Objective To introduce the modeling method of pendulum-like modified rat abdominal heart heterotopic transplantation model and evaluate the quality of the model. Methods An operator without transplantation experience performed 15 consecutive models, recorded the time of each step, changes in body weight and modified Stanford scores, and calculated the surgical success rate, postoperative 1-week survival rate and technical success rate. Ultrasound examinations was performed in 1 week postoperatively. Results The times for donor heart acquisition, donor heart processing, recipient preparation and transplantation anastomosis were (14.3±1.4) min, (3.5±0.6) min, (13.6±2.1) min and (38.3±5.2) min respectively. The surgical success rate was 87% (13/15), and the survival rate 1 week after operative was 100% (13/13). The improved Stanford score indicated a technical success rate of 92% (12/13), and the postoperative 1-week ultrasound examination showed that grafts with Stanford scores ≥3 had detectable pulsation and blood flow signals. Conclusions The pendulum-like modified rat abdominal heart heterotopic transplantation improved model further optimizes the operational steps with a high success rate and stable quality, may be chosen as a modeling option for basic research in heart transplantation in the future.

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of Renshentang on atherosclerosis （AS） in mice based on the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid1 （TRPV1） in regulating cholesterol metabolism in foam cells. MethodsNine SPF-grade 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were set as a normal group， and 60 ApoE^-/- mice were randomized into model， positive drug （simvastatin， 0.02 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， and low-， medium-， and high-dose （1.77， 3.54， 7.08 g·kg^-1·d^-1， respectively） Renshentang groups （n=12） according to body weight. The normal group was fed with a normal diet， and the other groups were fed with a high-fat diet and given corresponding drugs by oral gavage for the modeling of AS. The mice were administrated with corresponding drugs once a day for 12 weeks. After the last administration and fasting for 12 h， the aorta was collected. Plaque conditions， pathological changes， levels of total cholesterol （TC）， triglcerides （TG）， low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol （LDL-C）， and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol （HDL-C）， and the expression of TRPV1， liver X receptor （LXR）， inducible degrader of the low-density lipoprotein receptor （IDOL）， and low-density lipoprotein receptor （LDLR） in the aortic tissue were observed and detected by gross oil red O staining， HE staining， Western blot， immunohistochemistry， and real-time PCR. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group presented obvious plaque deposition in the aorta， raised levels of TC， TG， and LDL-C in the serum （P<0.01）， up-regulated expression level of LDLR in the aorta （P<0.01）， lowered level of HDL-C in the serum， and down-regulated expression levels of TRPV1， LXR， and IDOL in the aorta （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the positive drug and Renshentang at different doses alleviated AS， elevated the levels of HDL-C， TRPV1， LXR， and IDOL （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while lowering the levels of TC， TG， LDL-C， and LDLR （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionRenshentang has a lipid-lowering effect on AS mice. It can effectively reduce lipid deposition， lipid levels， and plaque area of AS mice by activating TRPV1 expression and regulating the LXR/IDOL/LDLR pathway.

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of Renshentang on atherosclerosis （AS） in mice based on the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid1 （TRPV1） in regulating cholesterol metabolism in foam cells. MethodsNine SPF-grade 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were set as a normal group， and 60 ApoE^-/- mice were randomized into model， positive drug （simvastatin， 0.02 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， and low-， medium-， and high-dose （1.77， 3.54， 7.08 g·kg^-1·d^-1， respectively） Renshentang groups （n=12） according to body weight. The normal group was fed with a normal diet， and the other groups were fed with a high-fat diet and given corresponding drugs by oral gavage for the modeling of AS. The mice were administrated with corresponding drugs once a day for 12 weeks. After the last administration and fasting for 12 h， the aorta was collected. Plaque conditions， pathological changes， levels of total cholesterol （TC）， triglcerides （TG）， low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol （LDL-C）， and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol （HDL-C）， and the expression of TRPV1， liver X receptor （LXR）， inducible degrader of the low-density lipoprotein receptor （IDOL）， and low-density lipoprotein receptor （LDLR） in the aortic tissue were observed and detected by gross oil red O staining， HE staining， Western blot， immunohistochemistry， and real-time PCR. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group presented obvious plaque deposition in the aorta， raised levels of TC， TG， and LDL-C in the serum （P<0.01）， up-regulated expression level of LDLR in the aorta （P<0.01）， lowered level of HDL-C in the serum， and down-regulated expression levels of TRPV1， LXR， and IDOL in the aorta （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the positive drug and Renshentang at different doses alleviated AS， elevated the levels of HDL-C， TRPV1， LXR， and IDOL （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while lowering the levels of TC， TG， LDL-C， and LDLR （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionRenshentang has a lipid-lowering effect on AS mice. It can effectively reduce lipid deposition， lipid levels， and plaque area of AS mice by activating TRPV1 expression and regulating the LXR/IDOL/LDLR pathway.

