Objective To search,evaluate and synthesise the best available evidence on prevention strategies for unplanned extubation of nasogastric tube in adult inpatients and to offer a reference in management of safety and efficiency.Methods Literature on prevention strategies for unplanned extubation of nasogastric tube in adult inpatients was retrieved across BMJ Best Practice,UpToDate,JBI Center for Evidence Based Healthcare International Collaboration Library,Medlive,US National Guidelines Database,International Guidelines Collaboration Group,Scottish InterAcademy Guidelines Network,Ontario Registered Nurses Association of Canada,UK National Institute for Clinical Optimization,New Zealand Guidelines Research Group,PubMed,EMbase,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,EBSCO,CINAHL,CNKI,CBM Database,Wanfang Data and VIP Database,from the inception of databases to August 2024.Retrieved literature included guidelines,clinical decisions,recommended practices,evidence summaries,expert consensus and systematic reviews.Two researchers evaluated the literature methodologically and then summarised evidence from the included data.Results Fifteen publications(2 guidelines,1 clinical decision,3 recommended practices,7 evidences and 2 systematic reviews)were included.A total of 30 pieces of evidence were extracted and they were grouped into 7 themes:risk assessment,selection of nasogastric tube,depth of intubation,tube fixation,tube position,tube management and patient education.Conclusion Clinicians should integrate the best evidences into clinical practice and assess risk factors for unplanned extubation of nasogastric tube in adult inpatients.Personalised early intervention plans should be made to reduce or avoid the unplanned extubation.

Objective:To develop a Knowledge-Attitude-Practice (KAP) Scale for Dietary Management During Hemodialysis and to test its reliability and validity.Methods:Based on the KAP theoretical framework, an initial version of the scale was developed through a literature review and expert consultations. A convenience sampling method was used to recruit hemodialysis patients from four hospitals in Suzhou in March 2024. Questionnaire item analysis and reliability and validity tests were conducted.Results:A total of 460 questionnaires were distributed and 438 valid responses were collected, with an effective response rate of 95.22%. The final scale included three dimensions (knowledge, attitude, and practice) with 34 items. Content validity at the scale level was 0.910, and the item level ranged from 0.800 to 1.000. Exploratory factor analysis extracted three common factors, with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 74.520%. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good model fit. The total Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.971, and the Cronbach's αcoefficients for the three dimensions were 0.963, 0.933, and 0.934, respectively. The test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.839.Conclusions:The Knowledge-Attitude-Practice Scale for Dietary Management During Hemodialysis demonstrates good reliability and validity, making it a valuable tool for assessing the KAP level of dietary management in hemodialysis patients.

Objective To search,evaluate and synthesise the best available evidence on prevention strategies for unplanned extubation of nasogastric tube in adult inpatients and to offer a reference in management of safety and efficiency.Methods Literature on prevention strategies for unplanned extubation of nasogastric tube in adult inpatients was retrieved across BMJ Best Practice,UpToDate,JBI Center for Evidence Based Healthcare International Collaboration Library,Medlive,US National Guidelines Database,International Guidelines Collaboration Group,Scottish InterAcademy Guidelines Network,Ontario Registered Nurses Association of Canada,UK National Institute for Clinical Optimization,New Zealand Guidelines Research Group,PubMed,EMbase,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,EBSCO,CINAHL,CNKI,CBM Database,Wanfang Data and VIP Database,from the inception of databases to August 2024.Retrieved literature included guidelines,clinical decisions,recommended practices,evidence summaries,expert consensus and systematic reviews.Two researchers evaluated the literature methodologically and then summarised evidence from the included data.Results Fifteen publications(2 guidelines,1 clinical decision,3 recommended practices,7 evidences and 2 systematic reviews)were included.A total of 30 pieces of evidence were extracted and they were grouped into 7 themes:risk assessment,selection of nasogastric tube,depth of intubation,tube fixation,tube position,tube management and patient education.Conclusion Clinicians should integrate the best evidences into clinical practice and assess risk factors for unplanned extubation of nasogastric tube in adult inpatients.Personalised early intervention plans should be made to reduce or avoid the unplanned extubation.

