Clinical trials represent a pivotal stage in the development of pharmaceutical drugs. Nevertheless， given the unique characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and the diagnostic and treatment principle of syndrome differentiation and treatment in TCM， the clinical evaluation techniques and methods that can comprehensively reflect the characteristics of TCM and are tailored to its specificities are still in need of refinement and innovation. This paper systematically summarizes the key techniques and methods for designing and evaluating the clinical research on the treatment of the spleen and stomach diseases with TCM from three aspects including clinical research design， evaluation， and platform construction， compares domestic and international research landscapes， and proposes for future directions. It is suggested that a multidimensional evaluation system integrating modern medicine and TCM theory should be established， and further innovation is needed in TCM research design and methodologies， leveraging intelligent devices and technologies powered by next-generation information technology to transform clinical data into high-quality TCM evidence. Moreover， standardized and shared platforms for TCM clinical data should be accelerated， so as to provide references for the design， implementation， and evaluation of future clinical research on the treatment of the spleen and stomach diseases with TCM.

OBJECTIVE To form an expert consensus on the clinical application of parenteral direct thrombin inhibitors （DTIs） in patients during the perioperative period. METHODS Led by Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital （the Affiliated Hospital of UESTC）， a multidisciplinary working group was established. Through literature review and the Delphi method， clinical questions related to the rational perioperative use of parenteral DTIs were identified. A structured design was adopted using the “Population-Intervention-Comparison-Outcome” framework； systematic searches were conducted in CNKI， Medline， Embase and other databases. Relevant evidence from randomized controlled trials and cohort studies was included and synthesized. Evidence quality was assessed using the Grades of Recommendations Assessment，Development and Evaluation （GRADE） approach， and recommendations were formulated through multiple rounds of Delphi surveys and expert consensus meetings. RESULTS &CONCLUSIONS Seven recommendations （each with an expert consensus rate exceeding 90%） on the use of parenteral DTIs in perioperative patients were developed. These recommendations specify drug selection， dosing ranges， key monitoring points， and safety management strategies for parenteral DTIs in various scenarios， including the perioperative period of ventricular assist device implantation， the perioperative period of cardiac surgery， perioperative patients with lower-extremity atherosclerotic disease， the perioperative period of percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome， the perioperative period of carotid artery stenting in patients with carotid stenosis， the perioperative period of patients with right heart thrombosis， and patients who develop related thrombosis and dysfunction after a central venous catheter insertion. In addition， warning and management pathways for perioperative bleeding and thrombotic events were proposed. This expert consensus， which is formulated based on the best available evidence， provides evidence-based guidance for standardized and individualized use of parenteral DTIs in perioperative period.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapy offers promising new avenues for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, several challenges hinder its full potential. Firstly, the high heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma results in a lack of ideal targets, complica-ting the ability of CAR cells to specifically recognize and effectively eliminate tumor cells. Secondly, the immunosuppressive microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma, characterized by regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, diminishes the efficacy of CAR cell therapy, further affecting treatment efficacy. Additionally, safety concerns such as cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity remain significant obstacles to clinical application. Finally, the high cost and complex manufacturing processes involved in CAR cell therapy present major barriers to its widespread use. Future research should focus on optimizing target selection, particularly by identifying hepato-cellular carcinoma specific molecular markers; improving CAR cells resilience in immunosuppre-ssive environments; enhancing safety protocols; and streamlining production methods to reduce costs. Addressing these critical issues will facilitate the broader application of CAR cell therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma and other solid tumors, paving the way for a paradigm shift in cancer treatment. Based on relevant literature and combined it with clinical practice, the authors explore the prospects and challenges of CAR cell therapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, aiming to provide new ideas for its clinical application.

