Objective To investigate the changing distribution and antibiotic resistance profiles of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus in hospitals across China from 2015 to 2021.Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted for the clinical isolates of Staphylococcus according to the unified protocol of CHINET(China Antimicrobial Surveillance Network)using disk diffusion method and commercial automated systems.The CHINET antimicrobial resistance surveillance data from 2015 to 2021 were interpreted according to the 2021 CLSI breakpoints and analyzed using WHONET 5.6.Results During the period from 2015 to 2021,a total of 204,771 nonduplicate strains of Staphylococcus were isolated,including 136,731(66.8％)strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 68,040(33.2％)strains of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus(CNS).The proportions of S.aureus isolates and CNS isolates did not show significant change.S.aureus strains were mainly isolated from respiratory specimens(38.9±5.1)％,wound,pus and secretions(33.6±4.2)％,and blood(11.9±1.5)％.The CNS strains were predominantly isolated from blood(73.6±4.2)％,cerebrospinal fluid(12.1±2.5)％,and pleural effusion and ascites(8.4±2.1)％.S.aureus strains were mainly isolated from the patients in ICU(17.0±7.3)％,outpatient and emergency(11.6±1.7)％,and department of surgery(11.2±0.9)％,whereas CNS strains were primarily isolated from the patients in ICU(32.2±9.7)％,outpatient and emergency(12.8±4.7)％,and department of internal medicine(11.2±1.9)％.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains was 32.9％in S.aureus(MRSA)and 74.1％in CNS(MRCNS).Over the 7-year period,the prevalence of MRSA decreased from 42.1％to 29.2％,and the prevalence of MRCNS decreased from 82.1％to 68.2％.MRSA showed higher resistance rates to all the antimicrobial agents tested except trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole than methicillin-susceptible S.aureus(MSSA).Over the 7-year period,MRSA strains showed decreasing resistance rates to gentamicin,rifampicin,and levofloxacin,MRCNS showed decreasing resistance rates to gentamicin,erythromycin,rifampicin,and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole,but increasing resistance rate to levofloxacin.No vancomycin-resistant strains were detected.The prevalence of linezolid-resistant MRCNS increased from 0.2％to 2.3％over the 7-year period.Conclusions Staphylococcus remains the major pathogen among gram-positive bacteria.MRSA and MRCNS were still the principal antibiotic-resistant gram-positive bacteria.No S.aureus isolates were found resistant to vancomycin or linezolid,but linezolid-resistant strains have been detected in MRCNS isolates,which is an issue of concern.

Objective:This study aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Dibai Yijing Formula(DYF)in the treat-ment of male infertility with essence deficiency in the kidney and damp-heat in the essence chamber(Abbreviation:kidney deficiency and damp-heat type).Methods:This study employed a randomized,controlled clinical trial design,recruiting 72 male patients with infertility due to kidney deficiency and damp-heat type.Patients were randomly assigned to an treatment group(36 patients)and a control group(36 patients)using a random number table.The control group received oral Clomiphene Citrate Capsules(50 mg,twice daily),while the treatment group received oral DYF(one dose daily,200 ml each time,30 minutes after breakfast and dinner).Both groups underwent a 12-week treatment period.After treatment,sperm concentration(SC),percentage of progressively motile sperms(PR),total sperm motility[PR+percentage of non-progressively motile sperms(NP)],and semen volume(SV)were compared between the two groups before and after treatment.Additionally,the total score of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)syndrome score and sperm DNA fragmentation index(DFI)and pregnancy outcomes of the patients'spouses were compared between the two groups.Results:Three patients dropped out from the treatment group and four from the control group.There were no statistically sig-nificant differences in semen parameters between the two groups(P＞0.05).After treatment,the patients in the treatment group showed significant difference in the percentage of SC([19.42±5.30]x 106/ml vs[10.75±2.41]x 106/ml),PR([27.72±6.62]％vs[20.04±4.10]％),PR+NP([49.86±10.68]％vs(33.74±5.58)％],DFI([12.33±3.43]％vs[15.06±3.98]％)and TCM symtom score([7.45±1.82]vs[13.85±1.91]),and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).The patients in the control group showed significant difference in the percentage of SC([19.56±5.24]× 106/ml vs[11.31±2.08]× 106/ml)and TCM symptom score([12.81±1.86]vs[14.06±1.64]).But no significant changes were observed in the PR([21.75±5.93]％vs[20.05±4.67]％),PR+NP([34.23±7.15]％vs[32.35±4.09]％),SV([3.19±1.08]ml vs[3.12±1.13]ml),and DFI([15.11±4.76]％vs[15.51±4.35]％)were not statistically significant(P＞0.05).Improve-ments in PR,PR+NP,TCM symptom score and DFI in the treatment group were better than those in the control group after treatment(P＜0.05);the differences in SC and SV and spousal pregnancy in the treatment group were not statistically significant compared with those in the control group(P＞0.05).No serious adverse events occurred in both groups during the treatment period.Conclusion:The treatment of male infertility with DYF is effective and safe.

