ObjectiveTo evaluate the antitumor activity of Periplaneta americana extract（PAE） against human-derived lung adenocarcinoma organoids（LUAD-PDOs） and to elucidate its potential mechanism based on transcriptomics. MethodsFresh tumor and adjacent normal tissues from patients with LUAD were collected to construct LUAD-PDOs and normal lung organoid（Nor-PDOs） models using 3D organoid culture technology. The effective intervention concentration of PAE was determined using the cell counting kit-8（CCK-8） assay. Experimental groups included the model group（LUAD-PDOs）， normal group， model administration group（LUAD-PDOs+PAE）， and normal administration group（Nor-PDOs+PAE）. Hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining was used to observe the pathological structures of PDOs， immunohistochemistry（IHC） was performed to detect the expressions of the proliferation marker Ki-67 and lung adenocarcinoma differentiation markers cytokeratin-7（CK-7） and Napsin A， TUNEL staining was applied to detect cell apoptosis. RNA sequencing（RNA-Seq） was conducted to identify differentially expressed genes（DEGs）， followed by Gene Ontology（GO）， Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes（KEGG）， and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis（GSEA）， alongside protein-protein interaction（PPI） network analysis to screen core mechanisms. Finally， key targets were validated by integrating external database analysis with immunofluorescence（IF）. ResultsNor-PDOs and LUAD-PDOs that highly recapitulated the pathological characteristics of the primary tissues were successfully established. The CCK-8 assay determined that the effective intervention concentration of PAE was 16 g·L^-1. Morphological observation showed that Nor-PDOs exhibited lumen-forming structures， whereas LUAD-PDOs displayed dense， solid structures. CCK-8 and TUNEL assays revealed that， compared with the model group， PAE intervention inhibited the proliferation of LUAD-PDOs and promoted apoptosis in LUAD cells， while showing no significant effect on the viability of Nor-PDOs. Transcriptomic analysis identified 719 DEGs that were significantly reversed after PAE intervention（347 up-regulated and 372 down-regulated）（P<0.05）. GO enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs in the model administration group were significantly enriched in biological processes related to cell cycle regulation compared to the model group. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that PAE affected pathways related to proliferation and metabolism， including pathways in cancer and the p53 signaling pathway. GSEA further confirmed that PAE significantly enhanced the activity of the p53 signaling pathway（P<0.05）. PPI network analysis indicated that breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein（BRCA1） and checkpoint kinase 1（CHEK1） were the core down-regulated targets in the p53 pathway. IF verified the high expression of BRCA1 and CHEK1 in LUAD-PDOs and their significant downregulation after PAE intervention（P<0.05）. Furthermore， survival analysis based on The Cancer Genome Atlas（TCGA） database indicated that low expression of BRCA1 and CHEK1 was significantly associated with prolonged overall survival in patients with LUAD（P<0.05）. ConclusionPAE effectively inhibits proliferation of LUAD-PDOs and promotes their apoptosis， its anti-tumor mechanism is potentially associated with the activation of the p53 signaling pathway， with BRCA1 and CHEK1 genes likely serving as key downstream targets for the effects of PAE.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has become the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide, affecting approximately 32%-38% of the adult population and posing a growing public health burden. MASLD represents a continuous disease spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), progressive hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pathological core of MASLD lies in disruption of hepatic lipid metabolic homeostasis, characterized by an imbalance among de novo lipogenesis, fatty acid β-oxidation, and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-mediated lipid export. This metabolic disequilibrium subsequently drives inflammatory injury and fibrotic progression. Among the multiple regulatory pathways involved, thyroid hormone (TH) signaling has emerged as a central regulator of hepatic metabolic homeostasis. The liver is a major peripheral target organ of TH action, where TH predominantly exerts its metabolic effects through thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ). Large-scale epidemiological studies and meta-analyses have demonstrated that hypothyroidism is significantly associated with increased MASLD prevalence, more severe histological injury, and advanced hepatic fibrosis, suggesting that dysregulation of TH signaling may participate throughout the entire MASLD disease spectrum. At the molecular level, TH regulates hepatic lipid metabolism by coordinating suppression of lipogenesis, enhancement of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, and promotion of VLDL assembly and secretion through integrated genomic actions of the T3-TRβ axis and