OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between the polygenic risks for various psychiatric disorders and clinical and neuropsychological characteristics in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: Using a cross-sectional design, 285 children with ADHD and 107 healthy controls were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist, the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function for parents, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition, and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Blood samples were collected for genetic data. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for various psychiatric disorders were calculated using the PRSice-2 software. RESULTS: Compared with the healthy controls, the children with ADHD displayed significantly higher PRSs for ADHD, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (P<0.05). In terms of daily-life executive function, ADHD-related PRS was significantly correlated with the working memory factor; panic disorder-related PRS was significantly correlated with the initiation factor; bipolar disorder-related PRS was significantly correlated with the shift factor; schizophrenia-related PRS was significantly correlated with the inhibition, emotional control, initiation, working memory, planning, organization, and monitoring factors (P<0.05). The PRS related to anxiety disorders was negatively correlated with total IQ and processing speed index (P<0.05). The PRS related to obsessive-compulsive disorder was negatively correlated with the processing speed index and positively correlated with the stop-signal reaction time index of the stop-signal task (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS PRSs for various psychiatric disorders are closely correlated with the behavioral and cognitive characteristics in children with ADHD, which provides more insights into the heterogeneity of ADHD.
Humans ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/genetics* ; Child ; Male ; Female ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Multifactorial Inheritance ; Adolescent ; Mental Disorders/etiology* ; Executive Function ; Genetic Risk Score

The inflammatory status in patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD)is closely associated with cardiovascular events,infections,and other complications,and is a powerful indicator for prognosis assessment.The core view of the"gut-kidney axis"theory reveals the relationship among inflammatory state,microbiota dysbiosis,and deterioration of renal function.The microbiota alters the microenvironment through structural changes and metabolites with different properties,subsequently leading to microbiota translocation,inducing inflammatory lesions,and damaging the kidneys.Recent studies have proposed that targeted microbiota intervention strategies such as probiotics,prebiotics,and synbiotics can modulate the microbiota structure,regulate the microenvironment,relieve renal inflammation,and affect the progression of renal disease,representing a potentially promising research direction in the future.This review discusses the characteristics of how intestinal microbiota influence the inflammatory status in CKD,focusing on the research progress of targeted microbiota intervention,aiming to discuss the effectiveness and scientific basis of these strategies,providing a foundation for the treatment of CKD and the expansion of targeted microbiota research,as well as offering references for the clinical application of probiotics,prebiotics,and synbiotics.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of hippocampal neuron death,and to explore the relationship between necroptosis of hippocampal neurons and impaired learning and memory in vascular dementia(VaD)mice model.Methods Except the sham group,the mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion vascular dementia was constructed by bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries(2VO).Morris water maze was used to evaluate the cognitive of mice.The mRNA expressions of RIPK1,RIPK3 and MLKL in the hippocampal region of mice was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qPCR).The protein expressions of RIPK1,RIPK3,pRIPK3 and MLKL were detected by Western blotting,and their correlation with the cognitive ability was analyzed.The co-localization of RIPK1,RIPK3 and MLKL was detected by immunofluorescence double labeling.Results qPCR showed that compared with sham group,mRNA expressions of RIPK1,RIPK3 and MLKL in hipp-ocampal neurons in VaD group were significantly increased.Western blot results showed that the protein levels of RIPK1,pRIPK3 and MLKL in hippocampal neuron of VaD group were also significantly increased.The co-expression localization of RIPK1,RIPK3 and MLKL was significantly enhanced in the hippocampus of the mouse model by immunofluorescence double labeling.Further study showed that the expressions of RIPK1,RIPK3 and MLKL were negatively correlated with the target quadrant residence time and the number of platform crossing in the mouse model.Conclusion In the VaD mouse model,the loss of hippocampal neurons and the development of learning and memory dysfunction may be caused by the activation of RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling pathway,which leads to the programmed necrosis of neurons.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of hippocampal neuron death,and to explore the relationship between necroptosis of hippocampal neurons and impaired learning and memory in vascular dementia(VaD)mice model.Methods Except the sham group,the mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion vascular dementia was constructed by bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries(2VO).Morris water maze was used to evaluate the cognitive of mice.The mRNA expressions of RIPK1,RIPK3 and MLKL in the hippocampal region of mice was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qPCR).The protein expressions of RIPK1,RIPK3,pRIPK3 and MLKL were detected by Western blotting,and their correlation with the cognitive ability was analyzed.The co-localization of RIPK1,RIPK3 and MLKL was detected by immunofluorescence double labeling.Results qPCR showed that compared with sham group,mRNA expressions of RIPK1,RIPK3 and MLKL in hipp-ocampal neurons in VaD group were significantly increased.Western blot results showed that the protein levels of RIPK1,pRIPK3 and MLKL in hippocampal neuron of VaD group were also significantly increased.The co-expression localization of RIPK1,RIPK3 and MLKL was significantly enhanced in the hippocampus of the mouse model by immunofluorescence double labeling.Further study showed that the expressions of RIPK1,RIPK3 and MLKL were negatively correlated with the target quadrant residence time and the number of platform crossing in the mouse model.Conclusion In the VaD mouse model,the loss of hippocampal neurons and the development of learning and memory dysfunction may be caused by the activation of RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling pathway,which leads to the programmed necrosis of neurons.

