Objective To gain insights into the biological characteristics of different populations of Culex tritaeniorhynchus within and around the Yellow Sea wetland from the perspective of the occurrence of resistance, we investigated the levels of resistance to deltamethrin and kdr gene mutation in the wetland and its peripheral areas. Methods Specimens were collected from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus populations at two monitoring sites in the Rare Bird National Nature Reserve and Tiaozi Ni Wetland Scenic Area, and also from two populations in Yancheng City and the Liuhe District of Nanjing, and the resistance of these mosquitoes to deltamethrin was determined using the CDC biotest bottle method. For each concentration of deltamethrin assessed, a random subset of exposed specimens was selected for amplification of the kdr gene fragment, followed by Sanger sequencing to identify and analyze resistance-associated mutations. Results The LC50 levels of deltamethrin among mosquitoes from the four populations in Luhe, Yancheng, the Rare Bird National Nature Reserve and the Tiaozi Ni Wetland Scenic Area were 2.048 5, 7.798 2, 3.473 3, and 17.695 5 mg/mL, respectively, with corresponding concentrations of deltamethrin ranging from 0.005 to 5.000,0.050 to 50.000,0.050 to 25.000 and 0.050 to 50.000 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the ranges of the KT50 values were 11.76-107.43, 67.05-216.30,29.77-107.43 and 28.40-329.51 min; the 1-h knockdown rates were 34.58%-99.15%, 9.52%-43.80%, 55.09%-73.01%, and 10.09%-68.07%; and the 24-h mortality rates were 12.15%-67.52%,9.52%-79.56%,13.17%-82.21%, and 11.01%-78.99%, respectively. With respect to kdr gene mutation, we assayed a total of 63,70,59, and 57 mosquitoes for the four populations, for which we detected L1014F mutation frequencies of 14.29%, 35.00%, 20.34%, and 31.58%, respectively, with a majority of these mutations being heterozygous for resistance. In addition, five adult mosquitoes were identified has having synonymous mutations at site 1011[i. e. , AAT(asparagine)mutation to AAC(asparagine)]. Conclusions Our findings revealed the clear resistance of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus to deltamethrin in the Yancheng region of the Yellow Sea wetland, and the resistance phenotype and kdr frequency of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the wetland environment were comparable to those of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the wetland environment, thereby indicating that the resistance of different populations of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was homogeneous under the pressure of different insecticide selection within and around the wetland. However, the underlying mechanisms need to be further studied.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the seasonal variation of mosquitoes in Yantai, Shandong Province, and provide a scientific basis for mosquito and mosquito-borne disease control. Methods From March to November for each of the years between 2020 and 2023, adult mosquitoes were collected from different habitats, including parks, hospitals, urban residential areas, rural households and livestock sheds, in 13 counties of Yantai City using a mosquito trap lamp method, among which, female mosquitoes were separated and identified, and the numbers were counted. We used the circular distribution method to analyze the temporal distribution characteristics of mosquito density. Results The γ values obtained for mosquitoes in Yantai from 2020 to 2023, the distribution of mosquitoes in different habitats, and dominant mosquito species in different months showed strong seasonality, with values ranging from 0.7461 to 0.8531(P ＜ 0.05). The peak period of seasonal variation in mosquitoes occurred from June 28thto September 13th, with August 5thbeing identified as the peak day. The peak periods of seasonal variation in mosquitoes in residential areas, parks, hospitals, peasant households, and animals sheds were observed from June 24thto September 14th, June 25thto September 10th, June 22ndto September 12th, July 1stto September 9th, and July 2ndto September 17th, respectively, with corresponding peak days on August 4th,3rd, 2nd, 5th, and 9th, respectively. The peak periods of Culex pipiens pallens, Aedes albopictus, and Anopheles sinensis were from June 26thto September 11th, June 28thto September 17th, and July 12thto September 17th, respectively, with corresponding peak days on August 3rd,7th, and 14th, respectively. Conclusions Our findings in this study revealed that the peak of mosquito activity in Yantai was concentrated in early August, with a peak period extending from June 28thto September 13th, and there were differences between different habitats(with peak periods for rural households and livestock sheds occurring later than those in residential areas, parks, and hospitals). Moreover, with respect to the mosquito species, populations of Cx. pipiens pallens and Ae. albopictus peaked earlier than those of An. sinensis. Based on these findings, we recommend that city-wide mosquito control work should commence in late June, and include appropriate early prevention and control measures for key habitats, such as livestock sheds, and dominant mosquito species, such as Cx. pipiens pallens, to minimize the density of mosquito vectors and the risk of disease transmission.

