This study aimed to investigate the correlation between changes in intestinal toxicity and compositional alterations of Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix(commonly known as Langdu) before and after milk processing, and to explore the detoxification mechanism of milk processing. Mice were intragastrically administered the 95% ethanol extract of raw Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix, milk-decocted(milk-processed), and water-decocted(water-processed) Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix. Fecal morphology, fecal water content, and the release levels of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-1β(IL-1β) in different intestinal segments were used as indicators to evaluate the effects of different processing methods on the cathartic effect and intestinal inflammatory toxicity of Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix. LC-MS/MS was employed to analyze the small-molecule components in the raw product, the 95% ethanol extract of the milk-processed product, and the milky waste(precipitate) formed during milk processing, to assess the impact of milk processing on the chemical composition of Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix. The results showed that compared with the blank group, both the raw and water-processed Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix significantly increased the fecal morphology score, fecal water content, and the release levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in various intestinal segments(P<0.05). Compared with the raw group, all indicators in the milk-processed group significantly decreased(P<0.05), while no significant differences were observed in the water-processed group, indicating that milk, as an adjuvant in processing, plays a key role in reducing the intestinal toxicity of Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix. Mass spectrometry results revealed that 29 components were identified in the raw product, including 28 terpenoids and 1 acetophenone. The content of these components decreased to varying extents after milk processing. A total of 28 components derived from Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix were identified in the milky precipitate, of which 27 were terpenoids, suggesting that milk processing promotes the transfer of toxic components from Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix into milk. To further investigate the effect of milk adjuvant processing on the toxic terpenoid components of Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix, transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used to observe the morphology of self-assembled casein micelles(the main protein in milk) in the milky precipitate. The micelles formed in casein-terpenoid solutions were characterized using particle size analysis, fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy. TEM observations confirmed the presence of casein micelles in the milky precipitate. Characterization results showed that with increasing concentrations of toxic terpenoids, the average particle size of casein micelles increased, fluorescence intensity of the solution decreased, the maximum absorption wavelength in the UV spectrum shifted, and significant changes occurred in the infrared spectrum, indicating that interactions occurred between casein micelles and toxic terpenoid components. These findings indicate that the cathartic effect of Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix becomes milder and its intestinal inflammatory toxicity is reduced after milk processing. The detoxification mechanism is that terpenoid components in Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae Radix reassemble with casein in milk to form micelles, promoting the transfer of some terpenoids into the milky precipitate.
Animals ; Mice ; Milk/chemistry* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Male ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology* ; Intestines/drug effects* ; Interleukin-1beta/immunology* ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Female

Objective:To understand the composition of infectious pathogens and the changes in the epidemic characteristics of inpatients with acute respiratory tract infections in Pudong New Area of Shanghai, from 2018 to 2023.Methods:Specimens of inpatients with acute respiratory infection cases were collected from 14 healthcare institutions in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, from 2018-2023 and tested for eight respiratory pathogens: influenza virus, adenovirus, rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, common coronavirus, metapneumovirus, and bocavirus. The groups were divided into three periods,2018-2019, 2020-2022 and 2023, and the chi-square or Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test was used to compare the group differences. The SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Results:Among the 3 023 inpatients with acute respiratory infection, the positive rate of any virus was 24.25% (733/3 023). The positive rates of any virus in 2018-2019, 2020-2022, and 2023 were 33.40% (336/1 006), 12.01% (116/966), and 26.74% (281/1 051), respectively, and the differences were statistically significant ( χ2=128.20, P<0.001). Among the age groups, in 2018-2019 and 2020-2022, the positive rate of any virus was the highest in the <5 years age group (46.20% and 14.64%), while in 2023, the 15-59 years age group had the highest positive rate (32.97%). The positive rate of any virus in winter was the highest in 2018-2019 (53.21%) and 2020-2022 (17.58%), and the highest in autumn was in 2023 (31.53%). The peak positive rate of respiratory syncytial virus was in winter of 2018-2019 and 2020-2022, as well as the summer of 2023.The positive rates of influenza virus in 2018-2019, 2020-2022 and 2023 were 9.84%, 1.55% and 9.71%, respectively. Conclusions:The pathogen epidemic characteristics of inpatients with acute respiratory infection in Pudong New Area from 2018 to 2023 have shown certain changes. It is necessary to strengthen monitoring. Targeted prevention and control strategies should be developed and implemented in a timely manner.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Orthodontic biomechanics,through the integration of multiple disciplines,has made significant advancements in understanding tooth movement mechanisms,optimizing orthodontic techniques,and providing personalized treatment.Research indicates that three-dimensional finite element models accurately reveal the dynamic relationship between the stress distribution in periodontal tissues and bone remodeling,highlighting the critical role of light force control in ensuring treatment safety.Clear aligners,through low-friction elastic handle(LFEH),collaborative anchorage strategies,and material mechanics optimization,significantly enhance the predictability of tooth movement,with LFEH design reducing lingual and buccal tilting stresses.The application of biologically active materials and smart archwires has significantly enhanced enamel resistance to demineralization and sustained light force release.Artificial intelligence technology is deeply integrated into the entire treatment process:dynamic prediction models based on deep learning optimize force application schemes,while real-time mechanical monitoring systems dynamically calibrate movement paths,promoting the precision of treatment.However,individual differences in biomechanical responses and complex movements remain key challenges.Future efforts should focus on integrating multimodal data to build intelligent diagnostic systems,developing mechanically responsive biomaterials and degradable anchorage devices,and deepening research on molecular-cell-tissue cross-scale mechanisms to achieve a leap from'force-oriented'to'biological response-oriented'precision orthodontics.