AKT,also known as Protein Kinase B(PKB),plays a critical role in cell proliferation and metabolism.There are three isoforms of AKT:AKT1,AKT2,and AKT3.The effects of these isoforms on the pluripotency and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells(mESCs)remain unclear.This study aims to explore the impact of three AKT isoform-specific knockouts on the self-renewal and differen-tiation of mouse embryonic stem cells.Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology,AKT isoform-spe-cific knockout cell lines were established.The phenotypic and molecular changes were analyzed through Western blotting,flow cytometry,qRT-PCR,CCK-8 assays,Alkaline Phosphatase(AP)staining,and RNA-seq.The construction of AKT isoform-specific knockout cell lines was successful.The loss of AKT1 and AKT2 inhibited the proliferation of mESCs.The knockout of any single AKT isoform did not affect the expression of pluripotency genes at both mRNA or protein levels.However,during embryoid body forma-tion,the deletion of any of the three AKT isoforms affected the mRNA expression levels of genes in all three germ layers.Transcriptome analysis showed that compared to wild-type mESCs,995,547,and 429 differentially expressed genes(|log2FC|≧1,P＜0.05)were identified inAKT1,AKT2,and AKT3 isoform-specific knockout cells,respectively.There was some overlap in the differentially expressed genes regulated by these three isoforms.In conclusion,the independent knockout of AKT isoforms does not af-fect the maintenance of pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells,but they are crucial for differentia-tion.The three AKT isoforms can collectively regulate gene expression while retaining their own regulato-ry specificity.This study provides a foundation for understanding the unique and overlapping roles of AKT isoforms in stem cell biology,highlighting their importance in maintaining stem cell function and differen-tiation.

OBJECTIVE To explore the effect and mechanism of Huiyang Shengji Decoction on wound healing in mice with dia-betic yin syndrome.METHODS SPF C57BL/6 mice were selected,and 24 diabetic ulcer models were established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and skin defect method.The mice were randomly divided into model group,low-dose,medium-dose and high-dose Huiyang Shengji Decoction groups,with 6 mice in each group.Six mice were selected to establish a common wound model as the blank group.The blank group and model group were treated with distilled water by intragastric administration every day,and the Huiyang Shengji Decoction groups were treated with Huiyang Shengji Decoction by intragastric administration every day.The wounds were photographed every day,and the wound healing rate was recorded.HE staining was used to observe the growth of granulation tis-sue in the wounds.Western blot was used to detect the expression of Axl,Tyro3 and Mertk proteins related to wound efferocytosis.Im-munohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of CD11c in wound tissue.qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-10 and TGF-β1 in the wounds.TUNEL staining was used to calculate the number of apoptotic cells(AC)in the wounds.Mouse primary bone marrow dendritic cells(BMDC)were resuspended in 1640 medium containing 10%blank serum or 5%,10%,and 20%Huiyang Shengji Decoction-containing serum.After culturing in a cell culture incubator at 37℃and 5%CO2 for 24 h,the wound endocytosis-related receptors were detected by Western blot.BMDC and AC were co-cultured in vitro,and the phag-ocytic rate of BMDC phagocytosis of AC was detected by flow cytometry.RESULTS The wound healing in each dose group of Huiyang Shengji Decoction was significantly faster than that in the model group(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the protein expres-sion of Axl and Tyro3 in the wound tissue of mice in the high dose group of Huiyang Shengji Decoction was significantly increased(P<0.01,P<0.000 1),and there was no significant difference in the expression of Mertk protein in the wound tissue of mice in the low,medium and high dose groups(P>0.05).The Huiyang Shengji Decoction significantly inhibited the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA in the wound tissue(P<0.05),promoted the expression of TGF-β1 and IL-10 mRNA(P<0.05),and the number of AC in the wound after treatment with Huiyang Shengji Decoction was less than that in the model group(P<0.05).In the in vitro experiment,compared with the model group,the protein expression of Axl and Mertk in BMDC in the 20%Huiyang Shengji Decoction-containing serum group was significantly increased(P<0.01,P<0.001),and the protein expression of Tyro3 in the 5%,10%,and 20%Huiy-ang Shengji Decoction-containing serum groups was higher than that in the model group(P<0.01,P<0.001).The phagocytic rate of AC in the Huiyang Shengji Decoction group was higher than that in the model group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Huiyang Shengji Decoction can enhance the efferocytosis function of dendritic cells(DC),reduce AC aggregation in the wound,promote the disappear-ance of wound inflammation and tissue repair,and accelerate the healing of skin wounds.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapy offers promising new avenues for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, several challenges hinder its full potential. Firstly, the high heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma results in a lack of ideal targets, complica-ting the ability of CAR cells to specifically recognize and effectively eliminate tumor cells. Secondly, the immunosuppressive microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma, characterized by regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, diminishes the efficacy of CAR cell therapy, further affecting treatment efficacy. Additionally, safety concerns such as cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity remain significant obstacles to clinical application. Finally, the high cost and complex manufacturing processes involved in CAR cell therapy present major barriers to its widespread use. Future research should focus on optimizing target selection, particularly by identifying hepato-cellular carcinoma specific molecular markers; improving CAR cells resilience in immunosuppre-ssive environments; enhancing safety protocols; and streamlining production methods to reduce costs. Addressing these critical issues will facilitate the broader application of CAR cell therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma and other solid tumors, paving the way for a paradigm shift in cancer treatment. Based on relevant literature and combined it with clinical practice, the authors explore the prospects and challenges of CAR cell therapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, aiming to provide new ideas for its clinical application.

