ObjectiveTo explore the academic characteristics of contemporary renowned Chinese medicine masters in treating diabetic kidney disease （DKD） from the perspectives of principles， methods， formulas， and medications. MethodsIn strict accordance with the Systematic Review of Text and Opinion （SrTO） process developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute （JBI）， an Australian evidence-based healthcare center， the databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， VIP Database， Wanfang Data， and China Biomedical Literature Service System （SinoMed） were searched. Based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria， text information extraction， quality evaluation， and text information synthesis were conducted sequentially. The data were analyzed and presented in the form of text and figures. ResultsA total of 215 articles related to 43 contemporary renowned experts in the fields of Chinese medicine nephrology and endocrinology were included. The study found that the academic thoughts of these masters in the treatment of DKD are extensive， involving multiple levels such as disease understanding， therapeutic strategies， formula application， and medication use. In terms of disease understanding， the primary pathogenesis is characterized by deficiency in the root and excess in the manifestation. It is emphasized that internal factors， such as congenital endowment deficiency， interact with external factors such as improper diet， emotional disturbances， invasion of exogenous pathogens， and delayed or inappropriate treatment， to jointly induce the disease. This further gives rise to various pathogenetic theories， including obstruction of renal collaterals by blood stasis， toxin-induced damage to renal collaterals， latent wind disturbing the kidney， and internal heat leading to mass formation. In terms of therapeutic strategies and medication use， the principal treatment method is to replenish Qi and nourish Yin. Stage-based and syndrome-differentiated treatments are advocated. Flexible use of insect-derived drugs and wind-dispelling drugs is emphasized， along with proficiency in applying classical formulas and drug pairs. Integrated internal and external treatments， as well as the combined application of multiple therapeutic approaches， are commonly employed for comprehensive management. Meanwhile， the concept of "preventive treatment of disease" is upheld， and individualized long-term management of patients is advocated. ConclusionThrough the SrTO process， the academic thoughts of contemporary renowned Chinese medicine masters in the treatment of DKD have been systematically and standardly synthesized， providing a scientific and standardized basis for future theoretical exploration.

ObjectiveTo explore the academic characteristics of contemporary renowned Chinese medicine masters in treating diabetic kidney disease （DKD） from the perspectives of principles， methods， formulas， and medications. MethodsIn strict accordance with the Systematic Review of Text and Opinion （SrTO） process developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute （JBI）， an Australian evidence-based healthcare center， the databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， VIP Database， Wanfang Data， and China Biomedical Literature Service System （SinoMed） were searched. Based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria， text information extraction， quality evaluation， and text information synthesis were conducted sequentially. The data were analyzed and presented in the form of text and figures. ResultsA total of 215 articles related to 43 contemporary renowned experts in the fields of Chinese medicine nephrology and endocrinology were included. The study found that the academic thoughts of these masters in the treatment of DKD are extensive， involving multiple levels such as disease understanding， therapeutic strategies， formula application， and medication use. In terms of disease understanding， the primary pathogenesis is characterized by deficiency in the root and excess in the manifestation. It is emphasized that internal factors， such as congenital endowment deficiency， interact with external factors such as improper diet， emotional disturbances， invasion of exogenous pathogens， and delayed or inappropriate treatment， to jointly induce the disease. This further gives rise to various pathogenetic theories， including obstruction of renal collaterals by blood stasis， toxin-induced damage to renal collaterals， latent wind disturbing the kidney， and internal heat leading to mass formation. In terms of therapeutic strategies and medication use， the principal treatment method is to replenish Qi and nourish Yin. Stage-based and syndrome-differentiated treatments are advocated. Flexible use of insect-derived drugs and wind-dispelling drugs is emphasized， along with proficiency in applying classical formulas and drug pairs. Integrated internal and external treatments， as well as the combined application of multiple therapeutic approaches， are commonly employed for comprehensive management. Meanwhile， the concept of "preventive treatment of disease" is upheld， and individualized long-term management of patients is advocated. ConclusionThrough the SrTO process， the academic thoughts of contemporary renowned Chinese medicine masters in the treatment of DKD have been systematically and standardly synthesized， providing a scientific and standardized basis for future theoretical exploration.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a short video based health education model in enhancing e-cigarette awareness among junior high school students, so as to provide empirical evidence for optimizing school based health education in the digital era. Methods: In December 2024, a cluster sampling method was applied to recruit 465 eighth grade students from a middle school in Kunming for a survey. The intervention was implemented through playing short videos produced by the research team in the classroom, and a self designed adolescent e-cigarette questionnaire was used to conduct assessments before and after intervention, along with qualitative interviews with 60 teachers and students by purposive sampling. Pre and post intervention outcomes were compared by using paired t-test and Chi-square test. Qualitative data underwent a three stage coding process of "open, axial, and selective coding" to construct an explanatory framework. Results: Quantitative analysis showed significant post intervention increases in both baseline awareness scores（92.1±6.6）and deep awareness scores (70.0±17.6) compared with pre intervention( 78.2± 14.0，46.1±20.5)( t =23.54，26.72，both P <0.05), both meeting the criteria for large effect sizes (Cohen s d =1.09, 1.24). The improvement in deep awareness was particularly pronounced, specifically regarding addictive ingredients, illicit additives(tiletamine,metomidate,etomidate), and misconceptions about smoking cessation efficacy ( χ 2=150.54,113.27,117.40,112.92, 69.93 , all P <0.01). Qualitative insights revealed that narrative transportation and visual enhancement were the core mechanisms of efficacy: 87.3% of students preferred contextualized narratives, 85.5% of students decoded cognitive bottlenecks more effectively because of visual enhancement, and 72.7% relied on short videos for micro learning. Conclusion Short video based health education can effectively enhance e-cigarette awareness among junior high school students, offering a pragmatically viable digital pathway for school based health education.

