To enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the baicalin-berberine complex(BA-BBR) in the treatment of ulcerative colitis(UC), BA-BBR nanocrystal microspheres(BA-BBR NC MS) were prepared using the dropping method. The microspheres were characterized in terms of morphology, particle size, differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction(XRD). The release profiles of BA and BBR from the microspheres were measured, and the drug release mechanism was investigated. A rat model of UC was induced by 5% dextran sodium sulfate(DSS) and treated continuously for 7 days to evaluate the therapeutic effects of different formulations. The results showed that the prepared BA-BBR MS and BA-BBR NC MS were uniform gel spheres with particle sizes of(1.77±0.16) mm and(1.67±0.08) mm, respectively. After drying, the gels collapsed inward and exhibited a rough surface. During the preparation process, the BA-BBR nanocrystals(BA-BBR NC) were uniformly encapsulated within the microspheres. The release profiles of the microspheres followed a first-order kinetic model, and the 12-hour cumulative release of BA and BBR from BA-BBR NC MS was higher than that from BA-BBR MS. Compared with BA-BBR, BA-BBR NC, and BA-BBR MS, BA-BBR NC MS further alleviated UC symptoms in rats, most significantly reducing the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MPO, while increasing the level of IL-4 in colon tissues. These results indicate that BA-BBR NC MS, based on a "nano-in-micro" design, can deliver BA-BBR to the intestine and exert significant therapeutic effects in a UC rat model, suggesting it as a promising new strategy for the treatment of UC.
Animals ; Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism* ; Rats ; Nanoparticles/chemistry* ; Microspheres ; Male ; Berberine/administration & dosage* ; Flavonoids/administration & dosage* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Humans ; Particle Size ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology* ; Drug Liberation ; Drug Compounding

OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical symptoms and MRI outcomes of patients with ruptured lumbar disc herniation(LDH) through a multicenter randomized controlled study, and to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Yiqi Huoxue formula() in the treatment of this disease. METHODS: A total of 160 outpatients and inpatients with ruptured LDH admitted to 4 medical centers from January 2023 to June 2023 were selected and randomly divided into the Yiqi Huoxue formula group and the control group, with 80 patients in each group. In the Yiqi Huoxue formula group, there were 43 males and 37 females, with an age of (41.03±9.56) years and a disease duration of (10.45±25.37) days, and the patients were treated with Yiqi Huoxue formula. In the control group, there were 34 males and 46 females, with an age of (42.14±8.73) years and a disease duration of (11.31±21.14) days;during the acute phase, patients in this group could take celecoxib capsules orally, and methylcobalamin orally at the same time. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, Oswestry disability index (ODI), changes in the volume of herniated disc tissue on MRI, herniation rate, and absorption rate were recorded at the time of enrollment and during follow-ups at the 3rd, 6th, and 12th month after treatment. RESULTS: A total of 156 patients completed the clinical follow-up, and 4 patients withdrew midway. The clinical symptoms of all patients who completed the study were relieved to varying degrees, and reabsorption of herniated disc tissue was observed in all patients in the Yiqi Huoxue formula group after treatment. For the JOA score:in the Yiqi Huoxue formula group, it was (10.73±2.76) points before treatment and (24.65±2.19) points at the 12th month after treatment;in the control group, it was (11.01±1.20) points before treatment and (17.07±3.26) points at the 12th month after treatment. For the ODI score:in the Yiqi Huoxue formula group, it was (26.21±3.55) points before treatment and (5.65±2.19) points at the 12th month after treatment;in the control group, it was (27.92±2.51) points before treatment and (9.09±2.15) points at the 12th month after treatment. At the 12th month after treatment, the JOA and ODI scores of both groups were better than those before treatment, and the scores of the Yiqi Huoxue formula group were better than those of the control group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). In terms of the herniated disc volume and herniation rate on MRI, the Yiqi Huoxue formula group was superior to the control group, with statistically significant differences(P<0.05). Reabsorption occurred in 56.96%(45/79) of patients in the Yiqi Huoxue formula group, which was significantly higher than the 37.66%(29/77) in the control group. CONCLUSION After treatment with Yiqi Huoxue formula, patients with ruptured LDH show significant improvement in clinical symptoms and a marked reduction in the volume of herniated discs. During the follow-up period, no obvious adverse drug reactions are observed in patients, and no recurrence of symptoms is found at the last follow-up, indicating that the formula has safe and reliable efficacy.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement/drug therapy* ; Adult ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/adverse effects* ; Middle Aged ; Lumbar Vertebrae