Objective To monitor the susceptibility of clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents in healthcare facilities in major regions of China in 2023.Methods Clinical isolates collected from 73 hospitals across China were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using a unified protocol based on disc diffusion method or automated testing systems.Results were interpreted using the 2023 Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints.Results A total of 445199 clinical isolates were collected in 2023,of which 29.0％ were gram-positive and 71.0％ were gram-negative.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains in Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (excluding Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus schleiferi) (MRSA,MRSE and MRCNS) was 29.6％,81.9％ and 78.5％,respectively.Methicillin-resistant strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents than methicillin-susceptible strains (MSSA,MSSE and MSCNS).Overall,92.9％ of MRSA strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 91.4％ of MRSE strains were susceptible to rifampicin.No vancomycin-resistant strains were found.Enterococcus faecalis had significantly lower resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents tested than Enterococcus faecium.A few vancomycin-resistant strains were identified in both E.faecalis and E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae was 93.1％ in the isolates from children and and 95.9％ in the isolates from adults.The resistance rate to carbapenems was lower than 15.0％ for most Enterobacterales species except for Klebsiella,22.5％ and 23.6％ of which were resistant to imipenem and meropenem,respectively .Most Enterobacterales isolates were highly susceptible to tigecycline,colistin and polymyxin B,with resistance rates ranging from 0.6％ to 10.0％.The resistance rate to imipenem and meropenem was 21.9％ and 17.4％ for Pseudomonas aeruginosa,respectively,and 67.5％ and 68.1％ for Acinetobacter baumannii,respectively.Conclusions Increasing resistance to the commonly used antimicrobial agents is still observed in clinical bacterial isolates.However,the prevalence of important crabapenem-resistant organisms such as crabapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa,and A.baumannii showed a slightly decreasing trend.This finding suggests that strengthening bacterial resistance surveillance and multidisciplinary linkage are important for preventing the occurrence and development of bacterial resistance.

Objective To monitor the susceptibility of clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents in healthcare facilities in major regions of China in 2023.Methods Clinical isolates collected from 73 hospitals across China were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using a unified protocol based on disc diffusion method or automated testing systems.Results were interpreted using the 2023 Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints.Results A total of 445199 clinical isolates were collected in 2023,of which 29.0％ were gram-positive and 71.0％ were gram-negative.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains in Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (excluding Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus schleiferi) (MRSA,MRSE and MRCNS) was 29.6％,81.9％ and 78.5％,respectively.Methicillin-resistant strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents than methicillin-susceptible strains (MSSA,MSSE and MSCNS).Overall,92.9％ of MRSA strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 91.4％ of MRSE strains were susceptible to rifampicin.No vancomycin-resistant strains were found.Enterococcus faecalis had significantly lower resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents tested than Enterococcus faecium.A few vancomycin-resistant strains were identified in both E.faecalis and E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae was 93.1％ in the isolates from children and and 95.9％ in the isolates from adults.The resistance rate to carbapenems was lower than 15.0％ for most Enterobacterales species except for Klebsiella,22.5％ and 23.6％ of which were resistant to imipenem and meropenem,respectively .Most Enterobacterales isolates were highly susceptible to tigecycline,colistin and polymyxin B,with resistance rates ranging from 0.6％ to 10.0％.The resistance rate to imipenem and meropenem was 21.9％ and 17.4％ for Pseudomonas aeruginosa,respectively,and 67.5％ and 68.1％ for Acinetobacter baumannii,respectively.Conclusions Increasing resistance to the commonly used antimicrobial agents is still observed in clinical bacterial isolates.However,the prevalence of important crabapenem-resistant organisms such as crabapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa,and A.baumannii showed a slightly decreasing trend.This finding suggests that strengthening bacterial resistance surveillance and multidisciplinary linkage are important for preventing the occurrence and development of bacterial resistance.

