BACKGROUND:The guinea pig is considered to be the most useful spontaneous model for evaluating primary osteoarthritis in humans because of its similar knee joint structure and close histopathologic features to those of humans. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the pathological process of spontaneous knee osteoarthritis in guinea pigs by analyzing the histopathology of the total knee joint of guinea pigs aged 1 to 18 months. METHODS:Eight healthy female Hartley guinea pigs in each age group of 1,6,10,14,16,and 18 months old were selected.The quadriceps femoris was taken for hematoxylin-eosin staining,and the total knee joint was stained with hematoxylin-eosin and toluidine blue.The histopathology of the cartilage,subchondral bone,synovium,meniscus,and muscles were observed under light microscope.Mankin's score and synovitis score were compared,and the correlation analysis was conducted. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:As the guinea pig age increased,the Mankin's score increased(P<0.05),and the pathological score of synovitis also gradually increased(P<0.05),and there was a significant positive correlation between the two(r=0.641,P<0.001).The incidence rate of subchondral bone marrow lesion in 18-month-old guinea pigs was 50%,and the incidence of meniscus injury was 37.5%.In addition,osteophyte and narrowing of the joint space were observed,and only a few guinea pigs had inflammation in the quadriceps femoris.To conclude,guinea pigs develop significant cartilage defects,synovial inflammation,subchondral bone lesions,meniscus injury,osteophyte formation,and joint space narrowing as they age,all of which are similar to the pathological processes of primary knee osteoarthritis in humans,making it an ideal model of spontaneous knee osteoarthritis.

Objective To explore the similarities and differences in clinical efficacy and mRNA transcriptomics characteristics between acupuncture and shallow needling at non-acupoints and to provide a basis for determining whether shallow needling at non-acupoints is suitable as a sham acupuncture control in acupuncture clinical trials.Methods Eighty patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria(CSU)who visited the Dermatology Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between July 8,2018 and to July 29,2019,were included.The patients were randomly divided into the acupuncture group(n=41)and the sham acupuncture group(n=39)using a computerized complete random design.Additionally,12 healthy individuals were included as the healthy control group.For patients in the acupuncture group,"Baihui(GV20),""Shenting(GV24),""Zhongwan(CV12),"and bilateral"Quchi(LI11),""Tianshu(ST25),""Xuehai(SP10),""Zusanli(ST36),"and"Sanyinjiao(SP6)"were selected for regular acupuncture.The sham acupuncture group received non-acupoint shallow needling at eight non-acupoints on the head,upper limbs,lower limbs,and abdomen.Both groups underwent daily treatment,with five consecutive days constituting one treatment course followed by a two-day interval.A total of two courses were administered.The urticaria activity score(UAS)was used to evaluate wheals and pruritus,whereas the visual analog scale(VAS)score was used to evaluate the degree of pruritus.Blinding effectiveness was also evaluated.Based on clinical evaluation and sample quality,serum samples from six patients in each treatment group before and after the intervention,along with those from six healthy individuals,were selected for RNA sequencing using the BGISEQ-500 sequencer.Differentially expressed mRNAs were identified using the"DEGseq"software package,and the similarities and differences in mRNA expression between the two groups were analyzed.Results UAS and VAS scores decreased in both groups at 1,2,3,and 4 weeks of treatment compared with before treatment(P＜0.01).The decrease in UAS and VAS scores in both groups was time-dependent(P＜0.01)but not related to the grouping or the interaction between grouping and time(P＞0.05).By the end of the second week of treatment,the number of patients in both groups who believed they had received true acupuncture was similar between the two groups,with no significant difference.mRNA transcriptomic sequencing revealed that,before and after treatment,the enrichment types and degrees of differentially expressed mRNA were similar between the acupuncture and sham acupuncture groups at the biological process,cellular component,and molecular function levels.In terms of biological processes,both groups were commonly enriched in coagulation,hematoma,oxygen transport,and gas transport.In terms of cellular components,both groups exhibited enrichment in hemoglobin complexes,platelet alpha granules,extracellular exosomes,extracellular organelles,and extracellular vesicles.At the molecular function level,both groups were commonly enriched in actin filament-binding substances,haptoglobin,peroxidase activity,and oxygen blood binding.In the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis,both groups showed common enrichment in multiple entries such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction,ECM-receptor interaction,microRNAs in cancer,proteoglycans in cancer,bladder cancer,and malaria.Conclusion Acupuncture and sham acupuncture exhibited similar clinical treatment effects and mRNA transcriptomics profiles.In the design of acupuncture clinical trials,disease specificity should be carefully considered.Sham acupuncture control using non-acupoint shallow needling may not be suitable for skin diseases such as urticaria.