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the partial biomechanical properties of the posterior occipital muscles (rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, and obliquus capitis inferior) in patients with cervical vertigo. METHODS: A total of 30 patients with cervical vertigo admitted from April 2024 to September 2024 were included in the vertigo group, and 30 age-and gender-matched healthy subjects were recruited as the normal group. In the vertigo group, there were 21 females and 9 males, with an average age of (24.00±2.25) years;in the normal group, there were 22 females and 8 males, with an average age of (23.00±3.00) years. Shear wave elastography was used to measure the thickness and stiffness of the posterior occipital muscles in both groups. RESULTS: In the vertigo group, there were no statistically significant differences in the Young's modulus values (E) of stiffness of the posterior occipital muscles (rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis inferior) between the left and right sides(P>0.05). The Young's modulus values(E) of stiffness of the right posterior occipital muscles (rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis inferior) in the cervical vertigo group were (39.66±8.21) kPa, (45.61±5.85) kPa, and (43.73±5.22) kPa, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the normal group 33.97(17.76) kPa, 41.38(8.99) kPa, 38.27(12.58) kPa, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). In the vertigo group, the Young's modulus values(E) of stiffness of the left rectus capitis posterior major and left obliquus capitis inferior were (40.41±9.13) kPa and (42.11±6.20) kPa, respectively, which were significantly greater than those in the normal group (33.30±11.31) kPa, 38.94(14.62) kPa, with statistically significant differences(P<0.05);however, there was no statistically significant difference in the left rectus capitis posterior minor between the two groups(P>0.05). In the vertigo group, there were no statistically significant differences in the stiffness of the posterior occipital muscles (rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis inferior) between the left and right sides(P>0.05). Additionally, there were no statistically significant differences in the thickness of the bilateral posterior occipital muscles between the vertigo group and the normal group (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The posterior occipital muscles of patients with cervical vertigo are stiffer than those of healthy individuals, while there is no significant difference in muscle thickness between the two groups.
Humans ; Female ; Male ; Elasticity Imaging Techniques/methods* ; Adult ; Vertigo/physiopathology* ; Neck Muscles/physiopathology* ; Young Adult

Drug addiction, a disorder characterized by chronic relapse and compulsive drug use, poses a significant threat to public safety and human health. Addictive substances can be categorized as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic based on their origin. Additionally, they can be classified into three groups according to their pharmacological targets: opioids, hallucinogens, and cannabinoids that act on G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs); alcohols, nicotine, ketamine, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines (BDZs) that affect ligand-gated ion channel-type receptors; and psychostimulants that interact with monoamine transporters. Current treatments for drug addiction primarily include substitution therapy and non-pharmacological approaches. However, these methods have limitations, particularly in addressing the underlying causes of relapse. Several drugs in clinical trials have demonstrated potential therapeutic effects for addiction to opioids, heroin, cocaine, and other substances. This review examines the origins and pharmacological mechanisms of addiction to naturally-derived psychoactive substances (NPS) and provides an overview of recent advancements in pharmacotherapy for drug addiction.
Humans ; Substance-Related Disorders/drug therapy* ; Psychotropic Drugs/therapeutic use* ; Animals

