Kidney transplantation is the most ideal treatment method for end-stage renal disease, significantly improving the survival rate and quality of life of patients. However, as the postoperative survival period gradually lengthens, chronic diseases have become the main obstacle affecting the long-term outcome of kidney transplantation. These chronic diseases have a high incidence, involve multiple organs and significantly impact prognosis. The core driving factors are mainly related to long-term immunosuppressive therapy. This article systematically discusses the occurrence mechanisms, prevention and treatment strategies, and classification management of common chronic diseases after kidney transplantation (mainly including chronic graft dysfunction, cardiovascular diseases, infections, malignant tumors, bone metabolism disorders, etc.). At the same time, it explores future development directions such as precision medicine, new immune modulators and remote management, emphasizing a comprehensive management model centered on "multidisciplinary collaboration + individualized treatment + continuous monitoring" to achieve long-term, systematic, and dynamic prevention and treatment of chronic diseases for kidney transplant recipients.

Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, remarkable achievements have been gained in infectious disease prevention and control, and rich practical experiences have been accumulated. If these experiences are shared with developing countries, it will greatly contribute to global infectious disease control and global health security. Under the framework of Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, a series of China-Africa public health capacity training programs have been recently held in China, in order to help improve the capability of infectious disease control in African countries. This article summarized and refined good design concepts and practices from these programs, so as to provide insights into sustainable optimization of China-Africa public health capacity training and improvements of the training effectiveness.

Background: and Purpose Live cell-based assays (LCBA) are increasingly used for serological antibody detection due to their ability to preserve antigen conformation, offering moderately higher sensitivity than fixed cell-based assays. However, the clinical necessity of prioritizing LCBA for the detection of aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG) in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) remains unclear, especially when compared to its established role in diagnosing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Methods: We compared the performance of live cell-based assays using immunofluorescence (LCBA-IF) and fixed cell-based assays using immunofluorescence (FCBA-IF) in detecting AQP4-IgG in 90 cases of NMOSD meeting 2015 International Panel for Neuromyelitis Optica Diagnosis criteria, alongside 40 controls. Additionally, we further investigated the relationship between AQP4-IgG titers as measured by LCBA-IF and FCBA-IF and clinical parameters in NMOSD patients. Results: Results showed 96.9% agreement between LCBA-IF and FCBA-IF (Cohen’s κ=0.935), with a strong Spearman correlation (0.977, p<0.001). Both methods demonstrated 100% specificity, with LCBA-IF showing slightly higher sensitivity compared to FCBA-IF. Within LCBAIF-tested groups, statistically significant differences in annualized relapse rates were observed across all pairwise comparisons (low-titer vs. moderate-titer, low-titer vs. high-titer, and moderate-titer vs. high-titer; all p<0.050). However, this association reached statistical significance in some FCBA-IF-tested groups. Conclusions Overall, there is a strong concordance between LCBA-IF and FCBA-IF in detecting AQP4-IgG, where LCBA-IF shows slightly higher sensitivity. Furthermore, there is a potential link between elevated AQP4-IgG titers and an increased risk of relapse, and this correlation may appear more pronounced when using LCBA-IF.

AIM:To analyze differential proteins associated with the pathogenesis of dry eye(DE)using bioinformatics methods, in order to reveal their potential molecular mechanisms.METHODS: Articles published in PubMed and EMBASE databases from the inception of the database to August 31, 2023, that used proteomic methods to detect protein expression in clinical samples of dry eye were searched. Differential proteins were selected and further analyzed using the STRING database and Cytoscape software for hub gene screening and module analysis. Protein-protein interaction(PPI)analysis, gene ontology(GO)functional annotation, and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis were performed.RESULTS: A total of 21 articles were included, identifying 74 differentially expressed proteins. The most frequently occurring differential proteins were calgranulin A(SA1008), lipocalin-1(LCN1), lysozyme C(LYZ), mammaglobin-B(SCGB2A1), proline-rich protein 4(PRR4), transferrin(TF), and calgranulinB(S100A9). The top 10 hub genes were serum albumin(ALB), tumor necrosis factor(TNF), interleukin 6(IL6), IL1B, IL8, matrix metalloproteinase 9(MMP9), alpha-1-antitrypsin(SERPINA1), IL10, complement component 3(C3), and lactotransferrin(LTF). Module analysis suggested MMP9 and PRR4 as seed genes. KEGG analysis showed that differential proteins were mainly enriched in the IL17 signaling pathway(61.9%).CONCLUSION: The results reveal potential molecular targets and pathways for DE and confirm the association between the pathogenesis of DE and inflammation. Further in-depth research is needed to confirm the significance of these biomarkers in clinical practice.