The early response of plant auxin gene family Aux/IAA (auxin/indole-3-acetic acid) and its interaction with auxin response factor (ARF) are important pattern to regulate plant growth and development. This work identified 28 StoIAA and 24 StoARF members based on the whole genome data of the medicinal plant Senna tora L., which were classified into 10 and 8 subfamilies, respectively. Phylogenetic tree and collinearity analysis showed that S. tora has close evolutionary relationship with the IAA and ARF homologous genes of Glycine max, Medicago truncatula, and the segment duplication events dominate the expansion of StoIAA and StoARF. Gene structure analysis showed that the vast majority of StoIAA and StoARF contain characteristic conserved domain. Transcriptome data showed that StoIAAs and StoARFs were expressed in leaves, roots and seeds, some members had tissue specific expression. The StoIAA and StoARF promoter region most contain functional elements related to stress response, growth and development, hormone induction and secondary metabolism. In addition, gene expression analysis showed that many StoIAAs and StoARFs can quickly respond to drought and salt stress and exhibited same expression patterns under both stress condition. The yeast two-hybrid experiment confirmed that StoARF8 and StoARF10 exhibit varying degrees of interaction with multiple StoIAA proteins, respectively. The above results provide a basis for further biological functional analysis of the Aux/IAA and ARF gene family of S. tora.

Objective To investigate the effect of microglia activation regulated by C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1(CX3CL1)-C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1(CX3CR1)pathway on memory function in hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation rats.Methods The experiment was divided into two parts.In the first part,the rats were randomly divided into sham group,model-0.5 hour group,model-1.5 hour group,model-3 hour group,10 rats in each group.There were differences in the time of hemorrhagic shock among each group.In the second part,rats were randomly divided into control group and CX3CL1 group,10 rats in each group.The rats in CX3CL1 group were treated with CX3CL1 protein factor(intraventricular injection),and the rats in control group were treated with saline.All rats were trained in Morris water maze experiments before model construction,and tests of Morris water maze experiments were carried out after 4 days of model construction.After completion,the whole brains were taken for HE staining and immunohistochemical staining.Cerebrospinal fluid was taken for detection of inflammatory cytokines,and hippocampus tissues were taken for Real-time PCR detection and Western blotting detection.Results Compared with the sham group,the escape latency of rats in model group increased,the number of platform crossings and the resident time in the third quadrant decreased.The neuronal state was impaired in HE staining in model group.In addition,compared with the sham group,the expression of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1(Iba1)in the brain of the rats in model group increased,the contents of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and interleukin(IL)-6 in the cerebrospinal fluid increased,and the M1-type microglia markers CD16,TNF-α,IL-1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)mRNA content increased.At the same time,compared with the sham group,the expressions of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 in the brain of model group decreased,and the expressions of phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB(p-NF-κB)and nucleotide binding oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)increased.However,compared with the control group,rats in CX3CL1 group had reduced escape latency,increased platform crossing times and quadrantⅢresident time,and recovered neuronal states.In addition,the expression of Iba1 in the brain of CX3CL1 group decreased,the contents of TNF-α and IL-6 in the cerebrospinal fluid decreased,the mRNA contents of M1-type microglia markers like CD16,TNF-α,IL-1β and iNOS decreased,and the mRNA contents of markers of M2-type microglia glial like CD206,transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β),arginase-1(Arg1),Chitinase 3-like protein 1(Ym 1)increased.Conclusion CX3CL1 can help inhibit the excessive activation of microglia,induce the polarization of microglia to M2 type,inhibit the polarization of M1 type,reduce the release of inflammatory cytokines,and alleviate the memory function damage induced by hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation.