Objective:To study the diagnostic clues and significance in serous effusion cytology associated with lymphoblatic lymphoma/acute lymphoblastic leukemia (LBL/ALL).Methods:Forty-five serous effusion specimens with final diagnosis of LBL/ALL were collected from August 2011 to December 2019 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. All cases were reviewed for their clinical profiles, cytomorphologic features and ancillary studies. Cell blocks and immunocytochemistry were prepared in 22 cases; flow cytometric immunophenotyping was performed in three cases and gene rearrangement analysis (T-cell recepter, TCR and immunoglobulin, Ig) was performed in five cases.Results:Among the 45 cases, there were 35 males and 10 females with male to female ratio of 3.5∶1.0. The median age was 15 years. Mediastinal mass was the initial presentation in 39 patients (86.7%) and high LDL level were observed in 34 patients (75.6%). Microscopically, the majority of the specimens (86.7%) were hypercellular. The smears demonstrated dispersed lymphoblasts that were predominantly small to intermediate in size with scanty basophilic cytoplasm and irregular or convoluted nuclei with fine chromatin condensation and inconspicuous nucleoli. Mitoses were frequently observed. Karyorrhexis and apoptosis were seen in all cases. By immunophenotyping, TdT was expressed in 19 cases (86.4%) and CD99 in 20 cases (90.9%). Ki-67 expression varied from 65% to 95%. Flow cytometry in three cases demonstrated positivity for TdT, CD2, CD3 and CD7. Monoclonal TCR gene rearrangement was found in 4 of 5 cases, and both monoclonal TCR and Igκ gene were found in 1 case.Conclusions:In LBL/ALL, primary diagnosis could be made basing on clinical features (younger male patients with a mediastinum mass) and cytomorphology (monotonous, small to medium sized lymphoid cells with prominent irregular nuclei, fine chromatin and frequent mitoses, karyorrhexis and apoptosis). If immunocytochemistry and other ancillary studies are performed, the accuracy and reliability of the results could be improved.

Objective     To identify the risk factors for postoperative recurrence of peripheral solid small-nodule lung cancer (PSSNLC) (T≤2 cm), and to explore the effects of surgery types on prognosis. Methods     We extracted data from Western China Lung Cancer Database (WCLCD), a prospectively maintained database at the Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)  database for peripheral solid small-nodule lung cancer patients (T≤2 cm N0M0, stageⅠ) who underwent surgery between 2005 and 2016. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression to analyze risk factors for recurrence of PSSNLC. We applied propensity-score matching to compare the long-term results of segmentectomy and lobectomy, as well as the survival of patients from WCLCD and SEER. We finally included 4 800 patients with PSSNLC (T≤2 cm N0M0)(WCLCD: SEER=354∶4 446). We matched 103 segmentectomies and 350 lobectomies in T≤1 cm, and 280 segmentectomies and 1 067 lobectomies in 1 cm

OBJECTIVE: To observe the therapeutic effect of horizontal penetration needling combined with rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets, simple horizontal penetration needling and simple rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets for migraine without aura in acute stage. METHODS: A total of 99 patients with migraine without aura in acute stage were randomized into an acupuncture plus medication group, an acupuncture group and a western medication group, 33 cases in each one. In the acupuncture group, horizontal penetration needling was applied once at Hanyan (GB 4) to Xuanli(GB 6), Shenting (GV 24) to Yintang (GV 29), Baihui (GV 20) to Qianding (GV 21), etc. for 2 h. In the western medication group, oral rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets for 10 mg were given once. In the acupuncture plus medication group, treatment of acupuncture combined with rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets were given, the application was the same as the acupuncture group and the western medication group. Before treatment and 0.5, 2, 24 h after treatment, the visual analogue scale (VAS) score was observed, the remission rate and the disappearance rate of migraine of 2, 24 h after treatment were compared in the 3 groups. RESULTS: Compared before treatment, the VAS scores of each time point after treatment were decreased in the 3 groups ( CONCLUSION Horizontal penetration needling combined with rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets have significant therapeutic effect on rapid analgesia and continuous analgesia for migraine without aura in acute stage, its effect is superior to simple horizontal penetration needling and simple rizatriptan monobenzoate tablets.
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Humans ; Migraine without Aura ; Tablets ; Treatment Outcome ; Triazoles ; Tryptamines

The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT), which serves as a hub, receives dense projections from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and projects to the lateral division of central amygdala (CeL). The infralimbic (IL) cortex plays a crucial role in encoding and recalling fear extinction memory. Here, we found that neurons in the PVT and IL were strongly activated during fear extinction retrieval. Silencing PVT neurons inhibited extinction retrieval at recent time point (24 h after extinction), while activating them promoted extinction retrieval at remote time point (7 d after extinction), suggesting a critical role of the PVT in extinction retrieval. In the mPFC-PVT circuit, projections from IL rather than prelimbic cortex to the PVT were dominant, and disrupting the IL-PVT projection suppressed extinction retrieval. Moreover, the axons of PVT neurons preferentially projected to the CeL. Silencing the PVT-CeL circuit also suppressed extinction retrieval. Together, our findings reveal a new neural circuit for fear extinction retrieval outside the classical IL-amygdala circuit.