Objective:To report the results of national surveillance on the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical Gram-negative bacteria isolates from bloodstream infections in China in 2022.Methods:The clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria from blood cultures in member hospitals of national bloodstream infection Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System（BRICS）were collected during January 2022 to December 2022. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute（CLSI）. WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 25.0 software were used to analyze the data.Results:During the study period，9 035 strains of Gram-negative bacteria were collected from 51 hospitals，of which 7 895（87.4%）were Enterobacteriaceae and 1 140（12.6%）were non-fermenting bacteria. The top 5 bacterial species were Escherichia coli（ n=4 510，49.9%）， Klebsiella pneumoniae（ n=2 340，25.9%）， Pseudomonas aeruginosa（ n=534，5.9%）， Acinetobacter baumannii complex（ n=405，4.5%）and Enterobacter cloacae（ n=327，3.6%）. The ESBLs-producing rates in Escherichia coli， Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus spp. were 47.1%（2 095/4 452），21.0%（427/2 033）and 41.1%（58/141），respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli（CREC）and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae（CRKP）were 1.3%（58/4 510）and 13.1%（307/2 340）；62.1%（36/58）and 9.8%（30/307）of CREC and CRKP were resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam combination，respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii（CRAB）complex was 59.5%（241/405），while less than 5% of Acinetobacter baumannii complex was resistant to tigecycline and polymyxin B. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa（CRPA）was 18.4%（98/534）. There were differences in the composition ratio of Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections and the prevalence of main Gram-negative bacteria resistance among different regions，with statistically significant differences in the prevalence of CRKP and CRPA（ χ2=20.489 and 20.252， P<0.001）. The prevalence of CREC，CRKP，CRPA，CRAB，ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were higher in provinicial hospitals than those in municipal hospitals（ χ2=11.953，81.183，10.404，5.915，12.415 and 6.459， P<0.01 or <0.05），while the prevalence of CRPA was higher in economically developed regions（per capita GDP ≥ 92 059 Yuan）than that in economically less-developed regions（per capita GDP <92 059 Yuan）（ χ2=6.240， P=0.012）. Conclusions:The proportion of Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections shows an increasing trend，and Escherichia coli is ranked in the top，while the trend of CRKP decreases continuously with time. Decreasing trends are noted in ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Low prevalence of carbapenem resistance in Escherichia coli and high prevalence in CRAB complex have been observed. The composition ratio and antibacterial spectrum of bloodstream infections in different regions of China are slightly different，and the proportion of main drug resistant bacteria in provincial hospitals is higher than those in municipal hospitals.

Objective To explore the correlations between serum Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, IL-23 and IL-33 levels and chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Methods The clinical characteristics and laboratory data from 55 patients with CSU and 21 healthy controls at Huashan Hospital, Fudan University from February 2021 to September 2023 were collected. The disease activity and severity of CSU patients were assessed. Serum level of MRGPRX2 was tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, IL-23, and IL-33 were measured using Luminex multiplex assay in all subjects. Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlations between biomarkers and other parameters in CSU patients, and logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors influencing CSU. Results CSU patients exhibited significantly higher serum levels of MRGPRX2 (2.41[0, 11.51] ng/mL vs 0[0, 2.86] ng/mL, P＝0.015) and IL-23 (0.09[0.04, 0.56] pg/mL vs 0.05[0.03, 0.08] pg/mL, P＝0.033) than healthy controls. There was no difference in levels of other cytokines between the two groups. There was no difference in levels of MRGPRX2 and cytokines between severe and non-severe CSU patients. Correlation analysis showed that serum MRGPRX2 levels in CSU patients were positively correlated with IL-4 (r＝0.345, P＝0.010) and IL-6 (r＝0.395, P＝0.003) levels. Logistic regression analysis indicated that MRGPRX2≥0.055 ng/mL and IL-23≥0.135 pg/mL were independent risk factors for CSU (P＜0.05). Conclusions Serum levels of MRGPRX2 and IL-23 in CSU patients are elevated, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of CSU.