non-genomic signaling pathways. Across different stages of MASLD, TH signaling exerts stage-dependent protective effects. In the steatosis stage, TH improves metabolic flexibility by modulating insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, and lipid droplet clearance, thereby alleviating early lipotoxic stress. During progression to MASH, TH attenuates inflammatory amplification by improving mitochondrial homeostasis, suppressing activation of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and modulating the gut-liver axis microenvironment. In advanced stages, TH signaling influences hepatic stellate cell activation and extracellular matrix deposition, partly through interaction with the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/SMAD pathway, while alterations in intrahepatic TH availability, mediated by dynamic changes in iodothyronine deiodinase 1 (DIO1), contribute to fibrosis progression and hepatocellular dedifferentiation. In hepatocellular carcinoma, coordinated downregulation of TRβ and DIO1 establishes a tumor-associated hypothyroid state that promotes metabolic reprogramming and tumor progression. The clinical relevance of TH signaling in MASLD has been underscored by the recent approval of Resmetirom, a liver-targeted TRβ‑selective agonist, for the treatment of non-cirrhotic MASH with moderate-to-severe fibrosis (F2-F3). This approval represents a landmark transition from mechanistic understanding to metabolism-centered precision therapy in MASLD. Clinical trials have demonstrated that Resmetirom not only improves key histological endpoints, including MASH resolution and fibrosis regression, but also favorably modulates atherogenic lipid profiles, highlighting the therapeutic potential of selectively targeting hepatic TH pathways. This review systematically summarizes the multidimensional regulatory roles of TH across the MASLD disease spectrum and discusses emerging diagnostic and therapeutic implications of TH-based interventions, aiming to inform future mechanistic research and optimize clinical management strategies.

Clinical trials represent a pivotal stage in the development of pharmaceutical drugs. Nevertheless， given the unique characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and the diagnostic and treatment principle of syndrome differentiation and treatment in TCM， the clinical evaluation techniques and methods that can comprehensively reflect the characteristics of TCM and are tailored to its specificities are still in need of refinement and innovation. This paper systematically summarizes the key techniques and methods for designing and evaluating the clinical research on the treatment of the spleen and stomach diseases with TCM from three aspects including clinical research design， evaluation， and platform construction， compares domestic and international research landscapes， and proposes for future directions. It is suggested that a multidimensional evaluation system integrating modern medicine and TCM theory should be established， and further innovation is needed in TCM research design and methodologies， leveraging intelligent devices and technologies powered by next-generation information technology to transform clinical data into high-quality TCM evidence. Moreover， standardized and shared platforms for TCM clinical data should be accelerated， so as to provide references for the design， implementation， and evaluation of future clinical research on the treatment of the spleen and stomach diseases with TCM.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism by which activation of α7nicotinic acetylcholine receptors （α7nAChR） optimizes brown adipose tissue （BAT） thermogenesis in obese mice. MethodsObesity was induced in C57BL/6J mice via a high-fat diet. Fifty 8-week-old mice were randomly assigned to five groups： low-fat diet （Control）， high-fat diet （HFD）， high-fat diet plus a β3-adrenergic receptor agonist （HFD+β3）， high-fat diet plus a β3-adrenergic receptor agonist and an α7nAChR selective agonist （HFD+β3+GTS-21）， and high-fat diet plus a β3-adrenergic receptor agonist and an α7nAChR selective antagonist （HFD+β3+α-BGT）. Haematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining was used to evaluate BAT morphology. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to assess mitochondrial number and lipid droplet morphology in adipocytes. ELISA was used to measure levels of tumour necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin（IL）-1β，IL-10， transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β）， cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP）， and norepinephrine （NE）. RT-qPCR was conducted to determine mRNA expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor A （VEGF-A）， nitric oxide synthase 2 （NOS2）， arginase 1 （Arg1）， uncoupling protein 1 （UCP1）， PR domain-containing protein 16 （PRDM16）， and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α （PGC-1α） in BAT. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect macrophage markers （CD31， CD86， and CD206）. Protein expression levels of UCP1， α7nAChR， nuclear factor-κB p65（NF-κB p65）， phosphorylated Janus kinase 2 （p-JAK2）， and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （p-STAT3） were analyzed by Western blot. ResultsCompared with the Control group， the HFD group showed enlarged lipid droplets and reduced mitochondrial numbers in adipocytes， accompanied by increased TNF-α and IL-1β and decreased IL-10， TGF-β， Arg1， and VEGF-A （all P<0.01）. Compared with the HFD+β3 group， the HFD+β3+GTS-21 group showed a smaller lipid droplet area and a higher mitochondrial number， along with reduced levels of pro-inflammatory factors， NOS2， and NF-κB p65， and increased levels of anti-inflammatory factors， Arg1， and phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 （all P<0.01）. ConclusionActivation of α7nAChR in combination with a β3-adrenergic receptor agonist effectively enhances thermogenesis， alleviates local adipose tissue hypoxia， and shifts the local inflammatory phenotype toward an M2-like state， thereby reducing inflammation in brown adipose tissue and improving its thermogenic capacity.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to provide a scientific basis for the safety management of drinking water by assessing the contamination levels of 21 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water samples collected from the Yangtze River Delta region. MethodsSolid-phase extraction coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was employed to determine 21 PFASs in 6 source water samples, 20 treated water samples, and 60 tap water samples collected from 5 administrative districts in the Yangtze River Delta region across four seasons in 2023. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare differences in PFAS concentrations among the three types of water samples, followed by post hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction. Removal efficiencies of target compounds were also calculated. ResultsAmong the 86 samples, 14 PFASs were detected, with 7 compounds detected in 100% of samples. The total concentrations of PFASs in source water, treated water, and tap water ranged from 63.85 to 190.54 ng·L^-¹, 55.75 to 774.36 ng·L^-¹, and 40.72 to 689.80 ng·L^-¹, respectively. The compounds with the highest median concentrations were perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) (40.19, 15.20, and 14.05 ng·L^-¹), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) (29.69, 32.62, and 34.24 ng·L^-¹), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (17.65, 39.45, and 36.83 ng·L^-¹), and potassium perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) (16.99, 24.38, and 23.89 ng·L^-¹). Notably, concentrations of PFOA (7.71‒71.63 ng·L^-¹) and PFOS (-¹) in tap water were below the regulatory limits specified in GB 5749‒2022 Standards for Drinking Water Quality (PFOA: 0.000 08 mg·L^-1, PFOS: 0.000 04 mg·L^-1). Significant seasonal variations in PFAS concentrations were observed, with total PFAS levels in March being higher than those in September and November (adjusted P<0.001, and P=0.006), and levels in May being higher than those in September (adjusted P=0.037). The removal efficiencies of PFASs in the water treatment plants ranged from -14% to 34%. ConclusionPFAS contamination is widespread in source water, treated water, and tap water in the Yangtze River Delta region, and concentrations of PFOA and PFOS in all tested water samples comply with the Chinese national standards for drinking water quality (GB 5749‒2022). The use of PFASs should be continuously regulated to ensure water safety.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect and mechanism of Banxia Shumitang plus Zhizichi Tang （BZ） on PTEN-induced kinase 1 （PINK1）/Parkin signaling pathway in regulating mitochondrial autophagy in preventing insomnia with depression. MethodsSeventy-two 6-week-old male Kunming mice were randomized into a normal group， a model group， low-dose， medium-dose， and high-dose BZ groups （BZ-L， BZ-M， BZ-H， 2.92， 5.85， 11.7 g·kg^-1）， and an estazolam （0.21 mg·kg^-1） group. Insomnia model was established on days 1 to 3. p-Chlorophenylalanine （PCPA） was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 400 mg·kg^-1 into mice of the model group and administration groups for 3 consecutive days. Then， the classic depression model was established with chronic unpredictable mild stress （CUMS） for 28 consecutive days. Administration and modeling were performed simultaneously. After gavage， 24 h spontaneous activity test was performed to test sleep state， and sugar preference test and open field test were performed to evaluate anxiety-like state. The morphological changes of the hypothalamus were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， and the number of Nissl bodies was observed by Nissl staining. The ultrastructure of mitochondria was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The mitochondrial membrane potential assay kit （JC-1） was used to examine the mitochondrial function， and a biochemical assay kit was used to measure the ATP content in the hypothalamus. The level of reactive oxygen species （ROS） was determined by the immunofluorescence assay， and the serum levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT）， noradrenalin （NE）， and cortisol （CORT） were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Western blot and Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） were employed to determine the expression of PINK1， Parkin， microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 （LC3）， and isolator protein 1 （p62） at protein and mRNA levels， respectively. ResultsThe 24 h spontaneous activity test showed that compared with the normal group， the model group did not exhibit circadian rhythm characteristics in their spontaneous activity time， while the circadian rhythm characteristics were restored in each treatment group （P<0.05）. The sucrose preference test indicated that compared with that in the normal group， the sucrose preference rate in the model group reduced （P<0.01）， and compared with that in the model group， the sucrose preference rate in each treatment group increased （P<0.01）. The open field test revealed that compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited decreased movement distance， average speed， frequency of visits to the central area， and time spent in the central area （P<0.01）， and compared with those in the model group， these parameters in each treatment group increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. HE staining showed that compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited disarrangement of neurons in the hypothalamus， enlarged intercellular space， and severe nuclear condensation， while the degree of hypothalamic neuronal damage in each treatment group was alleviated. Nissl staining indicated that compared with the normal group， the model group demonstrated aggravated neuronal damage and increased damaged cells （P<0.01）. Compared with that in the model group， the number of damaged cells in each treatment group decreased （P<0.01）. Transmission electron microscopy showed that compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited mitochondrial swelling and rupture in the hypothalamus， with visible autophagic lysosomes in the cytoplasm. Compared with those in the model group， only a few autophagic lysosomes were observed in the BZ-L group， and the degree of mitochondrial swelling and rupture was alleviated in the other treatment groups. ROS immunofluorescence assay showed that compared with the normal group， the model group displayed enhanced red fluorescence intensity of mitochondrial ROS （P<0.01）， which was attenuated in each treatment group （P<0.01）. Mitochondrial membrane potential assay showed that compared with the normal group， the model group had declined mitochondrial membrane potential （P<0.01）， which was recovered in each treatment group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The biochemical assay of ATP levels indicated that compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited decreased ATP content （P<0.01）， which rebound in each treatment group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ELISA showed that compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited decreased 5-HT content and increased NE and CORT content （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， each treatment group showed increased 5-HT content （P<0.01） and reduced NE content （P<0.01） and CORT content （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Western blot of the hypothalamus showed that compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited downregulated protein levels of PINK1， Parkin， and LC3 （P<0.01） and upregulated protein level of p62 （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， each treatment group showed upregulated protein levels of PINK1， Parkin， and LC3 （P<0.05， P<0.01） and downregulated protein level of p62 （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Real-time PCR showed that compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited downregulated mRNA levels of PINK1， Parkin， and LC3 （P<0.01） and upregulated mRNA level of p62 （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， each treatment group showed upregulated mRNA levels of PINK1， Parkin， and LC3 （P<0.01） and downregulated mRNA level of p62 （P<0.01）. ConclusionBZ can ameliorate the insomnia and anxiety state of mice by regulating PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway to improve the mitochondrial function， enhance mitochondrial autophagy， protect neurons， and repair damaged nerve cells.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect and mechanism of Banxia Shumitang plus Zhizichi Tang （BZ） on PTEN-induced kinase 1 （PINK1）/Parkin signaling pathway in regulating mitochondrial autophagy in preventing insomnia with depression. MethodsSeventy-two 6-week-old male Kunming mice were randomized into a normal group， a model group， low-dose， medium-dose， and high-dose BZ groups （BZ-L， BZ-M， BZ-H， 2.92， 5.85， 11.7 g·kg^-1）， and an estazolam （0.21 mg·kg^-1） group. Insomnia model was established on days 1 to 3. p-Chlorophenylalanine （PCPA） was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 400 mg·kg^-1 into mice of the model group and administration groups for 3 consecutive days. Then， the classic depression model was established with chronic unpredictable mild stress （CUMS） for 28 consecutive days. Administration and modeling were