Objective To analyze the effects of intravenous tirofiban following endovascular treatment on the prognosis of patients with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke who did not achieve successful recanalization.Methods This retrospective study included consecutive patients with acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke who underwent endovascular treatment but did not achieve successful recanalization.These patients were retrospectively enrolled from the Department of Neurology at Nanjing Jinling Hospital,Affiliated Hospital of Medical School,Nanjing University,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,Wuhan No.1 Hospital,and Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College(the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College)between January 2015 and April 2023.Baseline and clinical data were collected including age,sex,medical history(hypertension,diabetes,atrial fibrillation,hyperlipidemia),personal history(smoking and drinking),National Institutes of Health stroke scale(NIHSS)score at admission,trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment(TOAST)classification(large artery atherosclerosis,cardioembolism,or other types),Alberta stroke program early CT score(ASPECTS)on admission,intravenous thrombolysis,onset-to-puncture time(OTP),collateral circulation status(poor collaterals:American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology[ASTIN/SIR]score 0-2;good collateral:ASTIN/SIR score 3-4),procedure duration(from femoral or radial artery puncture to device removal),occlusion site,number of passes for thrombus retrieval,and post-procedural modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction(mTICI)grade.Patients were divided into a tirofiban group and a non-tirofiban group based on whether they received post-procedural intravenous tirofiban.The primary outcome is a favorable functional outcome at 90-day since onset(modified Rankin scale[mRS]score ≤ 3).Safety outcomes included mortality at 90-day since onset(mRS score 6),any intracranial hemorrhage within 24 h post-procedure,and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage within 24 h post-procedure.1∶1 propensity score matchings using the nearest neighbor method was performed based on variables with P＜0.05 in the comparison between the tirofiban and non-tirofiban groups.Differences in primary and safety outcomes between the matched groups were compared.Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were conducted with favorable outcomes at 90 days as the dependent variable to evaluate the effect of intravenous tirofiban administration after endovascular therapy on 90-day prognosis in patients without successful recanalization.Results A total of 356 patients without successful recanalization after endovascular treatment were included,comprising 195 males and 161 females,with a median age of 70(61,78)years(32-92 years).Among them,76 and 280patients were assigned to the tirofiban and non-tirofiban groups,respectively.At 90 days,114 patients had favorable outcomes,while 242 had unfavorable outcomes.(1)Before the 1∶1 propensity score matching,significant differences were observed between the tirofiban and non-tirofiban groups in terms of admission NIHSS score,ASPECTS,good collateral circulation,intravenous thrombolysis,and mTICI grade(all P＜0.05).After 1∶1 propensity score matching,66 matched pairs(132 patients)were obtained.No significant differences in the baseline and clinical characteristics were found between the two groups after matching(all P＞0.05).(2)After 1∶1 matching,a significant difference was observed in the rate of favorable outcomes at 90 days between the two groups(48.5％[32/66]vs.30.3％[20/66],P=0.033)after propensity score matching,while no significant differences were found in 90-day mortality,intracranial hemorrhage within 24h,or symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage within 24h(all P＞0.05).(3)Univariate analysis after 1∶1 matching indicated that age,atrial fibrillation,smoking history,admission NIHSS score,M2 segment middle cerebral artery occlusion,good collateral circulation,number of passes for thrombus retrieval,and tirofiban treatment were factors influencing favorable outcomes at 90 days.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that younger age(aOR,0.942,95％CI 0.906-0.978,P=0.002),lower admission NIHSS score(aOR,0.855,95％CI 0.777-0.941,P=0.001),good collateral circulation(aOR,5.534,95％CI 2.141-14.301,P＜0.01),tirofiban treatment(aOR,2.774,95％CI 1.092-7.046,P=0.032),and M2 segment MCA occlusion(reference:internal carotid artery occlusion;aOR,4.874,95％CI 1.428-16.632,P=0.011)were independent predictors of favorable outcomes at 90 days.Conclusions Intravenous tirofiban administration after endovascular therapy may improve 90-day neurological outcomes in patients with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke who did not achieve successful recanalization without increasing the risk of hemorrhage.Further large-scale randomized controlled trials are warranted to validate these findings.