Degenerative retinoschisis(RS)is a common peripheral retinal degeneration that typically remains asymptomatic and follows a benign clinical course. However, its morphological resemblance to rhegmatogenous retinal detachment(RRD)presents a diagnostic challenge, as the two conditions demand fundamentally different management and carry distinct prognoses. Precise differentiation is therefore clinically imperative. Recent advances in multimodal imaging have substantially refined the diagnostic accuracy and differential assessment of degenerative RS, establishing spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT)as the definitive reference standard. When the disease progresses to progressive symptomatic schisis-related retinal detachment(PSSRD), prompt surgical intervention, including scleral buckling, pars plana vitrectomy, or a combined approach, is mandated to preserve visual function. Clinical decision-making must be individualized, with the surgical strategy carefully tailored to the specific characteristics of eachcase. This review provides a systematic synthesis of current evidence on the natural history, imaging hallmarks, and surgical management of degenerative RS and its complications, aiming to inform and optimize clinical practice.

ObjectiveTo construct and validate a clinical prediction model for Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome in chronic heart failure （CHF），aiming to assist clinical diagnosis and provide tools and methods for individualized treatment of CHF. MethodsThe clinical data of patients with chronic heart failure treated at Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine from January 2022 to January 2024 were retrospectively collected. The patients were randomly divided into a training group and a validation group with a ratio of 7∶3. First， the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator （LASSO） regression analysis was used to preliminarily screen the predictive factors affecting the diagnosis of Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome in CHF. Subsequently， the Logistic regression method was applied to conduct a more in-depth and detailed analysis of these factors. Variables with P<0.05 in the results of the multi-factor Logistic regression were carefully selected and included. Based on the regression coefficients obtained from this analysis， a model was constructed， and a nomogram was accurately drawn. Using R software，the receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve，calibration curve，and decision curve analysis （DCA） were precisely drawn. These analyses were used to comprehensively evaluate the model from three crucial aspects： discrimination，calibration，and clinical applicability. Additionally， the accuracy，specificity，sensitivity，positive predictive value，and negative predictive value of the model were meticulously calculated to conduct a more all-round and comprehensive assessment. ResultsIn total， 168 cases were successfully obtained in the training group， and 71 cases were included in the validation group. After a thorough comparison， it was found that there were no statistically significant differences in the baseline data between the two groups. After being rigorously screened by the LASSO-multivariate logistic regression method， dark red tongue，smoking history，cardiac troponin I，and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide （NT-ProBNP） were identified as the influencing factors for diagnosing patients with the Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome in CHF. The constructed model demonstrated an area under the curve （AUC） of 0.812 in the training group and 0.719 in the validation group. The calibration curve showed that the predicted curve of the model was close to the actual observed curve. DCA indicated that the model could provide substantial clinical benefits for patients at the decision thresholds ranging from 0.2 to 0.9. ConclusionThe clinical prediction model for Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome in chronic heart failure constructed in this study shows good performance. It has certain application value in clinical practice， which may contribute to the improvement of the diagnosis and treatment of CHF patients with this syndrome.