AIM:Bone morphogenetic protein 7(BMP7)reduces the expression of Yes-related protein 1(YAP1)by down-regulating Ajuba level and decreasing extracellular matrix(ECM)deposition.This study aimed to inves-tigate the influence of these factors on modifying the degree of renal fibrosis in rats with diabetic nephropathy.METH-ODS:Eighteen Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into three groups:the normal control(NC)group,the diabetes mellitus(DM)group,and the DM group treated with BMP7 overexpressing adeno-associated virus(DM+rAAV-BMP7).Each group consisted of six rats.Diabetic kidney disease(DKD)was established in the DM and DM+rAAV-BMP7 groups by injecting 55 mg/kg streptozotocin(STZ)via the tail vein.NRK-52E cells were divided into three groups:the normal glucose(NG)group,the high glucose(HG)group,and the high glucose group treated with recombinant hu-man BMP7(HG+rhBMP7)group.Pathological changes in renal tissues were observed using hematoxylin and eosin(HE)and Sirius red staining.Immunohistochemical staining was performed to examine the expression sites of Ajuba and YAP1 in the renal cortex.Western blot analysis was conducted to determine the expression levels of BMP7,Ajuba,YAP1,colla-gen type Ⅲ(Col-Ⅲ),and fibronectin(FN)in the rat renal cortex and NRK-52E cells.RT-qPCR was used to measure the mRNA levels of Ajuba and YAP1 in the rat renal cortex.RESULTS:Biochemical indices revealed significantly ele-vated levels of blood glucose,serum creatinine,triglycerides,total cholesterol,and 24-hour urinary protein in the DM group compared to the NC group(P<0.05).In the DM+rAAV-BMP7 group,the levels of serum creatinine,24-hour uri-nary protein,triglycerides,and total cholesterol were lower than those in the DM group(P<0.05).Pathological staining demonstrated that the renal interstitium of the DM group exhibited inflammatory cell infiltration,fibrous tissue,collagen fi-ber deposition,disordered renal tubule arrangement,atrophy,and vacuolar degeneration,which were ameliorated in the DM+rAAV-BMP7 group.Immunohistochemistry revealed that Ajuba and YAP1 were mainly expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleus,with high expression in the cytoplasm of the DM group,which was significantly decreased in the DM+rAAV-BMP7 group.Western blot results indicated that the protein levels of FN,Col-Ⅲ,Ajuba,and YAP1 were up-regulated in the DM and the HG groups(P<0.05),but significantly down-regulated in the DM+rAAV-BMP7 group(P<0.05).RT-qP-CR results demonstrated that the mRNA levels of Ajuba and YAP1 were higher in the DM group and significantly lower in the DM+rAAV-BMP7 group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The overexpression of BMP7 can ameliorate renal fibrosis in rats with DKD.This effect is likely mediated by the down-regulation of Ajuba,reduction of YAP1 expression,and subse-quent inhibition of ECM deposition.