Objective To investigate the incidence and types of patient-ventilator asynchrony(PVA)in mechanically ventilated patients within the intensive care unit(ICU),and to identify associated high-risk factors,thereby providing a basis for reducing PVA,enhancing mechanical ventilation efficiency,and refining ventilation strategies.Methods A prospective observational study was conducted among patients admitted to the general ICU of the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University from October to December 2024 who were receiving mechanical ventilation.Inclusion criteria were as follows:age ≥18 years and mechanical ventilation duration ≥12 hours.Exclusion criteria included complete controlled mechanical ventilation,palliative care or do-not-resuscitate status,and lack of informed consent.Senior respiratory therapists performed daily bedside observations of ventilator waveforms for 10～15 minutes between 08:00 and 12:00.PVA was diagnosed based on pressure-time and flow-time waveforms,with the types of PVA being recorded.Demographic and clinical data,including age,sex,body mass index(BMI),primary diagnosis,comorbidities,APACHEⅡ score at ICU admission,blood gas analysis,ventila-tion mode and parameters,analgesia and sedation status,duration of mechanical ventilation,and length of ICU stay,were collected.The incidence and types of PVA during the observation period were analyzed.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify high-risk factors for PVA.Clinical outcomes were compared between patients with and without PVA.Results A total of 105 patients and 453 episodes of assisted mechanical ventilation waveforms were analyzed.Among these,60.95％(64/105)experienced at least one episode of PVA.Of the 453 ventilation waveforms assessed,35.76％(162/453)demonstrated PVA.The types of PVA,ranked by incidence,were as follows:cycling mismatch(12.58％,57/453),double triggering(11.92％,54/453),ineffective triggering(9.49％,43/453),flow starvation(5.30％,24/453),and exhalation flow limitation(1.77％,8/453).The incidence of PVA varied significantly across different ventilation modes:45.7％in volume-assist/control ventilation(V-A/C),38.1％in pressure-assist/control ventilation(P-A/C),42.9％in synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation(SIMV),and 16.7％in pressure support ventilation(PSV)(P<0.001).Multi-variate logistic regression analysis revealed that the mechanical ventilation mode[reference:PSV;V-A/C:OR=4.687,95％CI:2.140～10.263,P<0.001;P-A/C:OR=2.922,95％CI:1.489～5.734,P=0.002;SIMV:OR=4.682,95％CI:1.758～12.466,P=0.002]and actual respiratory rate(OR=1.07,95％CI:1.016～1.127,P=0.011)were significant high-risk factors for PVA.Patients with PVA had a significantly longer duration of mechanical ventilation[8.21(5.35,13.91)days vs.3.00(1.96,5.71)days,P<0.001]compared to those without PVA.Conclusions PVA is commonly observed in ICU patients receiving assisted invasive mechanical ventilation,with cycling mismatch,double triggering,and ineffective triggering being the most prevalent types.The incidence of PVA tends to be lower when using the PSV mode.Clinically,real-time monitoring of patient-ventilator synchrony via ventilator waveforms,along with the optimization of ventilator modes and parameters,should be employed to minimize the occurrence of PVA and enhance the efficiency of mechanical ventilation.