To solve the safety problems caused by the restriction of interaction space and the singular configuration of rehabilitation robot in terminal traction upper limb rehabilitation training, a trajectory planning and tracking control scheme for rehabilitation training is proposed. The human-robot safe interaction space was obtained based on kinematics modeling and rehabilitation theory, and the training trajectory was planned based on the occupational therapy in rehabilitation medicine. The singular configuration of the rehabilitation robot in the interaction space was avoided by exponential adaptive damped least square method. Then, a nonlinear controller for the upper limb rehabilitation robot was designed based on the backstepping control method. Radial basis function neural network was used to approximate the robot model information online to achieve model-free control. The stability of the controller was proved by Lyapunov stability theory. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed singular avoidance control scheme.
Humans ; Upper Extremity ; Robotics/methods* ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Traction/methods* ; Algorithms

ObjectiveTo explore the effect and mechanism of Zhishi Xiebai Guizhitang on the progression of atherosclerosis （AS） mice based on the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in foam cells by transient receptor potential channel ankyrin 1 （TRPA1）. MethodThe AS model was established on apolipoprotein E knockout （ApoE^-/-） mice with a high-fat diet. The mice were randomly divided into low-dose， middle-dose， and high-dose groups of Zhishi Xiebai Guizhitang （2.97， 5.94， 11.88 g·kg^-1） and simvastatin group （0.002 g·kg^-1）， and the drug was administered along with a high-fat diet. C57BL/6J mice were fed an ordinary diet as a normal group. After the above process， the aorta and serum of mice were taken. The pathological changes of the aortic root were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. The lipid plaques in the aorta were observed by gross oil redness. Serum levels of total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， and high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C） were detected， and the levels of interleukin-1β （IL-1β） and interleukin-18 （IL-18） were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Western blot and immunohistochemical method were used to analyze the expression of TRPA1， ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 （ABCA1）， ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 （ABCG1）， and mannose receptor （CD206）. ResultFrom the perspective of drug efficacy， compared with the normal group， pathological changes such as plaque， a large number of foam cells， and cholesterol crystals appeared in the aorta of the model group， and the serum levels of TC， LDL-C， IL-1β， and IL-18 were significantly increased （P<0.01）. The HDL-C level was significantly decreased （P<0.01）， and the CD206 level in aortic tissue was significantly decreased （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the lipid deposition in the aorta was alleviated in all drug administration groups. In addition， except for the high-dose group of Zhishi Xiebai Guizhitang， all drug administration groups could significantly decrease the levels of TC and LDL-C （P<0.01）. In terms of inflammation， except for the middle-dose group of Zhishi Xiebai Guizhitang， the levels of IL-1β and IL-18 were significantly decreased in all drug administration groups （P<0.05）. Moreover， Zhishi Xiebai Guizhitang could also up-regulate the levels of CD206， and the difference was significant in the middle-dose and high-dose groups （P<0.05）. From the perspective of mechanism， the expression levels of TRPA1， ABCA1， and ABCG1 in the aorta in the model group were lower than those in the normal group （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， all drug administration groups significantly increased the expression of TRPA1 in the aorta （P<0.05）， and the expressions of ABCA1 and ABCG1 were increased. The differences in the middle-dose and high-dose groups and the simvastatin group were significant （P<0.05）， which was basically consistent with the trend of immunohistochemical results. ConclusionZhishi Xiebai Guizhitang can effectively reduce blood lipid and inflammation levels and inhibit the formation of aortic plaque. The mechanism may be explained as follows： the expressions of ABCA1 and ABCG1 downstream are increased through TRPA1， which promotes cholesterol outflow in foam cells， thereby regulating cholesterol metabolism， intervening in inflammation level to a certain extent， and finally treating AS.

Osteoporosis （OP） is a common bone disease affecting the quality of life and causing huge medical burden to the patients and society. The occurrence of OP is mainly caused by excessive bone resorption and insufficient bone formation， which are directly influenced by external calcium ion balance. Calcium imbalance can impair bone integrity， reduce the calcium supply to the bone， and lower the calcium content in the bone， thus triggering OP. Drugs are the main anti-OP therapy in modern medicine， which， however， may cause adverse reactions and drug dependence. Chinese medicines have good clinical effects and high safety in treating OP， being suitable for long-term use. Recent studies have shown that Chinese medicines can alleviate estrogen deficiency， regulate bone cell and calcium metabolism， which is crucial for the formation and development of OP. The transient receptor potential cation channel superfamily V members 5 and 6 （TRPV5 and TRPV6， respectively） affect bone homeostasis by mediating the transmembrane calcium ion transport in the intestine （TRPV6） and kidney （TRPV5）. Therefore， TRPV5/6 is one of the key targets to understand the anti-OP mechanisms of the effective parts of Chinese medicines， which is worthy of further study. This paper summarizes the research results about the anti-OP effects of Chinese medicines in the last two decades， especially the mechanism of regulating calcium metabolism， aiming to provide new ideas for the basic research， clinical application， and drug development of OP treatment.

