Background::Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) ranks among the foremost factors responsible for mortality on a global scale. The mortality patterns of CVDs and temporal trends in China need to be well-illustrated and updated.Methods::We collected mortality data on patients with CVD from Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s Disease Surveillance Points (CDC-DSP) system. The mortality of CVD in 2020 was described by age, sex, residence, and region. The temporal trend from 2013 to 2019 was evaluated using joinpoint regression, and estimated rates of decline were extrapolated until 2030 using time series models.Results::In 2019, the age-standardized mortality in China (ASMRC) per 100,000 individuals was 113.2. The ASMRC for males (137.7/10 5) and rural areas (123.0/10 5) were both higher when stratified by gender and urban/rural residence. The central region had the highest mortality (126.5/10 5), the western region had a slightly lower mortality (123.5/10 5), and the eastern region had the lowest mortality (97.3/10 5). The age-specific mortality showed an accelerated upward trend from aged 55-59 years, with maximum mortality observed in individuals over 85 years of age. The age-standardized mortality of CVD decreased by 2.43% (95% confidence interval, 1.02-3.81%) annually from 2013 to 2019. Notably, the age-specific mortality of CVD increased from 2013 to 2019 for the age group of over 85 years. In 2020, both the absolute number of CVD cases and the crude mortality of CVD have increased compared to their values in 2019. The estimated total deaths due to CVD were estimated to reach 2.3 million in 2025 and 2.4 million in 2030. Conclusion::The heightened focus on the burden of CVD among males, rural areas, the central and western of China, and individuals aged 75 years and above has emerged as a pivotal determinant in further decreasing mortalities, consequently presenting novel challenges to strategies for disease prevention and control.

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of postauricular island flap in reconstruction of anterior auricular defect.Methods:Twelve patients with auricular tumors were retrospectively analyzed in the Department of Aesthetic Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. After the tumors were completely removed, the skin defects were repaired with retroauricular island flaps, and the clinical results of the flaps were observed.Results:All the twelve postauricular island flaps were survived postoperatively. One of the flaps had the disorder of blood supply. After puncture with the needle, the congestion was drained out and the flap survived finally. During 1 to 2 years' follow-up, all patients were well satisfied with the surgical results.Conclusions:The posterior auricular island flap in reconstruction of anterior auricular defect has the advantages of simple and easy operation, high survival rate, small scar in the donor area and good aesthetic effect, which is worthy of clinical promotion.

Brasilicardin A (BraA) is a natural diterpene glycoside isolated from the pathogenic actinomycete Nocardia brasiliensis IFM 0406 with highly potent immunosuppressive activity (IC₅₀=0.057 μg/mL). BraA potently inhibits the uptake of amino acids that are substrates for amino acid transport system L of T cells, which is different from the existing clinical immunosuppressants. BraA is more potent in a mouse mixed lymphocyte reaction and less toxic against various human cell lines compared with the known clinical immunosuppressants, such as cyclosporin A, ascomycin and tacrolimus. Therefore, BraA attracted more attention as a new promising immunosuppressant. However, the development of this promising immunosuppressant as drug for medical use is so far hindered because BraA has the unusual and synthetically challenging skeleton and shows the low-yield production in the natural pathogenic producer. This review introduces the molecular structure of BraA, its activity, mechanism of action, chemical synthesis of BraA analogs, heterologous expression of gene cluster, and an application of combining microbial and chemical synthesis for production of BraA, with the aim to facilitate the efficient production of BraA and its analogs.
Animals ; Mice ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents/chemistry* ; Aminoglycosides/pharmacology* ; Cyclosporine/pharmacology* ; Diterpenes

Xanthocillin is a unique natural product with an isonitrile group and shows remarkable antibacterial activity. In this study, the genome of an endophytic fungus Penicillium chrysogenum MT-40 isolated from Huperzia serrata was sequenced, and the gene clusters with the potential to synthesize xanthocillin analogues were mined by local BLAST and various bioinformatics analysis tools. As a result, a biosynthetic gene cluster (named for) responsible for the biosynthesis of xanthocillin analogues was identified by further heterologous expression of the key genes in Aspergillus oryzae NSAR1. Specifically, the ForB catalyzes the synthesis of 2-formamido-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acrylic acid, and the ForG catalyzes the dimerization of 2-formamido-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acrylic acid to produce the xanthocillin analogue N, N'-(1, 4-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) buta-1, 3-diene-2, 3-diyl) diformamide. The results reported here provide a reference for further discovery of xanthocillin analogues from fungi.
Penicillium chrysogenum/genetics* ; Huperzia/microbiology* ; Acrylates ; Multigene Family