Objective To analyze the effects of intravenous tirofiban following endovascular treatment on the prognosis of patients with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke who did not achieve successful recanalization.Methods This retrospective study included consecutive patients with acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke who underwent endovascular treatment but did not achieve successful recanalization.These patients were retrospectively enrolled from the Department of Neurology at Nanjing Jinling Hospital,Affiliated Hospital of Medical School,Nanjing University,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,Wuhan No.1 Hospital,and Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College(the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College)between January 2015 and April 2023.Baseline and clinical data were collected including age,sex,medical history(hypertension,diabetes,atrial fibrillation,hyperlipidemia),personal history(smoking and drinking),National Institutes of Health stroke scale(NIHSS)score at admission,trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment(TOAST)classification(large artery atherosclerosis,cardioembolism,or other types),Alberta stroke program early CT score(ASPECTS)on admission,intravenous thrombolysis,onset-to-puncture time(OTP),collateral circulation status(poor collaterals:American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology[ASTIN/SIR]score 0-2;good collateral:ASTIN/SIR score 3-4),procedure duration(from femoral or radial artery puncture to device removal),occlusion site,number of passes for thrombus retrieval,and post-procedural modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction(mTICI)grade.Patients were divided into a tirofiban group and a non-tirofiban group based on whether they received post-procedural intravenous tirofiban.The primary outcome is a favorable functional outcome at 90-day since onset(modified Rankin scale[mRS]score ≤ 3).Safety outcomes included mortality at 90-day since onset(mRS score 6),any intracranial hemorrhage within 24 h post-procedure,and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage within 24 h post-procedure.1∶1 propensity score matchings using the nearest neighbor method was performed based on variables with P＜0.05 in the comparison between the tirofiban and non-tirofiban groups.Differences in primary and safety outcomes between the matched groups were compared.Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were conducted with favorable outcomes at 90 days as the dependent variable to evaluate the effect of intravenous tirofiban administration after endovascular therapy on 90-day prognosis in patients without successful recanalization.Results A total of 356 patients without successful recanalization after endovascular treatment were included,comprising 195 males and 161 females,with a median age of 70(61,78)years(32-92 years).Among them,76 and 280patients were assigned to the tirofiban and non-tirofiban groups,respectively.At 90 days,114 patients had favorable outcomes,while 242 had unfavorable outcomes.(1)Before the 1∶1 propensity score matching,significant differences were observed between the tirofiban and non-tirofiban groups in terms of admission NIHSS score,ASPECTS,good collateral circulation,intravenous thrombolysis,and mTICI grade(all P＜0.05).After 1∶1 propensity score matching,66 matched pairs(132 patients)were obtained.No significant differences in the baseline and clinical characteristics were found between the two groups after matching(all P＞0.05).(2)After 1∶1 matching,a significant difference was observed in the rate of favorable outcomes at 90 days between the two groups(48.5％[32/66]vs.30.3％[20/66],P=0.033)after propensity score matching,while no significant differences were found in 90-day mortality,intracranial hemorrhage within 24h,or symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage within 24h(all P＞0.05).(3)Univariate analysis after 1∶1 matching indicated that age,atrial fibrillation,smoking history,admission NIHSS score,M2 segment middle cerebral artery occlusion,good collateral circulation,number of passes for thrombus retrieval,and tirofiban treatment were factors influencing favorable outcomes at 90 days.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that younger age(aOR,0.942,95％CI 0.906-0.978,P=0.002),lower admission NIHSS score(aOR,0.855,95％CI 0.777-0.941,P=0.001),good collateral circulation(aOR,5.534,95％CI 2.141-14.301,P＜0.01),tirofiban treatment(aOR,2.774,95％CI 1.092-7.046,P=0.032),and M2 segment MCA occlusion(reference:internal carotid artery occlusion;aOR,4.874,95％CI 1.428-16.632,P=0.011)were independent predictors of favorable outcomes at 90 days.Conclusions Intravenous tirofiban administration after endovascular therapy may improve 90-day neurological outcomes in patients with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke who did not achieve successful recanalization without increasing the risk of hemorrhage.Further large-scale randomized controlled trials are warranted to validate these findings.

