The incidence rate of thyroid cancer has been rising in recent years. How to accurately distinguish malignant and benign thyroid nodules before surgery has become an important research direction. Ultrasound, as a non-invasive and fast examination method, has been widely used in clinical practice. Some typical ultrasound features, such as calcification, unclear boundaries, multiple lesions, low echo, and aspect ratio>1, can indicate the occurrence of thyroid cancer before surgery. Further analysis of these ultrasound features is still a focus of current research. This article will review the expression and distribution of calcification, a typical ultrasound feature, in benign and malignant thyroid nodules, in order to provide a basis for predicting the malignancy of thyroid nodules based on the characteristics of calcification under preoperative ultrasound.

To investigate the regulatory effect of thioredoxin-interacting protein(TXNIP)on the proliferation and apoptosis of bovine mammary epithelial cells,a bovine TXNIP gene overexpres-sion vector was constructed using the homologous recombination method.The overexpressed re-combinant plasmid was verified through enzyme digestion and sequencing,and the obtained se-quenccs were subjected to BLAST analysis and phylogenetic construction.The TXNIP overcxpres-sion plasmid was then transfected into bovine mammary epithelial cells.Cell proliferation was as-sessed using CCK-8 and EdU assays,while apoptosis was evaluated using Annexin V-mCherry.Ad-ditionally,RT-qPCR was employed to measure changes in the mRNA expression of apoptosis-re-lated genes in bovine mammary epithelial cells.The results showed that the CDS region of bovine TXNIP gene was 1 176 bp,encoded 391 amino acids,which was closely related to sheep.Compared to the control group,overexpression of the TXNIP gene decreased the viability of mammary epi-thelial cells,reduced cell proliferation,and promoted apoptosis.Specifically,overexpression of the TXNIP gene led to a significant upregulation of apoptosis-related genes,including Caspasc-3,Caspase-9,and Bax,in bovine mammary epithelial cells(P＜0.05).In contrast,the expression of Caspase-8 had no significant changes(P＞0.05).Additionally,the expression of anti-apoptosis gene Bcl-2 was significantly decreased(P＜0.01),and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was significantly increased(P＜0.01).In conclusion,the TXNIP gene can inhibit the proliferation of bovine mam-mary epithelial cells,promote apoptosis,and regulate the expression of apoptosis-related genes,thereby influencing the development of the bovine mammary gland.

To investigate the regulatory effect of thioredoxin-interacting protein(TXNIP)on the proliferation and apoptosis of bovine mammary epithelial cells,a bovine TXNIP gene overexpres-sion vector was constructed using the homologous recombination method.The overexpressed re-combinant plasmid was verified through enzyme digestion and sequencing,and the obtained se-quenccs were subjected to BLAST analysis and phylogenetic construction.The TXNIP overcxpres-sion plasmid was then transfected into bovine mammary epithelial cells.Cell proliferation was as-sessed using CCK-8 and EdU assays,while apoptosis was evaluated using Annexin V-mCherry.Ad-ditionally,RT-qPCR was employed to measure changes in the mRNA expression of apoptosis-re-lated genes in bovine mammary epithelial cells.The results showed that the CDS region of bovine TXNIP gene was 1 176 bp,encoded 391 amino acids,which was closely related to sheep.Compared to the control group,overexpression of the TXNIP gene decreased the viability of mammary epi-thelial cells,reduced cell proliferation,and promoted apoptosis.Specifically,overexpression of the TXNIP gene led to a significant upregulation of apoptosis-related genes,including Caspasc-3,Caspase-9,and Bax,in bovine mammary epithelial cells(P＜0.05).In contrast,the expression of Caspase-8 had no significant changes(P＞0.05).Additionally,the expression of anti-apoptosis gene Bcl-2 was significantly decreased(P＜0.01),and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was significantly increased(P＜0.01).In conclusion,the TXNIP gene can inhibit the proliferation of bovine mam-mary epithelial cells,promote apoptosis,and regulate the expression of apoptosis-related genes,thereby influencing the development of the bovine mammary gland.