ObjectiveStarting from the etiology， pathogenesis， and treatment strategies of endometriosis and adenomyosis， to integrate and sort out the academic characteristics of contemporary renowned experts and schools in the field of traditional Chinese medicine gynecology. MethodsAccording to the systematic review of text and opinion （SrTO） process developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute （JBI） in Australia， this paper determined literature screening criteria by searching China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， VIP， Wanfang， and China Biomedical Literature Database. Information was extracted after literature screening， and quality evaluation was conducted using the JBI Narrative， Text， and Opinion Systematic Review Strict Evaluation Checklist. The JBI Narrative， Opinion， Text Evaluation， and Review Tool Summary Table was used for information synthesis， and data analysis and display were conducted in the form of text and charts. ResultsThe 146 articles related to 39 renowned experts and 19 articles related to 10 schools of thought were included. Research has found that contemporary experts and schools in traditional Chinese medicine gynecology consider blood stasis as the core pathogenesis in understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of two diseases and related infertility. Their viewpoints varied from multiple aspects such as clinical symptom characteristics， meridian circulation location， pathological product evolution， disease duration， emotional psychology， lifestyle habits， preference for food and drink， innate endowment， and acquired injury. In terms of treatment， it was advocated to divide the stage， treat according to different types， adapt to the times， integrate nature and humans， and combine multiple methods to treat comprehensively when necessary. It was also recommended to skillfully use insects， make good use of classic formulas and small prescriptions， pay attention to protecting the spleen and stomach and regulating emotions， and make good use of self-formulated empirical formulas for internal or external use. Besides， individualized long-term management of patients was also advocated. ConclusionThis study applies the SrTO process to systematically summarize the academic ideas of contemporary renowned experts and schools in traditional Chinese medicine gynecology regarding the causes， mechanisms， diagnosis， and treatments of endometriosis， providing a scientific and standardized reference for future theoretical exploration.

Objective To investigate the application value of ultrasound measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter （ONSD） in the assessment of brain death. Methods A total of 124 subjects were enrolled and divided into brain death group with 34 patients， deep coma group with 28 patients， and healthy control group with 62 individuals， and ultrasound measurement of ONSD was performed for all three groups. A Spearman correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation of brain death with ONSD and baseline characteristics. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were used to identify the independent predictive value of ONSD for brain death. The receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve was plotted to determine the optimal cut-off value of ONSD and evaluate its diagnostic efficacy. Results The Spearman correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between brain death and ONSD （r=0.825，P<0.001）. The multivariate Logistic regression analysis confirmed that ONSD was an independent predictive factor for brain death （odds ratio=70.874， P<0.05，Nagelkerke R2=0.739， Hosmer-Lemeshow test P=0.786）.ONSD had an area under the ROC curve （AUC） of 0.939（95%CI 88.3‒99.4） in the brain death group and the deep coma group， with an optimal cut-off value of 6.005 mm， a sensitivity of 97.1%，a specificity of 78.6%， a positive predictive value of 84.6%， and a negative predictive value of 95.7%. Conclusion Ultrasound measurement of ONSD has an important clinical application value in the assessment of brain death.

Objective To investigate the effect of lidocaine medicated plaster （LMP） combined with pregabalin （PGB） on patients with postherpetic neuralgia （PHN）, and the impact on serum pain mediators. Methods 108 PHN patients admitted in our hospital from January 2024 to December 2024 were selected and grouped according to the time point of receiving treatment, 54 PHN patients treated with PGB from January 2024 to June 2024 were included in the PGB group, and 54 PHN patients treated with LMP on top of the PGB group from July 2024 to December 2024 were included in the PGB+LMP group. Comparisons were made between the two groups in terms of pain score, serum pain mediator levels, dosage of PGB, and incidence of adverse reactions. Results After 4 weeks of treatment, both groups showed a decrease in Pain Rating Index scores （sensory score and affective score）, Present Pain Intensity score, Visual Analog Scale score, and total score. Meanwhile, above scores of the PGB+LMP group were lower than those of the PGB group （P<0.05）. After 4 weeks of treatment, the levels of substance P（SP） and neuropeptide Y （NPY） in both groups were lower than those before treatment, while serum 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT） levels were higher than those before treatment. Moreover, the levels of SP and NPY were lower, and 5-HT level was higher in the PGB+LMP group than in the PGB group （P<0.05）. The dosages of PGB in the PGB+LMP group at T1, T, T3 and T4 were significantly lower than those in the PGB group （P<0.05）. The incidence of adverse reactions was 1.85%（1/54） in the PGB+LMP group. Compared to 5.56%（3/54） in the PGB group, and the difference was not statistically significant （P>0.05）. Conclusion LMP combined with PGB was effective in the treatment of patients with PHN, which could effectively alleviate pain and lower the levels of serum pain mediators, with good safety.