performed simultaneously. After gavage， 24 h spontaneous activity test was performed to test sleep state， and sugar preference test and open field test were performed to evaluate anxiety-like state. The morphological changes of the hypothalamus were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， and the number of Nissl bodies was observed by Nissl staining. The ultrastructure of mitochondria was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The mitochondrial membrane potential assay kit （JC-1） was used to examine the mitochondrial function， and a biochemical assay kit was used to measure the ATP content in the hypothalamus. The level of reactive oxygen species （ROS） was determined by the immunofluorescence assay， and the serum levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT）， noradrenalin （NE）， and cortisol （CORT） were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Western blot and Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） were employed to determine the expression of PINK1， Parkin， microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 （LC3）， and isolator protein 1 （p62） at protein and mRNA levels， respectively. ResultsThe 24 h spontaneous activity test showed that compared with the normal group， the model group did not exhibit circadian rhythm characteristics in their spontaneous activity time， while the circadian rhythm characteristics were restored in each treatment group （P<0.05）. The sucrose preference test indicated that compared with that in the normal group， the sucrose preference rate in the model group reduced （P<0.01）， and compared with that in the model group， the sucrose preference rate in each treatment group increased （P<0.01）. The open field test revealed that compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited decreased movement distance， average speed， frequency of visits to the central area， and time spent in the central area （P<0.01）， and compared with those in the model group， these parameters in each treatment group increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. HE staining showed that compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited disarrangement of neurons in the hypothalamus， enlarged intercellular space， and severe nuclear condensation， while the degree of hypothalamic neuronal damage in each treatment group was alleviated. Nissl staining indicated that compared with the normal group， the model group demonstrated aggravated neuronal damage and increased damaged cells （P<0.01）. Compared with that in the model group， the number of damaged cells in each treatment group decreased （P<0.01）. Transmission electron microscopy showed that compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited mitochondrial swelling and rupture in the hypothalamus， with visible autophagic lysosomes in the cytoplasm. Compared with those in the model group， only a few autophagic lysosomes were observed in the BZ-L group， and the degree of mitochondrial swelling and rupture was alleviated in the other treatment groups. ROS immunofluorescence assay showed that compared with the normal group， the model group displayed enhanced red fluorescence intensity of mitochondrial ROS （P<0.01）， which was attenuated in each treatment group （P<0.01）. Mitochondrial membrane potential assay showed that compared with the normal group， the model group had declined mitochondrial membrane potential （P<0.01）， which was recovered in each treatment group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The biochemical assay of ATP levels indicated that compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited decreased ATP content （P<0.01）， which rebound in each treatment group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ELISA showed that compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited decreased 5-HT content and increased NE and CORT content （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， each treatment group showed increased 5-HT content （P<0.01） and reduced NE content （P<0.01） and CORT content （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Western blot of the hypothalamus showed that compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited downregulated protein levels of PINK1， Parkin， and LC3 （P<0.01） and upregulated protein level of p62 （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， each treatment group showed upregulated protein levels of PINK1， Parkin， and LC3 （P<0.05， P<0.01） and downregulated protein level of p62 （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Real-time PCR showed that compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited downregulated mRNA levels of PINK1， Parkin， and LC3 （P<0.01） and upregulated mRNA level of p62 （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， each treatment group showed upregulated mRNA levels of PINK1， Parkin， and LC3 （P<0.01） and downregulated mRNA level of p62 （P<0.01）. ConclusionBZ can ameliorate the insomnia and anxiety state of mice by regulating PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway to improve the mitochondrial function， enhance mitochondrial autophagy， protect neurons， and repair damaged nerve cells.