Objective To investigate the incidence and types of patient-ventilator asynchrony(PVA)in mechanically ventilated patients within the intensive care unit(ICU),and to identify associated high-risk factors,thereby providing a basis for reducing PVA,enhancing mechanical ventilation efficiency,and refining ventilation strategies.Methods A prospective observational study was conducted among patients admitted to the general ICU of the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University from October to December 2024 who were receiving mechanical ventilation.Inclusion criteria were as follows:age ≥18 years and mechanical ventilation duration ≥12 hours.Exclusion criteria included complete controlled mechanical ventilation,palliative care or do-not-resuscitate status,and lack of informed consent.Senior respiratory therapists performed daily bedside observations of ventilator waveforms for 10～15 minutes between 08:00 and 12:00.PVA was diagnosed based on pressure-time and flow-time waveforms,with the types of PVA being recorded.Demographic and clinical data,including age,sex,body mass index(BMI),primary diagnosis,comorbidities,APACHEⅡ score at ICU admission,blood gas analysis,ventila-tion mode and parameters,analgesia and sedation status,duration of mechanical ventilation,and length of ICU stay,were collected.The incidence and types of PVA during the observation period were analyzed.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify high-risk factors for PVA.Clinical outcomes were compared between patients with and without PVA.Results A total of 105 patients and 453 episodes of assisted mechanical ventilation waveforms were analyzed.Among these,60.95％(64/105)experienced at least one episode of PVA.Of the 453 ventilation waveforms assessed,35.76％(162/453)demonstrated PVA.The types of PVA,ranked by incidence,were as follows:cycling mismatch(12.58％,57/453),double triggering(11.92％,54/453),ineffective triggering(9.49％,43/453),flow starvation(5.30％,24/453),and exhalation flow limitation(1.77％,8/453).The incidence of PVA varied significantly across different ventilation modes:45.7％in volume-assist/control ventilation(V-A/C),38.1％in pressure-assist/control ventilation(P-A/C),42.9％in synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation(SIMV),and 16.7％in pressure support ventilation(PSV)(P<0.001).Multi-variate logistic regression analysis revealed that the mechanical ventilation mode[reference:PSV;V-A/C:OR=4.687,95％CI:2.140～10.263,P<0.001;P-A/C:OR=2.922,95％CI:1.489～5.734,P=0.002;SIMV:OR=4.682,95％CI:1.758～12.466,P=0.002]and actual respiratory rate(OR=1.07,95％CI:1.016～1.127,P=0.011)were significant high-risk factors for PVA.Patients with PVA had a significantly longer duration of mechanical ventilation[8.21(5.35,13.91)days vs.3.00(1.96,5.71)days,P<0.001]compared to those without PVA.Conclusions PVA is commonly observed in ICU patients receiving assisted invasive mechanical ventilation,with cycling mismatch,double triggering,and ineffective triggering being the most prevalent types.The incidence of PVA tends to be lower when using the PSV mode.Clinically,real-time monitoring of patient-ventilator synchrony via ventilator waveforms,along with the optimization of ventilator modes and parameters,should be employed to minimize the occurrence of PVA and enhance the efficiency of mechanical ventilation.

