The reduction of its secretion and the change of its structure lead to the occurrence and development of dry eye. The intracellular Ca2+ signal is the key to controlling the secretion of water and enzymes by exocrine glands. A decrease in the Ca2+ signal can cause dry eye. Conjunctival goblet cells are the main cells that secrete mucin. By activating the intracellular PLC-IP3-Ca2+ pathway, RyRs pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, P2X receptor, BLT1 and ChemR23 receptors, cholinergic receptor, and ALX signaling pathway, the content of Ca2+ can be increased, and the replenishment of mucin granules can be accelerated, thereby relieving the symptoms of dry eye. The Ca2+ signaling pathway may be an important target for the treatment of dry eye. This article reviews the role of mucin in dry eye and the influence of the Ca2+ signal on the secretion of mucin by conjunctival goblet cells.

Objective: To investigate the safety and feasibility of transurethral blue laser vaporization of the prostate (BVP) under intravenous anesthesia without intubation. Methods: Clinical data of 30 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (prostate volume <40 mL) patients undergoing BVP under intravenous anesthesia without intubation in our hospital during Jul.and Nov.2024 were retrospectively analyzed.Preoperative and 1-month postoperative international prostate symptom score (IPSS), quality of life score (QoL), maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), and postvoid residual volume (PVR) were compared.The operation time, cumulative blue laser activation time, recovery time, postoperative bladder irrigation time, postoperative catheter indwelling time, postoperative 2-hour visual analog scale (VAS) score and incidence of surgical and anesthetic complications were recorded. Results: All 30 patients successfully completed BVP under intravenous anesthesia without intubation.The operation time was (12.5±5.0) min, cumulative laser activation time (9.8±4.1) min, recovery time (6.8±1.2) min, postoperative bladder irrigation time (11.0±4.6) h, postoperative catheter indwelling time (2.7±1.1) days and postoperative 2-hour VAS score was (3.0±1.3).No cases required conversion to intubated general anesthesia, and no severe perioperative surgical or anesthetic complications occurred.Significant improvements in IPSS, QoL, Qmax, and PVR were observed 1 month postoperatively (P＜0.001). Conclusion: BVP under intravenous anesthesia without intubation in the treatment of prostate volume <40 mL BPH is clinically feasible, significantly improving lower urinary tract symptoms without significant surgical or anesthetic complications.