Objective The aim of the study is to analyze the incidence patterns and epidemiological characteristics of parasitic and vector-borne diseases in the Minhang and Jinshan districts of Shanghai, and provide evidence-based information for optimizing prevention and control measures. Methods We collected information from epidemic reports and epidemiological investigation forms for cases of parasitic and vector-borne diseases from 2005 to 2024 in Shanghai's Minhang and Jinshan districts. Descriptive epidemiological method were adopted to conduct a comparative analysis of incidence trends, epidemic characteristics, and infection sources. Results A total of 229 cases in 7 categories were reported between 2005 and 2024, with an average annual incidence rate of 0.36/100 000. The average annual incidence rate in Minhang District was significantly higher than that in Jinshan District. The most prevalent diseases were malaria and dengue fever, followed by Japanese encephalitis. Monthly case reports were available, predominantly from June to October, with a peak in July-August. A statistically significant difference was observed between the two districts in case distribution during June-October (P＜0.001), whereas no significant difference was found for July-August (P=0.331). The majority of cases were young men (111/229,48.47%), aged 20-39 years. Migrant workers/farmers constituted the largest occupational group (55/229, 24.02%). Registered residents of other provinces and cities (147/229,64.19%), and the main source of infection was overseas importation (112/229,48.91%). There were no statistically significant differences in gender and household-registration composition between the two districts (P＞0.05). Significant differences existed in age, occupation, and source of infection (P＜0.05). The imported diseases were malaria and dengue fever, with Africa and Southeast Asia being the primary source locations. Malaria was the predominant disease imported from other provinces and cities, with cases having been imported from abroad since 2012. Local infections were mainly Japanese encephalitis, followed by malaria (with the last local case reported in 2010). Cases between 2005 and 2009 were predominantly imported from other provinces and cities. The proportion of cases imported from abroad increased sharply after 2010, particularly in Minhang District. Local infections sometimes arise in Jinshan District, with Japanese encephalitis serving as the primary type. Conclusions Incidence rates of parasitic and vector-borne diseases in Minhang and Jinshan districts have generally remained low. To further reduce this disease burden, it will be necessary to strengthen joint measures for prevention and control, eliminate the environmental risk factors of vector organisms, enhance monitoring and precise control of the environment and inbound personnel to prevent the occurrence and transmission of parasitic and vector-borne diseases.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a central neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory impairment in clinical. Currently, there are no effective treatments for AD. In recent years, a variety of therapeutic approaches from different perspectives have been explored to treat AD. Although the drug therapies targeted at the clearance of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) had made a breakthrough in clinical trials, there were associated with adverse events. Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of AD. Continuous neuroinflammatory was considered to be the third major pathological feature of AD, which could promote the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. At the same time, these toxic substances could accelerate the development of neuroinflammation, form a vicious cycle, and exacerbate disease progression. Reducing neuroinflammation could break the feedback loop pattern between neuroinflammation, Aβ plaque deposition and Tau tangles, which might be an effective therapeutic strategy for treating AD. Traditional Chinese herbs such as Polygonum multiflorum and Curcuma were utilized in the treatment of AD due to their ability to mitigate neuroinflammation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and indomethacin had been shown to reduce the level of inflammasomes in the body, and taking these drugs was associated with a low incidence of AD. Biosynthetic nanomaterials loaded with oxytocin were demonstrated to have the capability to anti-inflammatory and penetrate the blood-brain barrier effectively, and they played an anti-inflammatory role via sustained-releasing oxytocin in the brain. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells could reduce neuroinflammation and inhibit the activation of microglia. The secretion of mesenchymal stem cells could not only improve neuroinflammation, but also exert a multi-target comprehensive therapeutic effect, making it potentially more suitable for the treatment of AD. Enhancing the level of TREM2 in microglial cells using gene editing technologies, or application of TREM2 antibodies such as Ab-T1, hT2AB could improve microglial cell function and reduce the level of neuroinflammation, which might be a potential treatment for AD. Probiotic therapy, fecal flora transplantation, antibiotic therapy, and dietary intervention could reshape the composition of the gut microbiota and alleviate neuroinflammation through the gut-brain axis. However, the drugs of sodium oligomannose remain controversial. Both exercise intervention and electromagnetic intervention had the potential to attenuate neuroinflammation, thereby delaying AD process. This article focuses on the role of drug therapy, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, gut microbiota therapy, exercise intervention, and brain stimulation in improving neuroinflammation in recent years, aiming to provide a novel insight for the treatment of AD by intervening neuroinflammation in the future.