Objective To explore the similarities and differences in clinical efficacy and mRNA transcriptomics characteristics between acupuncture and shallow needling at non-acupoints and to provide a basis for determining whether shallow needling at non-acupoints is suitable as a sham acupuncture control in acupuncture clinical trials.Methods Eighty patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria(CSU)who visited the Dermatology Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between July 8,2018 and to July 29,2019,were included.The patients were randomly divided into the acupuncture group(n=41)and the sham acupuncture group(n=39)using a computerized complete random design.Additionally,12 healthy individuals were included as the healthy control group.For patients in the acupuncture group,"Baihui(GV20),""Shenting(GV24),""Zhongwan(CV12),"and bilateral"Quchi(LI11),""Tianshu(ST25),""Xuehai(SP10),""Zusanli(ST36),"and"Sanyinjiao(SP6)"were selected for regular acupuncture.The sham acupuncture group received non-acupoint shallow needling at eight non-acupoints on the head,upper limbs,lower limbs,and abdomen.Both groups underwent daily treatment,with five consecutive days constituting one treatment course followed by a two-day interval.A total of two courses were administered.The urticaria activity score(UAS)was used to evaluate wheals and pruritus,whereas the visual analog scale(VAS)score was used to evaluate the degree of pruritus.Blinding effectiveness was also evaluated.Based on clinical evaluation and sample quality,serum samples from six patients in each treatment group before and after the intervention,along with those from six healthy individuals,were selected for RNA sequencing using the BGISEQ-500 sequencer.Differentially expressed mRNAs were identified using the"DEGseq"software package,and the similarities and differences in mRNA expression between the two groups were analyzed.Results UAS and VAS scores decreased in both groups at 1,2,3,and 4 weeks of treatment compared with before treatment(P＜0.01).The decrease in UAS and VAS scores in both groups was time-dependent(P＜0.01)but not related to the grouping or the interaction between grouping and time(P＞0.05).By the end of the second week of treatment,the number of patients in both groups who believed they had received true acupuncture was similar between the two groups,with no significant difference.mRNA transcriptomic sequencing revealed that,before and after treatment,the enrichment types and degrees of differentially expressed mRNA were similar between the acupuncture and sham acupuncture groups at the biological process,cellular component,and molecular function levels.In terms of biological processes,both groups were commonly enriched in coagulation,hematoma,oxygen transport,and gas transport.In terms of cellular components,both groups exhibited enrichment in hemoglobin complexes,platelet alpha granules,extracellular exosomes,extracellular organelles,and extracellular vesicles.At the molecular function level,both groups were commonly enriched in actin filament-binding substances,haptoglobin,peroxidase activity,and oxygen blood binding.In the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis,both groups showed common enrichment in multiple entries such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction,ECM-receptor interaction,microRNAs in cancer,proteoglycans in cancer,bladder cancer,and malaria.Conclusion Acupuncture and sham acupuncture exhibited similar clinical treatment effects and mRNA transcriptomics profiles.In the design of acupuncture clinical trials,disease specificity should be carefully considered.Sham acupuncture control using non-acupoint shallow needling may not be suitable for skin diseases such as urticaria.

Objective:To investigate the clinical outcome of endovascular treatment vs. drug treatment in patients with symptomatic non-acute long-segment occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Methods:Based on prospective cohort registration research data, patients with symptomatic non-acute long-segment occlusion of internal carotid artery were retrospectively included. They were divided into a drug treatment group and an endovascular treatment group according to the actual treatment received. The latter was further divided into a successful recanalization group and an unsuccessful recanalization group. The endpoint events included ipsilateral ischemic stroke, any stroke, and all-cause death. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to compare the endpoint events between groups during the perioprocedural period (within 30 days), and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was use to compare the endpoint events between the groups during the long-term follow-up. Results:A total of 684 patients were included, of which 570 (83.33%) were male, median aged 63 years (interquartile range, 56-70 years). Three hundred and fifty-three patients (51.6%) received drug treatment; 331 (48.4%) received endovascular treatment, of which 161 (48.6%) had successful recanalization. The median follow-up time was 1 223 days (interquartile range, 646.5-2 082 days), with 109 patients (15.9%) experiencing stroke recurrence events (including 87 ipsilateral ischemic stroke) and 78 (11.4%) experiencing all-cause mortality. The risk of any stroke during the perioprocedural period in the successful recanalization group was significantly higher than that in the drug treatment group (odds ratio 3.679, 95% confidence interval 1.038-13.036; P=0.044), but the risk of ipsilateral ischemic stroke recurrence (risk ratio 0.347, 95% confidence interval 0.152-0.791; P=0.012) and all-cause mortality (risk ratio 0.239, 95% confidence interval 0.093-0.618; P=0.003) during the long-term follow-up were significantly lower than those in the drug treatment group. Conclusions:In patients with symptomatic non-acute long-segment occlusion of the internal carotid artery, endovascular treatment can increase the risk of stroke recurrence within 30 days, but successful recanalization can reduce the risks of long-term ipsilateral ischemic stroke recurrence and all-cause mortality.