Objective:To explore the effects and mechanism of Bushen Tongluo Prescription in mechanical injury of rat endometrium.Method:A total of 60 female SD rats were divided into the blank group, model group, estradiol valerate group, and Bushen Tongluo Prescription group according to the random number table method, with 15 rats in each group. Except for the blank group, the other three groups were used to establish a rat model of endometrial injury using mechanical injury method. After modeling, Bushen Tongluo Prescription group was orally administered with Bushen Tongluo Prescription decoction at a dosage of 2.1 g/kg, the estradiol group was orally administered with estradiol valerate at a dosage of 0.4 mg/kg, and the blank group and model group were orally administered with 0.5% CMC at an equal dosage, once a day, for a total of 8 days. Samples were taken on the 1st, 4th, and 8th day after gastric lavage. The thickness of the endometrium and glands were observed using HE staining, the degree of uterine tissue fibrosis was observed using Masson staining, and VEGF and TGF-β protein and mRNA expressions in uterine tissue were detected using Western blot and fluorescence quantitative PCR.Results:Compared with the Bushen Tongluo Prescription on the first day, the thickness of the endometrium and the number of glands increased on the eighth day ( P<0.05); compared with the model group, the number of glands in the Bushen Tongluo Prescription group increased on the 4th day of administration ( P<0.05), while the fibrotic area of the endometrium decreased on the 8th day of administration ( P<0.05); compared with the model group, on the 8th day of administration, the expression of VEGF protein and TGF-β1 in the Bushen Tongluo Prescription group increased ( P<0.05), and protein expression decreased ( P<0.05); compared with the model group, the group treated with Bushen Tongluo Prescription had TGFβ1 mRNA level on the first day increased ( P<0.05), while the level of TGF-β1mRNA decreased on the 8th day ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Bushen Tongluo Prescription can increase endometrial thickness and receptivity, effectively improve damaged endometrium, anti fibrotic and prevent endometrial adhesion by up-regulating VEGF protein expression and down-regulating TGF-β1 protein and mRNA expression.

【Objective】 To observe the changes of coagulation factor activity and protein content of the thawed fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and fresh liquid plasma (FLP) during storage at 2-6℃, and to provide reference for exploring the appropriate storage time of FFP at 2-6℃ after thawing. 【Methods】 The small-thaw group and the large-thaw group were respectively detected for the activity of coagulation factor FⅤ (FⅤ∶C) and FⅧ(FⅧ∶C), and the levels of fibrinogen (Fib), total protein (TP) and albumin (Alb) in TTP at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days after thawing. And the FLP was detected for FⅤ∶C, FⅧ∶C, Fib, TP and Alb at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days and 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26 and 31 days after preparation, respectively. 【Results】 In FFP group, FⅧ∶C decreased gradually with the prolongation of storage time after melting (P<0.05), and decreased by 37.4% and 47.6% respectively in the two groups on the 7th day. There was no statistical difference in FⅤ∶C, Fib, TP and Alb (P>0.05). In FLP group, FⅧ∶C decreased gradually with the prolongation of storage time after melting (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in FⅤ∶C in 7-day storage group (P>0.05), but it decreased gradually in 31-day storage group (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in Fib, TP and Alb (P>0.05). 【Conclusion】 Although FⅧ∶C is decreased in thawed FFP stored at 2-6℃ for 7 days, it is still about 52.4%, which should be able to play a normal role in clinical practice.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism and effect of Qingfei Paidu decoction on transient receptor potential vanilloid-1/Transient receptor potential ankyrin1 （TRPV1/TRPA1） based on heat-sensitive channel and inflammatory response. MethodAccording to body weight， 80 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the normal group， model group， dexamethasone group （5 mg·kg^-1）， and low-dose， medium-dose， and high-dose groups of Qingfei Paidu decoction （14.865， 29.73， 59.46 g·kg^-1）， with 12 mice in each group. In addition to the normal group， the other groups were administered 20 μL （1×10^-3 g·kg^-1） to each mouse by airway infusion to establish the acute lung injury （ALI） model. In the administration group， the drug was given 1 h after modeling and again after an interval of 24 h. The lung tissue was taken 36 h after modeling. Double lung wet/dry weight ratio（W/D）， hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， and Western blot were used to observe and detect the pathological changes of lung tissue， expression levels of inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and interleukin-6 （IL-6）， and expressions of TRPV1 and TRPA1 proteins in heat-sensitive channel， nuclear factor kappa-B （NF-κB）， inhibitor of NF-κB （IκBα） in inflammatory pathway， and phosphorylated proteins. The phosphorylated protein/total protein ratio was calculated. ResultCompared with that in the normal group， the lung tissue of mice in the model group was seriously damaged， and pulmonary capillary permeability increased. Alveolar capillary congestion and dilation destroyed the complete structure of the alveolar， and the alveolar wall thickened. A large number of inflammatory cells and red blood cells were infiltrated， and pulmonary edema was significantly aggravated. The expressions of TNF-α， IL-6， TRPV1， TRPA1， phosphorylated NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65， and phosphorylated IκBα/IκBα were significantly increased （P<0.01）， and the whole lung W/D was significantly increased （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the dexamethasone group and low-dose， medium-dose， and high-dose groups of Qingfei Paidu decoction could significantly improve pulmonary edema. TNF-α， IL-6， TRPV1， TRPA1， lung tissue NF-κB p65， and IκBα phosphorylated protein/total protein ratio decreased significantly （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The whole lung W/D also decreased significantly （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionQingfei Paidu decoction has anti-inflammatory and protective effects on LPS-ALI mice， which can effectively reduce inflammation， induce diuresis， and alleviate edema. Its mechanism may be related to the regulation of the expression of TRPA1 and TRPV1 and the inhibition of the activation of the NF-κB pathway.