Purpose Focusing on the characteristics of for-malin fixed paraffin embedded(FFPE)samples,explored nano-magnetic bead nucleic acid extraction solutions with higher qual-ity/yield and continued to improve molecular pathology technolo-gy.Methods Alternative magnetic beads were synthesised in four major categories and 15 sub-categories and we screened to obtain high-quality/yield magnetic beads centred on FFPE samples.Simulated conventional tissues,simulated coarse needle punctures(liver),and simulated fiberoptic bronchoscopy sam-ples(lungs)were sectioned with the same number of serial slices in tubes.The nucleic acids of slices were extracted using the best magnetic beads screened in this study and common com-mercially available kits,and then perform comparison and purifi-cation quality parameters such as total amount and fragment size.The downstream applications of nucleic acids were validated by PCR and Sanger sequencing.Results Screening all homemade nanomagnetic beads centered on the DNA of FFPE samples,the total recoveries of the best performance nanomagnetic beads were obtained to be 58.5％±1.58％,and the total recoveries of five commercially available commercial magnetic beads and three do-mestic kit magnetic beads ranged from 18.68％to 40.71％.The total amount of DNA(ng)extracted from the same amount of tis-sue(serial slices),the nucleic acid yield of this study in simu-lated conventional tissues,simulated coarse needle punctures,and simulated fiberoptic bronchoscopy samples were increased by 39.49％-181.72％compared with those of the commercially a-vailable kits(P＜0.05).The total amount of extracted nucleic acid from simulated fiberoptic bronchoscopy tissue sections can be more than 100 ng for 1 slice(4 μm)and more than 400 ng for 5 slices.Conclusion The DNA purification nanomagnetic beads screened with DNA from FFPE samples have a significant enhancement comparing to the existing commercial bead proto-cols,and provide space for quality assurance,automated testing,and program expansion for clinical molecular pathology testing.

Glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinase (GSK3) proteins play important roles in regulating plant growth, development, and stress response. In order to reveal the characteristics of GSK family members in the medicinal plant Senna tora L., in this study, we conducted the identification and expression analyses of GSKs in S. tora based on its whole genome data, combined with bioinformatics and gene expression research methods. The results showed that a total of nine S. tora GSK genes were identified, all of which contained the GSK characteristic kinase domains. All members were distributed on six chromosomes, the encoding amino acid length ranged from 465 to 943 aa, the protein molecular weight was from 33.57 to 88.83 kDa, and the average isoelectric point was 8.2. The StoSKs were divided into four evolutionary branches, and the StoSKs in the same evolutionary branch shared the same exon/intron structure and conserved motifs. The expansion of the StoSKs gene family was mainly due to segment duplication events, and there were 17, 11, 8 and 7 pairs of collinear genes with Glycine max, Medicago truncatula, Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, respectively. The promoter regions of StoSKs mostly contained responses elements related to stress stimulation, growth and development, and hormone induction. Transcriptome data analysis showed that StoSKs were expressed in different tissues, with the highest expression level in roots. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that StoSKs in different evolutionary branches displayed a synergistic expression pattern response to light, and most of StoSKs could rapidly respond to NaCl stress with significantly up-regulated expression. All the results provide a basis for further analysis of the biological functions of the GSKs gene family in S. tora.

On February 2022, WHO released the evidence-based guideline on control and elimination of human schistosomiasis, with aims to guide the elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem in disease-endemic countries by 2030 and promote the interruption of schistosomiasis transmission across the world. Based on the One Health concept, six evidence-based recommendations were proposed in this guideline. This article aims to analyze the feasibility of key aspects of this guideline in Chinese national schistosomiasis control program and illustrate the significance to guide the future actions for Chinese national schistosomiasis control program. Currently, the One Health concept has been embodied in the Chinese national schistosomiasis control program. Based on this new WHO guideline, the following recommendations are proposed for the national schistosomiasis control program of China: (1) improving the systematic framework building, facilitating the agreement of the cross-sectoral consensus, and building a high-level leadership group; (2) optimizing the current human and livestock treatments in the national schistosomiasis control program of China; (3) developing highly sensitive and specific diagnostics and the framework for verifying elimination of schistosomiasis; (4) accelerating the progress towards elimination of schistosomiasis and other parasitic diseases through integrating the national control programs for other parasitic diseases.
China/epidemiology* ; Disease Eradication ; Humans ; Public Health ; Schistosomiasis/prevention & control* ; World Health Organization