Objective : To explore the association between serum γ-aminobutyric acid ( GABA) levels and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes( T2DM) ． Methods : 187 cases of T2DM patients attending the hospital were selected as the T2DM group，and 187 cases of non-T2DM population attending the same period of time were selected as the control group according to age ( ± 3 years) and gender 1 ∶ 1．On-site questionnaires and physical examination were conducted for the study subjects，and serum levels of GABA，Malondialdehyde ( MDA) and activities of superoxide dismutase ( SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px) were detected by using ELISA kits．The differences in the levels of GABA and oxidative stress indicators ( SOD，GSH-Px，MDA) between the two groups were compared， and the correlation between GABA and oxidative stress indicators was analyzed by Spearman's method; GABA and oxidative stress indicators were divided into three groups according to their control quartiles，respectively ［low level group ( Q1: ＜P25) ，medium level group ( Q2: P25 －P75) ，high level group ( Q3: ＞P75) ］，and conditional logistic regression was applied to analyze the relationship between GABA，oxidative stress indicators and the risk of develo- ping T2DM; the dose-response relationship between GABA，oxidative stress indicators and the risk of developing T2DM was analyzed by using restricted cubic spline ( RCS) ． Results : T2DM group ( P＜0. 05) ．Spearman's correlation analysis showed that GABA level was positively correlated with SOD and GSH-Px activities and negatively correlated with MDA level ( P＜0. 001) ．Conditional logistic regression analysis showed that medium levels of SOD and GSH-Px as well as medium and high levels of GABA were protective factors for T2DM compared with low levels in each group ( P＜0. 05) ．RCS results showed that a negative dose-response relationship between GABA，GSH-Px and the risk of developing T2DM，and SOD showed a trend of decreasing and then increasing the risk of developing T2DM ( P＜0. 05) ． Conclusion Serum GABA levels have been associated with the risk of developing T2DM．As serum GABA levels increase，the risk of developing T2DM may decrease．

Objective To systematically assess the spatiotemporal distribution,risk factors,and future trends of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)among individuals under 50 years of age globally from 1990 to 2021 based on Global Burden of Disease(GBD)data in order to provide support for the formulation of prevention and control strategies of the disease.Methods The GBD data from 1990 to 2021 were analyzed for the incidence,mortality,disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),and estimated annual percentage change(EAPC)of COPD in<50-year-old individuals across 204 countries and regions.The data were stratified by age,sex,region,country,and sociodemographic index(SDI).The COPD trends until 2035 were predicted.Results In 2021,the global incidence of early-onset COPD was estimated at 2.5 million cases(95%uncertainty interval:2.09～2.96 million),representing a 50.55%increase compared to 1990.Significant regional heterogeneity was observed,with low SDI regions experiencing a 134.08%increase,whereas high SDI regions exhibited a rise-then-fall trend.Risk factor analysis identified environmental and occupational exposures(air pollution,ambient ozone pollution,household air pollution from solid fuels,etc.)and smoking as the primary etiological factors.Notably,household solid fuel exposure accounted for 50.90%of COPD-related deaths in low SDI regions,compared to only 0.03%in high SDI regions.Projections indicated that by 2035,the global burden of early-onset COPD will increase to 2.59 million cases.Conclusion The global disease burden of COPD among people under 50 years increased significantly from 1990 to 2021,with pronounced disparities across regions and socioeconomic levels.COPD deaths in low-SDI regions are strongly associated with solid fuel exposure and particulate matter pollution,and these regions are expected to remain the main drivers of global COPD incidence growth through 2035.