Objective:To develop a Knowledge-Attitude-Practice (KAP) Scale for Dietary Management During Hemodialysis and to test its reliability and validity.Methods:Based on the KAP theoretical framework, an initial version of the scale was developed through a literature review and expert consultations. A convenience sampling method was used to recruit hemodialysis patients from four hospitals in Suzhou in March 2024. Questionnaire item analysis and reliability and validity tests were conducted.Results:A total of 460 questionnaires were distributed and 438 valid responses were collected, with an effective response rate of 95.22%. The final scale included three dimensions (knowledge, attitude, and practice) with 34 items. Content validity at the scale level was 0.910, and the item level ranged from 0.800 to 1.000. Exploratory factor analysis extracted three common factors, with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 74.520%. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good model fit. The total Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.971, and the Cronbach's αcoefficients for the three dimensions were 0.963, 0.933, and 0.934, respectively. The test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.839.Conclusions:The Knowledge-Attitude-Practice Scale for Dietary Management During Hemodialysis demonstrates good reliability and validity, making it a valuable tool for assessing the KAP level of dietary management in hemodialysis patients.

OBJECTIVE： To study the effects of cimetidine on low dose rate irradiation-induced liver cell apoptosis in Beagle dogs. METHODS： Healthy male Beagle dogs were randomly divided into normal control group， model control group， positive drug group （lentinan， 21.33 mg/kg） and cimetidine low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups （5.33， 10.67， 21.33 mg/kg）， with 4 Beagle dogs each. Except for normal control group， other groups were given 60Co-γ accumulative irradiation （dosage rate： 0.040 8 mGy/min） for 23 d； the medication groups were given relevant medicine orally before irradiation， once a day. Twenty-four hours after stopping irradiation， TUNEL method was used to detect the apoptosis of liver cells in Beagle dogs. The percentage of apoptotic cells was calculated. The expression level of apoptosis-related proteins （Bax， Bcl-2， Caspase-3， p53） in liver tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS： Compared with normal control group， apoptotic cells and Bax， Caspase-3， p53 positive cells were increased significantly in liver tissue of Beagle dogs in model control group； the percentage of apoptotic cells， protein expression levels of Bax， Caspase-3 and p53 were increased significantly； Bcl-2 positive cells were decreased significantly， and its protein expression level was decreased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with model control group， above positive cells of liver tissue in Beagle dogs were changed to different extents in medication groups； the percentage of apoptotic cells and protein expression levels of p53 in medication groups， protein expression levels of Bax in positive drug group， cimetidine low-dose and high-dose groups as well as protein expression levels of Caspase-3 in cimetidine groups were decreased significantly； protein expression levels of Bcl-2 were increased significantly in cimetidine groups. The percentage of apoptotic cells in cimetidine medium-dose and high-dose groups as well as protein expression levels of Caspase-3 in cimetidine groups were all lower than positive control group. Protein expression level of p53 in cimetidine low-dose group was significantly higher than positive drug group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS： Cimetidine can inhibit the low dose rate irradiation-induced apoptosis of liver cells in Beagle dogs， and certainly protect liver cells against irradiation. The mechanism of it may be associated with up-regulating the protein expression of Bcl-2 and down-regulating the protein expression of Bax， Caspase-3 and p53 in liver cells.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of sipunculusnudus polysaccharide (SNP) on HUVEC cell damage induced by ionizing radiation.Methods The survival rate of HUVEC cells was detected by CCK-8,after irradiation with 137Cs γ-rays and pre-treatment with SNP,and optimal absorption dose rate of 137Cs γ-ray was 8 Gy and optimal concentration of SNP was confirmed to be 100 g/mL.The radiation sensitivity of HUVEC cells pretreated with SNP was detected by clone formation assay.Apoptosis rate of HUVEC cells was measured by Hoechst33342/PI staining and flow cytometry.Results The results indicated that the survival rate of HUVEC cells decreased significantly with the increase of irradiation dose (P ＜ 0.01).When pretreated with SNP,the survival rate of HUVEC cells significantly increased,and it was positively correlated with the concentration of SNP.When the end concentration of SNP was as high as 100 μg/ml,the survival rate reached the highest (84.96％),and the survival rate after irradiation increased from 63.43％ to 84.96％ (P ＜0.01).The rate of clone formation in the SNP-treated group was also significantly higher as compared with that of the control group(P ＜ 0.01).Compared with the irradiation model group,the apoptosis rate and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the SNP-treated group decreased significantly,with the apoptosis rate decreasing from 15.6％ to 6.8％,and ROS level decreasing from 47.10 × 104 to 41.77 × 104,with statistical signficance (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).The blue fluorescence of the Hoechst 33342 coloring and red fluorescence of PI coloring also decreased signficantly in the SNP-treated group (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion The results suggested that SNP pretreatment could increase cell survival rate and cloning rate after irradiation,reduce radiation-induced apoptosis and intracellular ROS levels effectively,indicating that SNP treatment could exert a certain protective effect on HUVEC cell damage induced by ionizing radiation.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of sipunculusnudus polysaccharide (SNP) on HUVEC cell damage induced by ionizing radiation.Methods The survival rate of HUVEC cells was detected by CCK-8,after irradiation with 137Cs γ-rays and pre-treatment with SNP,and optimal absorption dose rate of 137Cs γ-ray was 8 Gy and optimal concentration of SNP was confirmed to be 100 g/mL.The radiation sensitivity of HUVEC cells pretreated with SNP was detected by clone formation assay.Apoptosis rate of HUVEC cells was measured by Hoechst33342/PI staining and flow cytometry.Results The results indicated that the survival rate of HUVEC cells decreased significantly with the increase of irradiation dose (P ＜ 0.01).When pretreated with SNP,the survival rate of HUVEC cells significantly increased,and it was positively correlated with the concentration of SNP.When the end concentration of SNP was as high as 100 μg/ml,the survival rate reached the highest (84.96％),and the survival rate after irradiation increased from 63.43％ to 84.96％ (P ＜0.01).The rate of clone formation in the SNP-treated group was also significantly higher as compared with that of the control group(P ＜ 0.01).Compared with the irradiation model group,the apoptosis rate and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the SNP-treated group decreased significantly,with the apoptosis rate decreasing from 15.6％ to 6.8％,and ROS level decreasing from 47.10 × 104 to 41.77 × 104,with statistical signficance (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).The blue fluorescence of the Hoechst 33342 coloring and red fluorescence of PI coloring also decreased signficantly in the SNP-treated group (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion The results suggested that SNP pretreatment could increase cell survival rate and cloning rate after irradiation,reduce radiation-induced apoptosis and intracellular ROS levels effectively,indicating that SNP treatment could exert a certain protective effect on HUVEC cell damage induced by ionizing radiation.