Aim To explore the mechanism of Gano-derma lucidum polysaccharides(GLPS)promoting my-elin repair and regeneration in mice with chronic demy-elination induced by cuprizone(CPZ).Methods A total of 40 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups:Normal+NS,Normal+GLPS,CPZ+NS and CPZ+GLPS.A chronic demyelination model was established using 0.2％CPZ.Open field and elevated plus maze tests were performed to observe the behavior-al changes in the mice.Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot were used to detect changes in myelin basic protein expression in the corpus callosum.ELISA was performed to measure the levels of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β and IL-10 in brain homogenates.Immunofluo-rescence staining was also used to observe the expres-sion of ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1(Iba1)and neural-glial antigen 2(NG2).RT-qPCR and Western blot were conducted to assess the mRNA and protein expression levels of MBP,iNOS,COX-2,JAK2 and STAT3.Results Mice in the CPZ+NS group showed a significant decrease in body weight,cognitive behavior abnormalities,and impaired myelin regeneration.The expression of pro-inflammatory fac-tors increased,while anti-inflammatory factors de-creased.Additionally,Iba1 and NG2 expression in-creased,and the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway was activated.After GLPS intervention,the mouse body weight increased,myelin regeneration occurred,cogni-tive behavior was improved,the expression of inflamma-tory factors decreased,anti-inflammatory factors in-creased,NG2 expression was further elevated,and the proliferation of microglia as well as the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway was inhibited.Conclu-sions GLPS can improve cognitive behavior abnormali-ties and inflammatory responses in chronic demyelinated mice by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway,thereby promoting myelin repair and regeneration.

Objective:To build an evaluation index system for Huimin Insurance and provide reference for promoting the steady and sustainable development of Huimin Insurance.Methods:The evaluation indicators were initially constructed through literature analysis method and further revised and improved.The entropy weight TOPSIS method was used to evaluate and analyze 84 Huimin Insurance products with complete evaluation indicator data in 21 provinces across the country.Results:The constructed evaluation index system for Huimin Insurance includes 4 first-level indicators,10 second-level indicators and 28 third-level indicators.The weights of the first-level indicators,from high to low,are the sustainability indicator of Huimin Insurance(0.335 0),the guarantee ability indicator(0.235 1),the fairness indicator of participation in insurance(0.229 9)and the guarantee level indicator(0.200 0).The evaluation results show that the top ranked products are mainly concentrated in Zhejiang and Guangdong.Conclusion:The evaluation results of the entropy weight TOPSIS method are suitable for the comprehensive evaluation of Huimin Insurance and are comprehensive and scientific.They can be used to evaluate the operation and development of Huimin Insurance products,laying a good foundation for further evaluation of the sustainability of Huimin Insurance.

Objective:To build an evaluation index system for Huimin Insurance and provide reference for promoting the steady and sustainable development of Huimin Insurance.Methods:The evaluation indicators were initially constructed through literature analysis method and further revised and improved.The entropy weight TOPSIS method was used to evaluate and analyze 84 Huimin Insurance products with complete evaluation indicator data in 21 provinces across the country.Results:The constructed evaluation index system for Huimin Insurance includes 4 first-level indicators,10 second-level indicators and 28 third-level indicators.The weights of the first-level indicators,from high to low,are the sustainability indicator of Huimin Insurance(0.335 0),the guarantee ability indicator(0.235 1),the fairness indicator of participation in insurance(0.229 9)and the guarantee level indicator(0.200 0).The evaluation results show that the top ranked products are mainly concentrated in Zhejiang and Guangdong.Conclusion:The evaluation results of the entropy weight TOPSIS method are suitable for the comprehensive evaluation of Huimin Insurance and are comprehensive and scientific.They can be used to evaluate the operation and development of Huimin Insurance products,laying a good foundation for further evaluation of the sustainability of Huimin Insurance.