AKT,also known as Protein Kinase B(PKB),plays a critical role in cell proliferation and metabolism.There are three isoforms of AKT:AKT1,AKT2,and AKT3.The effects of these isoforms on the pluripotency and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells(mESCs)remain unclear.This study aims to explore the impact of three AKT isoform-specific knockouts on the self-renewal and differen-tiation of mouse embryonic stem cells.Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology,AKT isoform-spe-cific knockout cell lines were established.The phenotypic and molecular changes were analyzed through Western blotting,flow cytometry,qRT-PCR,CCK-8 assays,Alkaline Phosphatase(AP)staining,and RNA-seq.The construction of AKT isoform-specific knockout cell lines was successful.The loss of AKT1 and AKT2 inhibited the proliferation of mESCs.The knockout of any single AKT isoform did not affect the expression of pluripotency genes at both mRNA or protein levels.However,during embryoid body forma-tion,the deletion of any of the three AKT isoforms affected the mRNA expression levels of genes in all three germ layers.Transcriptome analysis showed that compared to wild-type mESCs,995,547,and 429 differentially expressed genes(|log2FC|≧1,P＜0.05)were identified inAKT1,AKT2,and AKT3 isoform-specific knockout cells,respectively.There was some overlap in the differentially expressed genes regulated by these three isoforms.In conclusion,the independent knockout of AKT isoforms does not af-fect the maintenance of pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells,but they are crucial for differentia-tion.The three AKT isoforms can collectively regulate gene expression while retaining their own regulato-ry specificity.This study provides a foundation for understanding the unique and overlapping roles of AKT isoforms in stem cell biology,highlighting their importance in maintaining stem cell function and differen-tiation.

Objective:To analyze the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening status and the resulting residual risk (RR) among blood donors across 17 provincial blood centers in China.Methods:This study used a cross-sectional study. Data on HIV infection markers per 100 000 first-time donors (FD) and repeat donors (RD) from January 2015 to December 2024 were extracted from the National Blood Establishment Performance Comparison Information Management System. Questionnaires were used to collect each center′s HIV screening strategy, algorithm, serological test (ST) kit manufacturers, gray-zone setting for ST, and nucleic acid test (NAT) modality, method, and platform. The incidence-window-period model was used to calculate the residual risk for first-time donors (RR FD), repeat donors (RR RD), and total donors (RR TD) at each center. Horizontal and vertical analysis of RR FD, RR RD, and RR TD across centers and years were performed. Results:All 17 centers applied the same HIV screening strategy which was two rounds of ST followed by one round of NAT. Eight of them operated a single screening algorithm, six employed two algorithms and three used three. Eleven centers used both imported and domestic ST kits, five relied on domestic ST kits only, and one used imported ST kits only, while four centers never set a grey zone for ST throughout the decade. For NAT modalities, eight centers adopted both individual nucleic acid test (ID-NAT) and minipool nucleic acid test (MP-NAT), eight used MP-NAT only and one used ID-NAT only. Seven centers combined transcription mediated amplification (TMA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nine used PCR only and one used TMA only, and fourteen centers ran both imported and domestic NAT systems, two used imported systems only and one used a domestic system only. Over the ten-year period, the mean RR FD across the centers ranged from 2.22 to 12.33 per 10 6 person-years, RR RD from 0.83 to 3.29 per 10 6 person-years and RR TD from 1.59 to 9.29 per 10 6 person-years, with center Z4 consistently showing the lowest values for all three metrics and center U4 recording the highest RR FD and RR TD, while center D2 had the highest RR RD. In 2024 compared with 2015, eleven centers achieved a lower RR FD and ten centers achieved lower RR RD and RR TD. The RR FD and RR TD of centers W2 and U4 displayed pronounced fluctuations and an upward trend in recent years. Conclusions:The 17 provincial blood centers maintain consistent HIV screening strategies, while demonstrating variations in screening algorithm, ST kit manufacturers, NAT modalities, methods, and platform. And the RR FD, RR RD, and RR TD differ across centers. Although most centers show declining trend in RR over the ten-year period, some centers exhibite data fluctuations with a rising trend, suggesting potential for further optimization of HIV screening protocols.