In order to further standardize the vaccination of kidney transplant candidates and recipients in China, the Branch of Organ Transplantation of Chinese Medical Association has organized experts in kidney transplantation and infectious diseases. Based on the "Vaccination of Solid Organ Transplant Candidates and Recipients: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice", and in combination with the clinical reality of infectious diseases and vaccination after organ transplantation in China, as well as referring to relevant recommendations from home and abroad in recent years, these guidelines are formulated from aspects such as epidemiology, types of vaccines, vaccination principles, target population, and specific vaccine administration. The "Guidelines for Vaccination of Kidney Transplant Candidates and Recipients in China" aims to provide theoretical reference for medical workers in the field of kidney transplantation in China, regarding the vaccination of kidney transplant candidates and recipients. It is expected to better guide the vaccination of kidney transplant candidates and recipients, reduce the risk of postoperative infection, and improve survival outcomes.

The 2024 World Conference on Lung Cancer (WCLC) and the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Annual Meeting, two of the most prestigious events in oncology, have concluded sequentially. As the most authoritative annual gatherings in lung cancer and the entire oncology field, the WCLC and ESMO conferences brought together top oncology experts and scientists from around the world to share, discuss, and publish the latest cutting-edge advancements in oncology. In both conferences, lung cancer immunotherapy remained a hot topic of considerable interest. This article aims to summarize and discuss the important research progress on perioperative immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer reported at the two conferences.

Objective To investigate the correlations of serum levels of endothelial cell-specific molecule-1(ESM-1,also known as endocan),interleukin(IL)-1α,and human chondroglycan pro-tein-39(also known as YKL-40)with disease severity and prognosis in children with recurrent respira-tory infections(RRI).Methods A total of 86 children with RRI were prospectively enrolled as case group and divided into mild(37 cases),moderate(31 cases),and severe(18 cases)groups based on disease severity,and divided into good prognosis(64 cases)and poor prognosis(22 cases)groups based on prognosis.Additionally,94 healthy children who underwent physical examinations during the same period were selected as control group.Serum levels of endocan,IL-1α,and YKL-40 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)in all children.Spearman's correla-tion analysis was used to assess the correlation between serum levels of endocan,IL-1α,and YKL-40 and disease severity in children with RRI.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the factors influencing the prognosis of children with RRI.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were used to evaluate the predictive value of serum endocan,IL-1α,and YKL-40 for the prognosis of children with RRI.Results The serum levels of endocan,IL-1α,and YKL-40 in the case group were higher than those in the control group(P＜0.05).The serum levels of en-docan,IL-1α,and YKL-40 in the moderate and severe groups were higher than those in the mild group,and the levels in the severe group were higher than those in the moderate group(P＜0.05).The serum levels of endocan,IL-1α,and YKL-40 in the poor prognosis group were higher than those in the good prognosis group(P＜0.05).Serum levels of endocan,IL-1α,and YKL-40 were significantly positively correlated with disease severity in children with RRI(r=0.407,0.493,0.452,respectively;P＜0.001).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that serum en-docan(OR=1.412),IL-1α(OR=1.583),and YKL-40(OR=1.259)were independent influen-cing factors for the prognosis of children with RRI(P＜0.05).The ROC curve showed that the area under the curve for the combined prediction of poor prognosis in children with RRI by serum en-docan,IL-1α,and YKL-40 was 0.925,which was significantly larger than that for endocan,IL-1α,and YKL-40 alone.Conclusion Serum levels of endocan,IL-1α,and YKL-40 are closely related to disease severity and prognosis in children with RRI,and their combined detection has high predictive value for the prognosis of children with RRI.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of establishing canine rectovaginal fistula ani-mal model using magnetic surgery techniques.Methods Ten female Beagle dogs were randomly di-vided into study group(n=5)and control group(n=5).The study group underwent rectovaginal fistula modeling using magnetic surgery technology,while the control group was subjected to sharp puncture of the rectovaginal septum followed by indwelling rubber tube placement to establish the model.Surgical procedure duration and postoperative adverse events were recorded in both groups.Two weeks later,the magnets and rubber tubes were removed.The formation of rectovaginal fistulas in the animals of two groups was observed,and the success rates of model construction of two groups were statistically analyzed.Results Both groups successfully completed the preparation of the recto-vaginal fistula models.The operative time in both groups was less than 2 minutes.No adverse events such as magnet detachment were observed in the study group during the postoperative period.In the control group,the rubber tube dislodged on day 6 post-surgery in one dog,leading to spontaneous healing of the fistula.Two weeks after surgery,the magnets and rubber tubes were removed.Naked-eye observation showed that the rectovaginal fistula formed well in the experimental dogs of the study group,while the rectovaginal fistula formed well in 4 experimental dogs in the control group.The success rate of model construction in the study group was 100％,and was 80％in the control group.Conclusion The construction of a canine rectovaginal fistula model by magnetosurgical techniques has the advantages of simple operation and high success rate.Magnetosurgical techniques may serve as an ideal animal model for constructing and studying the histopathological changes and treatment methods of rectovaginal fistulas.