Aim To explore the mechanism of Gano-derma lucidum polysaccharides(GLPS)promoting my-elin repair and regeneration in mice with chronic demy-elination induced by cuprizone(CPZ).Methods A total of 40 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups:Normal+NS,Normal+GLPS,CPZ+NS and CPZ+GLPS.A chronic demyelination model was established using 0.2％CPZ.Open field and elevated plus maze tests were performed to observe the behavior-al changes in the mice.Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot were used to detect changes in myelin basic protein expression in the corpus callosum.ELISA was performed to measure the levels of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β and IL-10 in brain homogenates.Immunofluo-rescence staining was also used to observe the expres-sion of ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1(Iba1)and neural-glial antigen 2(NG2).RT-qPCR and Western blot were conducted to assess the mRNA and protein expression levels of MBP,iNOS,COX-2,JAK2 and STAT3.Results Mice in the CPZ+NS group showed a significant decrease in body weight,cognitive behavior abnormalities,and impaired myelin regeneration.The expression of pro-inflammatory fac-tors increased,while anti-inflammatory factors de-creased.Additionally,Iba1 and NG2 expression in-creased,and the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway was activated.After GLPS intervention,the mouse body weight increased,myelin regeneration occurred,cogni-tive behavior was improved,the expression of inflamma-tory factors decreased,anti-inflammatory factors in-creased,NG2 expression was further elevated,and the proliferation of microglia as well as the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway was inhibited.Conclu-sions GLPS can improve cognitive behavior abnormali-ties and inflammatory responses in chronic demyelinated mice by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway,thereby promoting myelin repair and regeneration.

Aim To explore the effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA)on lipocalin 2(LCN2)-induced fer-roptosis in HT22 cells and the related mechanism.Methods Thirty male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were used to establish the middle cerebral artery occlu-sion/reperfusion(MCAO/R)model by the suture method.The rats were randomly divided into the Sham group,the MCAO/R group,and the MCAO/R+HSYA group.The infarct area was measured by TTC staining,and the degree of neurological deficit was evaluated by the Z-Longa scoring method.The expressions of LCN2 and 24P3R in brain tissues were detected by Western blot.LCN2 protein was added to HT-22 cells,and the cells were divided into the normal group,the LCN2 group,and the LCN2+HSYA group.The optimal con-centration of LCN2-induced neuronal ferroptosis was screened by LDH assay and Western blot,and the ex-pression levels of ferritin,FPN1,GPX4,SLC7A11,COX2,and 24P3R were detected.LCN2 was knocked down by siRNA transfection,and the expressions of GPX4 and ferritin were detected.The contents of glu-tathione(GSH),malondialdehyde(MDA),GPX4,and Fe2+were determined by colorimetry,and the expres-sion of GPX4 was detected by immunofluorescence.The binding force between HSYA and LCN2 was ana-lyzed by molecular docking technology.Results Ani-mal experiments showed that HSYA could reduce the cerebral infarction area and decrease the neurological function score of MCAO/R rats.Compared with the sham group,the levels of LCN2 and 24P3R increased in the MCAO/R group,while HSYA inhibited their ex-pressions.Cell experiments showed that the optimal concentration of LCN2 to induce ferroptosis in HT22 cells was 2 μmol·L-1.After knocking down LCN2 by siRNA transfection,compared with the LCN2 group,the expression levels of GPX4 and ferritin in the siLCN2 group increased significantly.Compared with the nor-mal group,the expressions of SLC7A11,GPX4,FPN1,ferritin,and GSH in the LCN2 group decreased signifi-cantly,while the concentration of Fe2+,and the expres-sions of MDA,COX2,and 24P3R increased.HSYA could increase the expressions of SLC7A11,GPX4,FPN1,ferritin,and GSH,reduce the contents of Fe2+and MDA,and inhibit the expressions of COX2 and 24P3R.Molecular docking showed that the binding en-ergy between HSYA and LCN2 was-8.0 kJ·mol-1.Conclusion HSYA can inhibit LCN2-induced ferrop-tosis in HT22 cells through the SLC7A11/GPX4 signa-ling pathway.

