In recent years, research on stem cell therapy in the field of lung transplantation has gradually increased, demonstrating its potential in improving the outcomes of lung transplantation. As a treatment option for end-stage lung diseases, lung transplantation faces challenges such as scarcity of donor organs, postoperative complications and rejection. Stem cells, with their self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation capabilities, have emerged as strong candidates for alternative or adjunctive treatments. Current studies show that embryonic stem cells and umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells play significant roles in lung tissue regeneration and immune regulation. However, stem cell therapy still needs to overcome issues such as the selection of cell sources, low survival rates after transplantation and unclear long-term efficacy in clinical applications. Future research should focus on exploring new stem cell sources, improving transplantation techniques and establishing efficacy evaluation systems.

Lung transplantation is currently the only recognized effective treatment for end-stage lung disease and has improved the quality of life for patients. However, lung transplantation still faces many challenges, including rejection, infection, post-transplant acute kidney injury, post-transplant diabetes mellitus, ischemia-reperfusion injury and donor shortage, etc. Chinese lung transplantation scholars made a series of important progress in the field of clinical research in 2024, focusing on the study and solution of the above problems, and providing new ideas for lung transplantation surgery. This article systematically reviews the clinical research and technological innovation in the field of lung transplantation in 2024, summarizes the achievements of clinical research in the field of lung transplantation in China in 2024, and aims to providing new directions and strategies for future research.

Lung transplantation is the optimal treatment for end-stage lung diseases and can significantly improve prognosis of the patients. However, postoperative complications such as infection, rejection, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and other challenges (like shortage of donor lungs) , limit the practical application of lung transplantation in clinical practice. Chinese research teams have been making continuous efforts and have achieved breakthroughs in basic research on lung transplantation by integrating emerging technologies and cutting-edge achievements from interdisciplinary fields, which has strongly propelled the development of this field. This article will comprehensively review the academic progress made by Chinese research teams in the field of lung transplantation in 2024, with a focus on the achievements of Chinese teams in basic research on lung transplantation. It aims to provide innovative ideas and strategies for key issues in the basic field of lung transplantation and to help China's lung transplantation cause reach a higher level.

Objective To introduce the modeling method of pendulum-like modified rat abdominal heart heterotopic transplantation model and evaluate the quality of the model. Methods An operator without transplantation experience performed 15 consecutive models, recorded the time of each step, changes in body weight and modified Stanford scores, and calculated the surgical success rate, postoperative 1-week survival rate and technical success rate. Ultrasound examinations was performed in 1 week postoperatively. Results The times for donor heart acquisition, donor heart processing, recipient preparation and transplantation anastomosis were (14.3±1.4) min, (3.5±0.6) min, (13.6±2.1) min and (38.3±5.2) min respectively. The surgical success rate was 87% (13/15), and the survival rate 1 week after operative was 100% (13/13). The improved Stanford score indicated a technical success rate of 92% (12/13), and the postoperative 1-week ultrasound examination showed that grafts with Stanford scores ≥3 had detectable pulsation and blood flow signals. Conclusions The pendulum-like modified rat abdominal heart heterotopic transplantation improved model further optimizes the operational steps with a high success rate and stable quality, may be chosen as a modeling option for basic research in heart transplantation in the future.

Depressive disorder is a chronic, recurring, and potentially life-endangering neuropsychiatric disease. According to a report by the World Health Organization, the global population suffering from depression is experiencing a significant annual increase. Despite its prevalence and considerable impact on people, little is known about its pathogenesis. One major reason is the scarcity of reliable animal models due to the absence of consensus on the pathology and etiology of depression. Furthermore, the neural circuit mechanism of depression induced by various factors is particularly complex. Considering the variability in depressive behavior patterns and neurobiological mechanisms among different animal models of depression, a comparison between the neural circuits of depression induced by various factors is essential for its treatment. In this review, we mainly summarize the most widely used behavioral animal models and neural circuits under different triggers of depression, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for depression prevention.
Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Depressive Disorder/psychology* ; Humans ; Behavior, Animal/physiology* ; Nerve Net/physiopathology* ; Brain/physiopathology* ; Neural Pathways/physiopathology*

Objective To investigate the effect of T2-fluid attenuated inversion recovery(T2-FLAIR)sequence on the appearance of ivy sign in patients with moyamoya disease under different imaging conditions.Methods Coronal T2-FLAIR scans were performed in 51 consecutive adult patients with moyamoya disease who had not undergone surgery and had their first visit to this hospital between March and July of 2024.According to the scanning conditions,the patients were divided into 19 and 14 of the echo train length in two groups,and 103,144,and 195 ms of the time of echo(TE)in three groups,respectively.The left and right cerebral hemispheres and whole brains were scored according to the cerebral vascular anatomy,and scores of the ivy sign of left and right cerebral hemispheres and whole brain were compared.Results There was no statistical significance in the ivy sign scores of right and left cerebral hemispheres and whole brain between the two groups with 19 and 14 of the echo train length(P＞0.05).Comparison of ivy sign scores in right and left cerebral hemispheres and whole brain was statistically significant among the three groups of TE at 144,103 and 195 ms(P＜0.05).Conclusion The best appearance of ivy sign in patients with moyamoya disease is seen under the condition of TE at 195 ms,so appropriately extending the TE time is helpful for ivy sign display.