Objective:To understand the composition of infectious pathogens and the changes in the epidemic characteristics of inpatients with acute respiratory tract infections in Pudong New Area of Shanghai, from 2018 to 2023.Methods:Specimens of inpatients with acute respiratory infection cases were collected from 14 healthcare institutions in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, from 2018-2023 and tested for eight respiratory pathogens: influenza virus, adenovirus, rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, common coronavirus, metapneumovirus, and bocavirus. The groups were divided into three periods,2018-2019, 2020-2022 and 2023, and the chi-square or Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test was used to compare the group differences. The SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Results:Among the 3 023 inpatients with acute respiratory infection, the positive rate of any virus was 24.25% (733/3 023). The positive rates of any virus in 2018-2019, 2020-2022, and 2023 were 33.40% (336/1 006), 12.01% (116/966), and 26.74% (281/1 051), respectively, and the differences were statistically significant ( χ2=128.20, P<0.001). Among the age groups, in 2018-2019 and 2020-2022, the positive rate of any virus was the highest in the <5 years age group (46.20% and 14.64%), while in 2023, the 15-59 years age group had the highest positive rate (32.97%). The positive rate of any virus in winter was the highest in 2018-2019 (53.21%) and 2020-2022 (17.58%), and the highest in autumn was in 2023 (31.53%). The peak positive rate of respiratory syncytial virus was in winter of 2018-2019 and 2020-2022, as well as the summer of 2023.The positive rates of influenza virus in 2018-2019, 2020-2022 and 2023 were 9.84%, 1.55% and 9.71%, respectively. Conclusions:The pathogen epidemic characteristics of inpatients with acute respiratory infection in Pudong New Area from 2018 to 2023 have shown certain changes. It is necessary to strengthen monitoring. Targeted prevention and control strategies should be developed and implemented in a timely manner.

Orthodontic biomechanics,through the integration of multiple disciplines,has made significant advancements in understanding tooth movement mechanisms,optimizing orthodontic techniques,and providing personalized treatment.Research indicates that three-dimensional finite element models accurately reveal the dynamic relationship between the stress distribution in periodontal tissues and bone remodeling,highlighting the critical role of light force control in ensuring treatment safety.Clear aligners,through low-friction elastic handle(LFEH),collaborative anchorage strategies,and material mechanics optimization,significantly enhance the predictability of tooth movement,with LFEH design reducing lingual and buccal tilting stresses.The application of biologically active materials and smart archwires has significantly enhanced enamel resistance to demineralization and sustained light force release.Artificial intelligence technology is deeply integrated into the entire treatment process:dynamic prediction models based on deep learning optimize force application schemes,while real-time mechanical monitoring systems dynamically calibrate movement paths,promoting the precision of treatment.However,individual differences in biomechanical responses and complex movements remain key challenges.Future efforts should focus on integrating multimodal data to build intelligent diagnostic systems,developing mechanically responsive biomaterials and degradable anchorage devices,and deepening research on molecular-cell-tissue cross-scale mechanisms to achieve a leap from'force-oriented'to'biological response-oriented'precision orthodontics.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Objective To investigate disease characteristics and hospitalization costs of children with Mycoplasma Pneumoniae pneumonia(MPP)admitted to Shanghai municipal medical hospitals from 2019 to 2023.Methods Depending on the Shanghai Municipal Hospital Pediatric Alliance,we retrospectively investigated community acquired MPP pediatric patients hospitalized in 22 municipal hospitals with pediatric qualifications(including 4 children's hospitals)in Shanghai from Jan 2019 to Dec 2023.We collected the patients'diagnosis codes,gender,age,length of hospital stay,hospitalization costs,and whether they progressed to severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(SMPP).Results From 2019 to 2023,a total of 29 045 hospitalized children with MPP were treated,with 6 035 cases(20.8%)identified as SMPP in the 22 hospitals.Trend analysis revealed a rising trend with years in the proportion of SMPP patients(χ2trend=365.498,P<0.001).Among the 4 children's hospitals,there were 18 710 cases with MPP,including 4 078 cases(21.8%)of SMPP.The proportion of SMPP patients also showed an increasing trend with years(χ2trend=14.548,P<0.001),and the proportion in 2023(23.0%)was higher than that in previous years with statistical significance.There were statistical differences in the seasonal distribution of MPP cases between different years,with higher proportions in summer and autumn overall.The age distribution of hospitalized MPP children varied among different years,with school-age children accounting for the majority(56.8%)in 2023.There was no difference in the distribution of severe cases between different genders,but there were differences in the proportion of severe cases among different age groups in different years,with a gradual increase in severe cases among children aged 1 to 3 years(χ2trend=191.567,P<0.001).The average length of hospital stay for MPP during the epidemic was higher than that during non-epidemic periods,and there were statistically significant differences in the average length of hospital stay between different years(P<0.001).The individual hospitalization costs during the epidemic were higher than in other years,and there were statistically significant differences in individual hospitalization costs between different years(P<0.001).The total hospitalization costs were still higher in 2019 and 2023.The individual hospitalization costs for SMPP were higher than for non-SMPP cases.Conclusion MPP outbreaks occurred in Shanghai in 2019 and 2023,with the higher proportions in summer and autumn overall.Compared to previous years,the number of hospitalized MPP children in Shanghai was higher in 2023,with a higher proportion of SMPP cases,especially among children under 3 years old.The individual per capita hospitalization expenses for SMPP cases were higher than for non-SMPP cases.