[Purpose]To analyze the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer in Hefei City of Anhui Province in 2020 and the trend from 2013 to 2020.[Methods]The incidence and mortality data of gastric cancer in Hefei City from 2013 to 2020 were collected from sofeware CanReg4.The incidence(mortality)rate,age-standardized incidence(mortality)rate by Chinese standard popula-tion and world standard population(ASIRC/ASIRW,ASMRC/ASMRW),age-specific incidence(mortality)rate and average annual percentage change(AAPC)of the incidence(mortality)rate were calculated.[Results]In 2020,the crude incidence rate of gastric cancer in Hefei was 47.14/105,the ASIRC was 27.10/105,the ASIRW was 26.78/105,ranking the second in all cancer types.The crude mortality rate of gastric cancer was 41.12/105,the ASMRC was 21.64/105,the ASMRW was 21.25/105,ranking the second in all cancer types.The incidence rate and mortality rate of gastric cancer increased with age,and reached the peak in the age group of 80～84 years old.The incidence rate and mortality rate of men were higher than those of women,and rates in rural areas were higher than those in urban areas.The ASIRC and ASMRC of gastric cancer showed downward trends from 2013 to 2020 in Hefei(AAPC were-7.19％and-4.71％,both P＜0.05).[Conclusion]The ASIRC and ASMRC of gastric cancer show downward trends from 2013 to 2020 in Hefei,but are still higher than the average level in China,so the prevention and control work should be fur-ther strengthened.

Objective:Comparative study on the application value of bronchial ultrasound combined with different biopsy methods under thin-layer CT navigation in the diagnosis of malignant peripheral lung lesions.Methods:A retrospective analysis of patients with suspected malignant peripheral lung lesions identified by chest CT from January 2019 to September 2024 at the Cancer Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, and Xianyang Central Hospital, who underwent routine bronchoscopy with negative results (209 cases). These patients were diagnosed using bronchial ultrasound under thin-layer CT navigation. The cases were divided into a cryobiopsy group (127 cases) and a conventional forceps biopsy group based on the biopsy method (82 cases). The diagnostic rates of the two groups were statistically analyzed, along with factors influencing the diagnostic rates. The tissue size obtained from both groups was compared, and the occurrence of complications was summarized.Results:This study included 209 cases with 216 peripheral lung lesions. A total of 209 cases with 210 lesions were successfully located through thin-slice CT guidance, resulting in a guiding success rate of 97.2% (210/216). Among the 130 lesions in the cryobiopsy group, 78 lesions were diagnosed as lung malignancies, with a diagnostic rate of 82.1% (64/78) for cryobiopsy in lung malignant lesions. In the forceps biopsy group, 46 of the 86 lesions were diagnosed as lung malignancies, with a diagnostic rate of 87.0% (40/46) for forceps biopsy in lung malignant lesions. There was no statistically significant difference between the two diagnostic rates ( P=0.473). The average longest diameter of tissue obtained by cryobiopsy was (6.11±0.23) mm, while the average longest diameter of tissue obtained by forceps biopsy was (1.58±0.43) mm. There was a statistically significant difference in tissue longest diameter between the two groups ( P＜0.001). When the distance from the bronchoscopic tip to the lesion was ≥3 cm and the most distal bronchus visible under bronchoscopy was ≤5th generation, the diagnostic rate of forceps biopsy was higher [83.3%(25/30) and 94.1%(32/34)] than that of cryobiopsy [79.3%(23/29) and 78.0%(46/59)], and the difference was statistically significant ( P＜0.05). Regarding complications, one case (1.3%, 1/78) of clinically significant complications occurred in the cryobiopsy group, while no complications occurred in the forceps biopsy group. Conclusions:Under thin-layer CT navigation, bronchial ultrasound combined with different biopsy methods demonstrates a high diagnostic rate for malignant peripheral lung lesions and is safe to operate. Cryobiopsy allows for the collection of larger tissue specimens.