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), the most commonly-occurring form of hearing loss, is caused mainly by injury to or the loss of hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons in the cochlea. Numerous environmental and physiological factors have been shown to cause acquired SNHL, such as ototoxic drugs, noise exposure, aging, infections, and diseases. Several programmed cell death (PCD) pathways have been reported to be involved in SNHL, especially some novel PCD pathways that have only recently been reported, such as ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. Here we summarize these PCD pathways and their roles and mechanisms in SNHL, aiming to provide new insights and potential therapeutic strategies for SNHL by targeting these PCD pathways.
Humans ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/metabolism* ; Necroptosis/drug effects* ; Pyroptosis/drug effects* ; Ferroptosis/drug effects* ; Animals

OBJECTIVE To explore the effect and mechanism of Huiyang Shengji Decoction on wound healing in mice with dia-betic yin syndrome.METHODS SPF C57BL/6 mice were selected,and 24 diabetic ulcer models were established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and skin defect method.The mice were randomly divided into model group,low-dose,medium-dose and high-dose Huiyang Shengji Decoction groups,with 6 mice in each group.Six mice were selected to establish a common wound model as the blank group.The blank group and model group were treated with distilled water by intragastric administration every day,and the Huiyang Shengji Decoction groups were treated with Huiyang Shengji Decoction by intragastric administration every day.The wounds were photographed every day,and the wound healing rate was recorded.HE staining was used to observe the growth of granulation tis-sue in the wounds.Western blot was used to detect the expression of Axl,Tyro3 and Mertk proteins related to wound efferocytosis.Im-munohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of CD11c in wound tissue.qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-10 and TGF-β1 in the wounds.TUNEL staining was used to calculate the number of apoptotic cells(AC)in the wounds.Mouse primary bone marrow dendritic cells(BMDC)were resuspended in 1640 medium containing 10%blank serum or 5%,10%,and 20%Huiyang Shengji Decoction-containing serum.After culturing in a cell culture incubator at 37℃and 5%CO2 for 24 h,the wound endocytosis-related receptors were detected by Western blot.BMDC and AC were co-cultured in vitro,and the phag-ocytic rate of BMDC phagocytosis of AC was detected by flow cytometry.RESULTS The wound healing in each dose group of Huiyang Shengji Decoction was significantly faster than that in the model group(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the protein expres-sion of Axl and Tyro3 in the wound tissue of mice in the high dose group of Huiyang Shengji Decoction was significantly increased(P<0.01,P<0.000 1),and there was no significant difference in the expression of Mertk protein in the wound tissue of mice in the low,medium and high dose groups(P>0.05).The Huiyang Shengji Decoction significantly inhibited the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA in the wound tissue(P<0.05),promoted the expression of TGF-β1 and IL-10 mRNA(P<0.05),and the number of AC in the wound after treatment with Huiyang Shengji Decoction was less than that in the model group(P<0.05).In the in vitro experiment,compared with the model group,the protein expression of Axl and Mertk in BMDC in the 20%Huiyang Shengji Decoction-containing serum group was significantly increased(P<0.01,P<0.001),and the protein expression of Tyro3 in the 5%,10%,and 20%Huiy-ang Shengji Decoction-containing serum groups was higher than that in the model group(P<0.01,P<0.001).The phagocytic rate of AC in the Huiyang Shengji Decoction group was higher than that in the model group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Huiyang Shengji Decoction can enhance the efferocytosis function of dendritic cells(DC),reduce AC aggregation in the wound,promote the disappear-ance of wound inflammation and tissue repair,and accelerate the healing of skin wounds.