Lung transplantation is the only effective treatment of end-stage lung diseases. Nevertheless, shortage of donor lungs has become increasingly prominent worldwide. A large quantity of patients died while waiting for lung transplantation. Urgent lung transplantation is a prioritized allocation strategy for donor lung transplantation according to the urgency of diseases, aiming to shorten the waiting time for donor lungs and reduce the fatality of patients on the waiting list for lung transplantation. However, no consensus has been reached worldwide on the definition, criteria and application of the terminology of urgent lung transplantation. In addition, the survival and net benefits of lung transplant recipients based on this allocation system are still controversial. On the basis of previous clinical research on urgent lung transplantation, the definition criteria, risk factors, survival outcomes, limitations and optimization measures were explicitly elucidated in this article, aiming to provide theoretical reference for comprehensive evaluation of the feasibility of urgent lung transplantation and further optimizing the allocation system of donor lungs.

Lung transplantation has become the most effective treatment of end-stage lung diseases. Along with persistent optimization of lung transplantation technique and perioperative management, the short-term clinical efficacy after lung transplantation has been significantly improved, whereas the long-term clinical prognosis remains unoptimistic. Besides chronic lung allograft dysfunction, postoperative malignant tumors also threaten the long-term survival of the recipients. Common malignant tumors following lung transplantation include nonmelanoma skin cancer, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease and lung cancer. After solid organ transplantation, a large majority of the recipients require lifelong immunosuppressive therapy. The intensity of immunosuppressive therapy for the lung transplant recipients is generally higher than other organ transplant recipients. Immunosuppression is the main factor which leads to the impairment of anti-tumor immune monitoring function and promotes the incidence and development of malignant tumors. In this article, the risk factors, prevention and treatment of the most common malignant tumors after lung transplantation were reviewed, aiming to provide reference for comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors following lung transplantation.

Objective To explore the changes of the constituent ratio of hypoglycemic scheme and clinical outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)in recent three years in Shihezi. Methods The cluster random sampling methods were used to select 300 patients with T2DM who met the standards in November 2012 from 13 communities in Shihezi. The datasets including general demographic information ,treatment and clinical outcomes were collected by following them up for three years. Results From 2012 to 2015,the proportion of pa-tients with oral drugs decreased from 63.5％ to 51％ while increased from 30.8％ to 41.8％ with insulin treatment. For the patients with insulin treatment ,the rate of patients on single drug therapy declined significantly (χ2 =8.77,P<0.05),while significantly increased on insulin combined with oral drug(χ2=-10.27,P<0.01). The incidence of adverse effects increases from 16.8％ to 24.5％. As compared with 2012,blood sugar levels and con-trol rate had no obvious changes in 2015;namely,according to the standard(1),the control rate of blood glucose in 2015 was 41.2％,decreasing 4.0％as compared with 2012,while according to the standard(2),it increasd by 1.4％ from 2012 to 2015(52.9％). The rate of diabetic complications significantly increased from 2012 to 2015. Conclusions Oral drugs are mainly used in the treatment of T2DM in Shihezi communities,whereas the rate of insulin use elevates. The blood glucose control rate,medication safety,and ability to lower the rate of diabetic com-plications need to be improved in T2DM patients in Shihezi communities.

Objective To investigate the effects of arginine vasopressin (AVP) combined with norepinephrine (NE) in treatment of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock (UHS) in rats.Methods UHS models were produced in rats and divided into three groups according to the random number table,which were resuscitated with LR equivalent to 1/2 (17.5 ml/kg) of shed blood,LR equivalent to 1/4 (8.75 mL/kg) of shed blood and without LR respectively.Each group was subdivided into six groups:AVP1 (0.04 U/kg) group,AVP2 (0.4 U/kg) group,NE (3 μg/kg) group,AVP1 + NE group,AVP2 + NE group and LR control group,with 10 rats per group.Effects of single AVP or NE infusion or combined infusion respectively grouped with different doses of LR on survival time and hemodynamics of UHS rats were observed.Results Compared with AVP,NE and AVP + NE groups without LR or with LR equivalent to 1/2 of shed blood respectively,AVP2 + NE group with LR equivalent to 1/4 of shed blood provided better main artery pressure (MAP),prolonged survival time and enhanced 4-hour survival rate in treatment of UHS rats.Moreover,survival time and 24-hour survival rate were increased significantly and hemodynamic parameters like MAP,left intraventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) and maximal change rate of left intraventricular pressure (± dp/dt max) were improved after hemostasis.Conclusion AVP (0.04 U/kg) + NE (3 μg/kg) infusion with LR equivalent to 1/4 of shed blood prior to hematosis can win the time for definitive treatment and improve the treatment outcome.