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of Oncomelania hupensis snails in Anhui Province from 2011 to 2020, to provide insights into precision control of O. hupensis snails in Anhui Province. METHODS: O. hupensis snail distribution data were collected in Anhui Province from 2011 to 2020 and descriptively analyzed, including actual area of snail habitats, area of emerging snail habitats and area of Schistosoma japonicum-infected snails. The actual area of snail habitats and area of emerging snail habitats were subjected to spatial autocorrelation analysis, hotspot analysis, standard deviation ellipse analysis and space-time scanning analysis, and the clusters of snail distribution and settings at high risk of snail spread were identified in Anhui Province from 2011 to 2020. RESULTS: The actual area of snail habitats gradually decreased in Anhui Province from 2011 to 2020. The actual area of snail habitats were 26 238.85 hm² in Anhui Province in 2020, which were mainly distributed in marshland and lake regions. There was a large fluctuation in the area of emerging snail habitats in Anhui Province during the period from 2011 to 2020, with the largest area seen in 2016 (1 287.65 hm²), and 1.96 hm² emerging infected snail habitats were detected in Guichi District, Chizhou City in 2020. Spatial autocorrelation and hotspot analyses showed spatial clusters in the distribution of actual areas of snail habitats in Anhui Province from 2011 to 2020 (Z = 3.00 to 3.43, all P values < 0.01), and the hotspots were mainly concentrated in the marshland and lake regions and distributed along the south side of the Yangtze River, while the cold spots were mainly concentrated in the mountainous regions of southern Anhui Province. There were no overall spatial clusters in the distribution of areas of emerging snail habitats (Z = -2.20 to 1.71, all P values > 0.05), and a scattered distribution was found in local regions. Standard deviation ellipse analysis showed relatively stable distributions of the actual areas of snail habitats in Anhui Province from 2011 to 2020, which was consistent with the flow direction of the Yangtze River, and the focus of the distribution of areas of emerging snail habitats shifted from the lower reaches to upper reaches of Anhui section of the Yangtze River. Space-time scanning analysis identified two high-value clusters in the distribution of actual areas of snail habitats in lower and middle reaches of Anhui section of the Yangtze River from 2011 to 2020, and two high-value clusters in the distribution of areas of emerging snail habitats were identified in mountainous and hilly regions. CONCLUSIONS There were spatial clusters in the distribution of O. hupensis snails in Anhui Province from 2011 to 2020, which appeared a tendency of aggregation towards the south side and upper reaches of the Yangtze River; however, the spread of O. hupensis snails could not be neglected in mountainous and hilly regions. Monitoring of emerging snail habitats should be reinforced in mountainous and hilly regions and along the Yangtze River basin.
Animals ; China/epidemiology* ; Ecosystem ; Gastropoda ; Lakes ; Rivers ; Schistosoma japonicum

We developed an in-vitro bioassay for determining the bioactivity of human insulin by homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay. CHO-INSR B1284 transgenic cells were used as target cells. Key assay parameters, including the cell density, the range of working concentrations, and the stimulation time were optimized. The specificity, relative accuracy, intermediate precision, linearity, and range of the method were validated, as well as the passage stability of the CHO-INSR B1284 cell line. The national standard of recombinant human insulin was used as the benchmark to evaluate the relative potency of insulin analogues and drugs. The drugs and the reference human insulin showed a dose-response relationship, R² > 0.995, which conforms to the four-parameter equation: y = (A - D) / [1 + (x/C)^B] + D. Specificity of the method was good. The geometric mean, relative bias, and geometric coefficient of variation (GCV, %) of the five concentrations (n = 8, 64%, 80%, 100%, 125% and 156%) met the requirements of the General Rules of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 2020 edition, Volume IV (9401). In summary, a bioassay for determining the in vitro bioactivity of human insulin based on a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence technique was established; the method was simple, time-saving, accurate and precise, and could be used for the evaluation of biological activity and quality.