Objective To investigate the impact of the types and concentrations of major medium components on the growth of the marine oil-degrading bacterial strain Acinetobacter sp.Y9.Methods Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus sources in the medium of Y9 fermentation were screened and optimized by using single factor and orthogonal experiments,and the optimized medium was applied for initial fermentation of Acinetobacter sp.Y9 in the 10 L fermentor.Results After optimization,the optimal fermentation medium of Y9 included 1％ glucose,2％ peptone,0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer solution(Na2HPO4 · 12H2O + KH2PO4),0.05％ NaCl2,0.001％ CaCl2 and 0.019 ％ MgCl2.The value of OD~ of Y9 reached 8.24 after cultivation in the optimized medium in the 10 L fermentor for 12 hours.Conclusions The optimized medium could be used in the pilot fermentation production of Y9 strain,which might lay a solid foundation for large scale fermentation production of Y9.

Objective To investigate the effects of prolonged deloyment at sea on the serum hormone levels of the ship crew with different age and length of sea service before and after deployment at sea.Methods Serum levels of thyroxine (T4),T3 (triiodothyronine),thyroid stlmulating (TSH),adreno-cortico-tropichormone (ACTH),corticotropin-re-leasing hormone (CRH),COR (cortisol),testosterone (T) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were detected by ELISA,and the obtained results were analyzed and compared according to age and length of service.Results When the low-age (age range between 24 and 29) group was compared with the senior age (over 30 years) group,there were 2 serum hormones in the low-age group that displayed significant changes (P ＜0.05),while there were 6 hormones in the senior age group that displayed significant changes (P ＜ 0.05).When comparisons were made between the short length of service group (from 2 to 8 years) and the long length of service group (≥9 years),there were 2 serum hormones in the shorter length of service group that displayed significant changes (P ＜ 0.05),as compared with 4 serum hormones that showed obvious changes in the longer length of service group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Results indicated that the effects of prolonged deployment at sea on serum hormone levels on the low-age and shorter length of service group were lower than those in the senior-age and longer leigth of service group.

Objective To investigate the impact of the types and concentrations of major medium components on the growth of the marine oil-degrading bacterial strain Acinetobacter sp.Y9.Methods Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus sources in the medium of Y9 fermentation were screened and optimized by using single factor and orthogonal experiments,and the optimized medium was applied for initial fermentation of Acinetobacter sp.Y9 in the 10 L fermentor.Results After optimization,the optimal fermentation medium of Y9 included 1％ glucose,2％ peptone,0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer solution(Na2HPO4 · 12H2O + KH2PO4),0.05％ NaCl2,0.001％ CaCl2 and 0.019 ％ MgCl2.The value of OD~ of Y9 reached 8.24 after cultivation in the optimized medium in the 10 L fermentor for 12 hours.Conclusions The optimized medium could be used in the pilot fermentation production of Y9 strain,which might lay a solid foundation for large scale fermentation production of Y9.