BACKGROUND:Carboxylesterase 1 and inflammatory factors play a crucial role in regulating lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis.However,the effects of different exercise intensity interventions on carboxylesterase 1 and inflammatory factors in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic rats remain to be revealed. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of different exercise intensity interventions on carboxylesterase 1 and inflammatory factors in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic rats. METHODS:Thirty-two 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group(n=12)and modeling group(n=20)after 1 week of adaptive feeding.Rat models of type 2 diabetes mellitus were prepared by high-fat diet and single injection of streptozotocin.After successful modeling,the rats were randomly divided into diabetic control group(n=6),moderate-intensity exercise group(n=6)and high-intensity intermittent exercise group(n=6).The latter two groups were subjected to treadmill training at corresponding intensities,once a day,50 minutes each,and 5 days per week.Exercise intervention in each group was carried out for 6 weeks.After the intervention,ELISA was used to detect blood glucose and blood lipids of rats.The morphological changes of skeletal muscle were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining.The mRNA expression levels of carboxylesterase 1 and inflammatory cytokines were detected by real-time quantitative PCR.The protein expression levels of carboxylesterase 1 and inflammatory cytokines were detected by western blot and immunofluorescence. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the normal control group,fasting blood glucose,triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,insulin resistance index in the diabetic control group were significantly increased(P<0.01),insulin activity was decreased(P<0.05),and the mRNA and protein levels of carboxylesterase 1,never in mitosis gene A related kinase 7(NEK7)and interleukin 18 in skeletal muscle tissue were upregulated(P<0.05).Compared with the diabetic control group,fasting blood glucose,triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,and insulin resistance index in the moderate-intensity exercise group and high-intensity intermittent exercise group were down-regulated(P<0.05),and insulin activity was increased(P<0.05).Moreover,compared with the diabetic control group,the mRNA level of NEK7 and the protein levels of carboxylesterase 1,NEK7 and interleukin 18 in skeletal muscle were decreased in the moderate-intensity exercise group(P<0.05),while the mRNA levels of carboxylesterase 1,NEK7,NOD-like receptor heat protein domain associated protein 3 and interleukin 18 and the protein levels of carboxylesterase 1 and interleukin 18 in skeletal muscle were downregulated in the high-intensity intermittent exercise group(P<0.05).Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that compared with the diabetic control group,the cavities of myofibers in the moderate-intensity exercise group became smaller,the number of internal cavities was reduced,and the cellular structure tended to be more intact;the myocytes of rats in the high-intensity intermittent exercise group were loosely arranged,with irregular tissue shape and increased cavities in myofibers.To conclude,both moderate-intensity exercise and high-intensity intermittent exercise can reduce blood glucose,lipid,insulin resistance and carboxylesterase 1 levels in type 2 diabetic rats.Moderate-intensity exercise can significantly reduce the expression level of NEK7 protein in skeletal muscle,while high-intensity intermittent exercise can significantly reduce the expression level of interleukin 18 protein in skeletal muscle.In addition,the level of carboxylesterase 1 is closely related to the levels of NEK7 and interleukin 18.