ObjectiveTo study the effect and mechanism of Linggui Zhugantang in treating chronic bronchitis （CB） induced by exposure to cigarette smoke combined with tracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide （LPS）. MethodSixty SPF-grade SD rats were randomly divided into normal， model， dexamethasone （1 mg·kg^-1）， and high-， medium-， and low-dose （30.06， 15.03， 7.515 g·kg^-1， respectively） Linggui Zhugantang groups by the body weight stratification method， with 10 rats in each group. Each group was administrated with 200 μL LPS （1 g·L^-1） by tracheal instillation on days 1 and 14， respectively， while the normal group was administrated with an equal volume of normal saline. Except the normal group， the other groups were exposed to cigarette smoke on days 2-13 and 15-30 （10 cigarettes/time/30 min， twice/day） for the modeling of CB. The rats were administrated with corresponding drugs by gavage for 30 consecutive days from day 2 of modeling， and the mental status， behavior， and body weights of the rats were observed and measured. The wet/dry mass ratio （W/D） of the left lung was measured 30 days after modeling. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was employed to observe the pathological changes in the lung and bronchial tissues. The bronchial mucus secretion and goblet cell proliferation were observed by Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff （AB-PAS） staining. The levels of mucin 5AC （MUC5AC）， interleukin （IL）-13， IL-6， and tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α in the serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of phospholipase A2 （PLA2）， transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 （TRPV1）， and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 （TRPA1） in the lung tissue was quantitatively analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. ResultCompared with the normal group， the model group showcased abnormal mental status and behaviors， bloody secretion in the nose and mouth， the mortality rate of 40%， decreased body weight， severe lung bronchial structure damage， a large number of inflammatory mediators and inflammatory cell infiltration in the tube wall， hyperemia， edema， and fibroplasia， massive proliferation of goblet cells， excessive secretion and accumulation of mucus， stenosis and deformation of the lumen， and aggravation of pulmonary edema （P<0.01）. In addition， the model group had higher levels of MUC5AC， IL-13， IL-6， and TNF-α in the serum and higher expression of PLA2 in the lung tissue than the normal group （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the medication groups showed normal mental status and behaviors， reduced mortality rate， stable weight gain， reduced lung and bronchial injuries， decreased goblet cell proliferation and mucus secretion， and alleviated pulmonary edema （P<0.01）. Furthermore， Linggui Zhugantang lowered the levels of MUC5AC， IL-13， IL-6， and TNF-α in the serum and down-regulated the protein levels of PLA2， TRPV1， and TRPA1 in the lung tissue （P<0.01）. ConclusionLinggui Zhugantang can reduce the pulmonary inflammation and airway mucus hypersecretion in the rat model of chronic bronchitis. It may exert the effects of reducing inflammation and resolving phlegm by regulating the PLA2-TRPV1/TRPA1 pathway.