The interaction between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and host, as well as the regulation of some signaling pathways in the host, were involved in pathogen latency in macrophages. microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the gene expression and biological functions, indicating that miRNAs played a regulatory role in bacterial infections. However, whether the host's miRNAs were also involved in the process of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection had not been thoroughly studied. This study infected macrophages with pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv and low virulence strain H37Ra to explore the functional miRNAs. By identifying the expression profile of miRNAs in host cells after infection, the expression of 17 miRNAs significantly changed (P < 0.05) in the human macrophage THP-1 infected with highly pathogenic H37Rv strain (Rv), H37Rv inactivated strain (Rv-), and non-pathogenic H37Ra (Ra) strains respectively, indicating that host miRNAs may be involved in the interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and host. Meanwhile, 10 types of miRNAs showed significant differences in cells infected with pathogenic and non-pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis, suggesting that host miRNAs may play an important role in the pathogenicity and intracellular survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Further study had found that miR-449a, miR-502-5p, and miR-708 were downregulated in cells infected with Mycobacterium marinum. Overexpression of these three miRNAs displayed the significant inhibitory effect on the growth of Mycobacterium marinum, indicating that miRNAs played a pivotal role in the interaction between the host and Mycobacterium marinum. This study provided the new insights into the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the treatment of tuberculosis.

Microorganisms can form biofilms, complex, heterogeneous, multicellular communities that adhere to surfaces. Biofilm formation on the surface of structures in water will accelerate structures’ corrosion, seriously affect their service efficiency and life, and significantly impact the growth of animals, plants, and human life. Hence, clarifying the mechanism of biofilm formation contributes to developing new strategies to control biofilm formation on surface and then reduce infections, biofouling, and contaminations. Biofilm-targeting strategies include the regulation of established biofilms or the modulation of single-cell attachment. In most studies, physicochemical mechanism is frequently applied to explain the initial bacterial adhesion phenomena but rarely to explain other stages of biofilm formation. This review presents a five-step comprehensive description of the physicochemical process from film formation to biofilm maturation: (1) period of film formation; (2) period of bacterial adhesion; (3) period of extracellular-polymeric-substances (EPSs) membrane formation; (4) period of regulating biofilm by quorum sensing (QS); (5) period of biofilm maturation. We first clarify how the film formed by compound molecules affects the surface’s physicochemical properties and initial adhesion, summarizing many factors that affect bacterial adhesion. We then review the types of EPSs and signal molecules secreted by bacteria after irreversible adhesion, as well as their role and QS mechanism in biofilm maturation. Finally, we discuss how bacteria or microcolonies separate from the mature biofilm by physicochemical action and summarize the morphology and adhesion characterization methods after the biofilm matures. This review redefines the role of physicochemical in the whole process of biofilm formation and provides a theoretical basis for the prevention, removal, and utilization of biofilm and other related research fields.