Objective To analyze ethnic differences in mutations of the PIK3CA and TP53 genes among breast cancer patients from the Han, Tibetan, and Hui ethnic groups in Qinghai, China, and their associations with clinicopathological characteristics. Methods A total of 382 breast cancer tissue samples were retrospectively collected from surgical patients (Jan 2020−Dec 2022), comprising 200 Han, 93 Tibetan, and 89 Hui ethnicity. Mutations in PIK3CA (E542K, H1047R, and E545K) and TP53 (R273H and R175H) were detected by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Correlations between mutations and clinicopathological parameters were analyzed. Results Significant differences were observed in pTNM stage, lymph node metastasis, molecular subtypes, and PR status among the three ethnic groups. The overall mutation rate of PIK3CA and TP53 was 48.95%. The PIK3CA-p.E542K mutation rate in Tibetan cohort was significantly higher than those in Han and Hui cohort, whereas the detection rate of the PIK3CA-p.E545K mutation was lower in Tibetan cohort than that in Han cohort. The PIK3CA-p.E542K mutation was associated with an increased risk of lymph node metastasis. The TP53-p.R175H mutation was significantly correlated with advanced pTNM stage, vascular invasion, and triple-negative breast cancer. The PIK3CA-H1047R and E545K mutations were enriched in the luminal A subtype of breast cancer. Conclusion Considerable ethnic disparities exist in breast cancer mutation profiles in Qinghai, with the high-frequency PIK3CA-p.E542K mutation in Tibetan population potentially serving as a region-specific therapeutic target. Mutations are closely linked to tumor aggressiveness and molecular subtypes, highlighting the value of PIK3CA/TP53 mutation detection for early risk stratification and personalized treatment of breast cancer in high-altitude populations.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological burden of age-related macular degeneration(AMD)in China and low-,middle-,and high-socio-demographic index(SDI)countries,thereby providing a theoretical foundation for the prevention and control of AMD.Methods The data published by Global Burden of Disease(GBD)from 1990 to 2021,in-cluding the number of cases,prevalence,disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),and DALYs rate,were utilized to analyze the characteristics of AMD in China and low-,middle-,and high-SDI countries and assess the burden of AMD and its corre-lation with SDI.Results In 2021,the number of patients with AMD and DALYs in China ranked first in the world.Be-sides,the age-standardized prevalence rate(ASPR)and age-standardized DALYs rate(ASDR)in China ranked 46th and 64th in the world,respectively.The number of patients with AMD and DALYs in high-SDI countries were significantly lower than those in middle-and low-SDI countries.The ASPR and ASDR in China were higher than those in high-SDI countries but lower than those in low-SDI countries,and both exceeded the global averages.The prevalence of AMD among people aged 55 years and above was significantly higher.In high-SDI countries,the highest prevalence of AMD was observed a-mong people aged 80 years or above.The prevalence of AMD in China and middle-SDI countries peaked among people aged 65-69 years;whereas that in low-SDI countries peaked among people aged 75-79 years.The AMD burden in females was significantly higher than that in males.The global number of AMD patients exhibited an increasing trend from 1990 to 2021,with the fastest increase observed in China(3.11-fold).The ASPR in China showed a wave-like increasing trend,while that in low-,middle-,and high-SDI countries showed a decreasing trend during the same period.The overall DALY showed an increasing trend,and the increase in the DALYs in China(2.84-fold)exceeded that in low-,middle-,and high-SDI countries.However,the overall ASDR declined,with the most significant decline observed in high-SDI countries.The AS-DR in China has recently rebounded after a wave-like decline from 1990 to 2021.The analysis results of the slope index of inequality(SII)and concentration index(CI)showed that the gap in the AMD burden between high-income and low-in-come countries widened progressively from 1990 to 2021,with the burden being more severe in low-SDI countries.Conclu-sion In 2021,the number of patients with AMD and DALYs in China ranked first in the world.The overall disease burden of AMD in China was between that of high-and low-SDI countries but was higher than global averages.The prevalence of AMD among people aged 55 years and above was significantly higher,and the burden was higher for females than for males.From 1990 to 2021,the number of patients with AMD and the prevalence of this disease in China exhibited an in-creasing trend,while those in low-,middle-,and high-SDI countries showed a decreasing trend.The overall DALYs in-creased,while the overall ASDR decreased.The gap in the AMD burden between high-income and low-income countries widened,and the burden was more severe in low-SDI countries.It was concluded that the burden of AMD was closely re-lated to age,gender,and SDI,and that its distribution characteristics and trends should be considered in the formulation of prevention and control strategies.

Urolithiasis represents a prevalent clinical challenge marked by high recurrence rates and morbidity，with existing preventive strategies struggling to effectively curb its epidemic trajectory，thereby posing a significant threat to public health. The etiology of this condition is intricate，involving a complex network of interactions spanning classical supersaturation-crystallization theory，Randall’s plaque theory，and multifactorial elements such as cellular injury，inflammatory responses，metabolic derangements，the gut-kidney axis，immune dysregulation，and genetic predisposition. However，the critical mechanisms initiating stone formation and the early pathophysiological processes remain incompletely elucidated，constituting the core impasse in current preventive strategies. This review systematically synthesizes classical theories and cutting-edge advancements in urolithiasis etiology research，emphasizing the urgent need to integrate emerging technologies，including high-dimensional omics，advanced imaging modalities，and artificial intelligence，to dissect pivotal pathological nodes in early stone formation. Such interdisciplinary efforts are essential to overcome cognitive bottlenecks and ultimately achieve personalized，precision-based prevention strategies.