Aim To explore the effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA)on lipocalin 2(LCN2)-induced fer-roptosis in HT22 cells and the related mechanism.Methods Thirty male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were used to establish the middle cerebral artery occlu-sion/reperfusion(MCAO/R)model by the suture method.The rats were randomly divided into the Sham group,the MCAO/R group,and the MCAO/R+HSYA group.The infarct area was measured by TTC staining,and the degree of neurological deficit was evaluated by the Z-Longa scoring method.The expressions of LCN2 and 24P3R in brain tissues were detected by Western blot.LCN2 protein was added to HT-22 cells,and the cells were divided into the normal group,the LCN2 group,and the LCN2+HSYA group.The optimal con-centration of LCN2-induced neuronal ferroptosis was screened by LDH assay and Western blot,and the ex-pression levels of ferritin,FPN1,GPX4,SLC7A11,COX2,and 24P3R were detected.LCN2 was knocked down by siRNA transfection,and the expressions of GPX4 and ferritin were detected.The contents of glu-tathione(GSH),malondialdehyde(MDA),GPX4,and Fe2+were determined by colorimetry,and the expres-sion of GPX4 was detected by immunofluorescence.The binding force between HSYA and LCN2 was ana-lyzed by molecular docking technology.Results Ani-mal experiments showed that HSYA could reduce the cerebral infarction area and decrease the neurological function score of MCAO/R rats.Compared with the sham group,the levels of LCN2 and 24P3R increased in the MCAO/R group,while HSYA inhibited their ex-pressions.Cell experiments showed that the optimal concentration of LCN2 to induce ferroptosis in HT22 cells was 2 μmol·L-1.After knocking down LCN2 by siRNA transfection,compared with the LCN2 group,the expression levels of GPX4 and ferritin in the siLCN2 group increased significantly.Compared with the nor-mal group,the expressions of SLC7A11,GPX4,FPN1,ferritin,and GSH in the LCN2 group decreased signifi-cantly,while the concentration of Fe2+,and the expres-sions of MDA,COX2,and 24P3R increased.HSYA could increase the expressions of SLC7A11,GPX4,FPN1,ferritin,and GSH,reduce the contents of Fe2+and MDA,and inhibit the expressions of COX2 and 24P3R.Molecular docking showed that the binding en-ergy between HSYA and LCN2 was-8.0 kJ·mol-1.Conclusion HSYA can inhibit LCN2-induced ferrop-tosis in HT22 cells through the SLC7A11/GPX4 signa-ling pathway.

Objective To explore the regulatory effect of amylin on the feeding behavior of mice through the ERK pathway of paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus(PVN).Methods A total of 54 C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into multiple groups for experiments.First,immunofluorescence was used to detect the distribution of ERK and calcitonin receptor(CTR)neurons in the brains of 4 mice.A chemical lesion model of PVN neurons was established,and 16 mice were divided into four groups(4 mice per group):control(Ctrl)group,ibotenic acid(IBO)-lesioned group,amylin group,and amylin+IBO group.The number of ERK-positive neurons in the PVN region and food intake were then measured.Subsequently,16 mice were divided into four groups(4 mice per group),Ctrl group,amylin group,ERK antagonist U0126 group,and amylin+U0126 group.The expression level of the immediate early gene c-fos in the PVN was detected by Real-time PCR.Immunofluorescence was used to detect the distribution of p-ERK positive neurons in the brains of 4 saline-treated mice and 4 amylin-treated mice.Finally,18 mice were randomly divided into three groups(6 mice per group)through intracerebroventricular injection,Ctrl group,amylin group,and amylin+receptor antagonist AC 187 group.Then,triple immunofluorescence was used to detect the co-expression of p-ERK,neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS),and CTR-immunopositive neurons in the PVN region,and food intake within 3 hours after treatment was recorded simultaneously.Results ERK-positive neurons were mainly distributed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN),arcuate nucleus(ARC),and locus coeruleus(LC),while ERK and CTR co-expressing positive neurons were specifically enriched in the PVN(P=0.0012).Lesion of PVN neurons led to a decrease in the number of ERK-positive neurons(P＜0.001)and blocked the anorectic effect of amylin(P＜0.001).Amylin activated the expression of the c-fos gene in the PVN region(P＜0.05),and this effect was inhibited by U0126(P＜0.05).After intracerebroventricular injection of amylin,the number of triple-positive neurons for p-ERK,nNOS,and CTR in the PVN increased(P＜0.05).Addition of AC 187 blocked the activation effect of amylin(P＜0.01)and reversed the anorectic effect of amylin(1 h,P=0.2218;2 h,P=0.2218;3 h,P=0.6974).Conclusion P-ERK neurons in the PVN regulate feeding behavior through an amylin receptor-dependent ERK signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the population composition,seasonal dynamics,and infestation levels of cockroaches in Lanzhou,China,and to provide information for the scientific development of cockroach control strategies.Methods Monitoring was conducted at three locations using the sticky trap method.Habitats included farm product markets,catering establishments,hotels,hospitals,and residential areas.Results From 2016 to 2023,the average cockroach density was 0.77 insects per board,with an average infestation rate of 10.84%.Blattella germanica was the dominant species.Seasonal density of cockroaches showed an approximately unimodal distribution,peaking in September.The highest average density and infestation rates were observed in farm product markets.Conclusions Cockroach density and infestation levels in Lanzhou remained relatively low.A comprehensive prevention and control strategy focusing on environmental management in key areas should be implemented according to the seasonal fluctuations.