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the impact of aspirin on the pulmonary inflammatory response in animal models of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS). METHODS: Experimental research on aspirin therapy or prevention of ALI/ARDS in animal models were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane library, Embase, China biology medicine, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP. The search time limit was from the establishment of the database to July 17, 2023. The control group established the ALI/ARDS model without any pharmacological intervention. The intervention group was given aspirin or aspirin-derived compounds or polymeric-aspirin (Poly-A) at different time points before and after the preparation of the model, of which there was no restriction on the dosage form, dosage, mode of administration, or number of doses. The primary outcome indicators included bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) or lung tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the counts of neutrophils in BALF. Two researchers screened the literature and extracted information based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Literature quality was assessed by the bias risk assessment tool SYRCLE. RevMan 5.3 software was used for data synthesis and statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 17 papers were eventually included, involving a total of 449 animal models, all of which were murine. One paper was at high risk of bias and the rest 16 papers were at moderate risk of bias. Meta-analysis showed that compared with the control group, the neutrophil count in BALF [standardized mean difference (SMD) = -5.06, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was -7.00 to -3.12, P < 0.000 01], the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in BALF or lung tissue (SMD = -3.45, 95%CI was -4.43 to -2.47, P < 0.000 01), the TNF-α level in BALF or lung tissue (SMD = -2.78, 95%CI was -3.58 to -1.98, P < 0.000 01), and the IL-1β level in BALF or lung tissue (SMD = -3.12, 95%CI was -4.56 to -1.69, P < 0.000 1) were significantly decreased in the ALI/ARDS model of the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS Aspirin reduces the level of lung inflammation in animal models of ALI/ARDS. However, there are problems of poor quality and significant heterogeneity of the included studies, which still need our further validation.
Animals ; Acute Lung Injury/drug therapy* ; Aspirin/pharmacology* ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome/drug therapy* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism* ; Interleukin-1beta/metabolism* ; Peroxidase/metabolism* ; Lung/metabolism* ; Neutrophils/drug effects*

ObjectiveTo summarize the modeling methods, test indicators, and evaluation methods of the animal models of urticaria and provide a basis for the subsequent research on urticaria models. MethodWith the keywords of "urticaria" and "animal model" and the time interval from inception to July 13, 2022, relevant articles were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP, CBM, Web of Science, Embase, and PubMed. Two evaluators independently screened the articles and extracted the publishing time, sources, animal conditions, modeling methods, modeling time, and test indicators from the articles meeting the inclusion criteria to establish a data library for quantitative statistics and analysis. ResultA total of 116 articles were included, involving 129 animal experiments (102 in Chinese and 27 in English) of urticaria. In the last three years, the studies about the animal models of urticaria presented an obvious upward trend, and the articles were dominated by dissertations. KM mice and SD rats of both females and males were mainly used for the modeling of urticaria, and the models were mainly established by passive sensitization of skin for 14-16 days. The models were mainly evaluated based on apparent indicators such as blue-stained lesion area and ear swelling, supplemented by the pathological indicators of the skin and serum. ConclusionAlthough the experimental studies of urticaria are increasing, the modeling methods lack unified modeling standards and have low coincidence with clinical symptoms. Therefore, this paper analyzed the modeling elements and evaluation criteria of urticaria animal models, and proposed that both male and female KM mice (6-8 weeks old) or SD rats (8-10 weeks old) of SPF grade should be preferentially selected for modeling. Active and passive sensitization can be combined for the modeling, and the specific modeling elements such as modeling time and sensitization times need to be further explored. The model evaluation should include four aspects of behavior, appearance, pathology, and immunity.