Objective To observe the effect of remifentanil-based fast-track anesthesia on the quality of anesthesia recovery in children with congenital heart disease underwent transcatheter closure.Methods Children with congenital heart disease who underwent transcatheter closure were divided into treatment group and control group according to the anesthesia plan.The anesthesia plan of the control group was as follows:anesthesia induction(intramuscular injection of ketamine at 4 mg·kg-1,intravenous injection of propofol at 2.5 mg·kg-1,fentanyl at 10 μg·kg-1and cisatracurium at 0.1 mg·kg-1)and anesthesia maintenance(fentanyl at0.4μg·kg-1·min-1 and propofol at 8 μg·kg-1·min-1).The anesthesia plan of the treatment group was as follows:anesthesia induction(intramuscular injection of ketamine at 5 mg·kg-,intravenous injection of midazolam at 0.1 mg·kg-1,sufentanil at 1.0 μg·kg-1 and cisatracurium at 0.1 mg·kg-1)and anesthesia maintenance(remifentanil at 0.5 μg·kg-1·min-1 and propofol at 8 μg·kg-1·min-1).Anesthesia recovery,facial expression,leg posture,activity,crying and comfortability(FLACC)of 5 pain scores,Ramsay score,hemodynamics,myocardial injury indexes,and adverse drug reactions were compared between the two groups.Results There were 64 cases in treatment group and 56 cases in control group.The spontaneous respiration recovery time,call time and extubation time of the treatment group were(4.87±1.22),(10.16±2.58)and(12.55±3.19)min,shorter than those in control group,which were(5.49±1.35),(13.34±3.27)and(15.67±3.62)min(all P＜0.05).At 1 h and 2 h after operation,Ramsay scores of treatment group were 2.58±0.35 and 3.69±0.42,were lower than 3.02±0.47 and 4.24±0.39 in control group(all P＜0.05).At 1 h and 2 h after operation,the FLACC scores of the treatment group were 3.03±0.81 and 3.75±0.84,lower than 3.78±0.62 and 4.36±0.51 in control group(all P＜0.05).Mean arterial pressure(MAP)of treatment group at the insertion of laryngeal mask,the insertion of occluder and the end of the operation were(102.45±10.26),(94.18±8.37)and(91.46±10.15)mmHg,lower than those in control group,which were(107.84±10.11),(100.57±9.84)and(97.33±8.53)mmHg(all P＜0.05).On day 1 and day 3 after operation,serum creatine kinase isoenzyme(CK-MB)levels in the treatment group were(10.03±2.58)and(8.65±2.16)U·L-1,lower than those in control group,which were(12.44±3.07)and(10.16±2.35)U·L-1(all P＜0.05).On day 1 and day 3 after operation,serum cardiac troponin Ⅰ(cTn Ⅰ)levels in treatment group[(0.07±0.02)and(0.04±0.01)μg·L-1]were lower than those in control group[(0.09±0.03)and(0.06±0.02)μg·L-1](all P＜0.05).The incidence of adverse anesthesia reactions in treatment group was 6.25％(4 cases/64 cases),lower than 17.86％(10 cases/56 cases)in control group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Remifentanil-based fast-track anesthesia can improve the quality of anesthesia recovery in children with congenital heart disease undergoing transcatheter closure,with good sedative and analgesic effects,stable hemodynamics during operation,and low incidence of adverse drug reactions.

Objective To observe the effect of Bushen Huoxue formula on interleukin-17(IL-17)in rats with recurrent spontaneous abortion(RSA).Methods RS A model rats were constructed by intraperitoneal injection of estradiol benzoate.Forty RSA model rats were randomly divided into model group,control group and experimental-L,-H groups,with 10 rats per group.Another 10 healthy pregnant rats were set as blank group.The experimental-L,-H groups were given 7.77 and 15.54 g·kg-1 of Bushen Huoxue formula solution by gavage.The control group was given 2.10 mg·kg-1of dydrogesterone solution by gavage.The blank group and the model group were given equal amount of 0.9％NaCl by gavage.The dose of administration for the five groups was 10 mL·kg-1,once a day,for 9 days.The number of live fetuses,embryo loss,and embryo loss rate in each group were observed.The proportion of Th 17 cells in the peripheral blood was detected by flow cytometry.The expression levels of interleukin-6(IL-6),IL-17 and IL-23 proteins in the decidual tissues were detected by Western blotting.Results The number of live fetuses in the experimental-H,control,model and blank groups were 11.50±2.84,11.50±3.10,6.30±1.25 and 12.50±3.24;the number of embryos lost were 1.80±0.42,1.90±0.57,4.90±1.37 and 0;the rates of embryo loss were(14.01±4.52)％,(14.79±6.06)％,(43.50±9.49)％and 0;the proportions of Th17 cells in the peripheral blood were(3.12±0.47)％,(3.10±0.59)％,(5.31±1.16)％and(2.54±0.71)％;the relative expression levels of IL-6 protein were 0.19±0.04,0.18±0.05,0.85±0.16 and 0.11±0.03;the relative expression levels of IL-17 protein were 0.28±0.04,0.29±0.05,0.84±0.12 and 0.09±0.01;the relative expression levels of IL-23 protein were 0.35±0.04,0.34±0.06,0.90±0.11 and 0.08±0.01,respectively.Comparing experimental-H group and model group,comparing control group and blank group,the above indexes were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Bushen Huoxue formula can reduce embryo loss,improve placental tissue pathology,reduce Th 17 cell proportion and its related cytokines IL-6,IL-17,IL-23 expression in rats with RSA.