Objective:To understand the current situation of physicians′ competency in China and statistically analyze its influencing factors, hence providing referential evidences for promoting their competency.Methods:The evaluation scale for Chinese physicians′ competency was developed by referring to sophisticated overseas evaluation frameworks. Based on the electronic platform of the medical alliance, stratified sampling was conducted at 39 hospitals in 13 provinces, from which 2 156 physicians were surveyed, and statistical analysis was made on the current situation and influential factor of their competency in 6 dimensions(medical knowledge, diagnosis and treatment, scientific research and teaching, interpersonal communication, spirit of professionalism, population health)Results:The score range in multiple dimensions of physicians′ competency was between 2.85 and 3.89(5 in total), among which spirit of professionalism dimension scores the highest, and teaching and research dimension scores the lowest. Logistic regression analysis shows that their competency level in 6 dimensions is correlated to a range of factors, including gender, degree, title, supervisor qualifications, standardized training program of specialist physicians, and affiliation or not to teaching hospitals( P<0.05). Conclusions:Their overall competency is expected to be elevated. To name a few, they are lack of teaching and research abilities, and need to conduct clinical-oriented scientific research; they are expected to enrich knowledge structure, and need to embrace a wider concept of health; they need to improve their non-technical service abilities, and should further emphasize their humanistic quality; physicians′ practice competency depends upon their extent of medical education, and ensuring the quality of standardized training becomes the key measure.

Objective? To apply the evidence related to daytime surgery management and care into clinical practice, enhance the evidence-based compliance in perioperative management for daytime surgery in ophthalmology, and improve the quality of clinical nursing. Methods? Quality control indicators were developed based on the best existing evidence using the clinical evidence practice application of Joanna Briggs Institutions (JBI) from September 2017 to July 2018. Totally 39 nurses and 322 patients were included before the patients were transferred into the daytime ward, and 39 nurses and 345 patients enrolled after the patients were transferred into the daytime ward. The baseline was reviewed, the evidence was applied, and the effects were evaluated after the application of evidence. Results? The implementation rate of 10 quality control indicators after evidence application was improved by 35%-100%, including informational control of waiting time for surgery, intraoperative continuous support, and standardized discharge evaluation. Patients＇ waiting time for surgery was shortened from (178.70±18.34) min to (89.22±12.89) min; their surgical compatibility and discharge readiness were improved from (1.74±0.96) to (2.56±0.66) and from (89.88±11.15) to (94.02±12.96) respectively; their length of hospital stay was shortened from (336.11±29.65) min to (180.08±19.80) min, there were statistically significant differences between the two groups (P＜0.01). Conclusions? The use of the best evidence can improve perioperative management behavior for ophthalmological daytime surgery as well as the quality of clinical care in ophthalmology.

Objective To integrate the best available evidence of preoperative care for ophthalmic patients undergoing day surgery into clinical practice,so as to improve the quality of nursing.Methods This project was performed in an ophthalmic day surgery ward,guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute(JBI)Practice Application of Clinical Evidence System (PACES) program which includes 3 procedures:baseline audit,evidence implementation,and re-audit.Eight audit criteria were made based on evidences from JBI.Twelve nurses and 267 patients were enrolled in baseline audit,and 12 nurses and 234 patients were recruited for re-audit after evidence implementation.Results Six of the audit criteria that nurses showed poor compliance in the baseline audit(0％～28.5％),such as providing preoperative telephone screening and reducing preoperative waiting time through better preparation and planning,were significantly improved in the re-audit(71.43％～100％).The preoperative waiting time was shortened from 109.70±18.34 minutes to 88.22±9.91 minutes;the correct rates of operation-related knowledge in patients increased from 63.0％ to 85.09％;the patients' satisfaction scored 84.23±17.01 in baseline audit and 95.02±7.32 in the re-audit(P＜0.001).Conclusion Application of evidence-based preoperative care of ophthalmic patients undergoing day surgery can improve nurse's behavior and compliance with the implementation of evidence into clinical practice,and increase patient satisfaction.Continuous audits are needed to continuously improve clinical nursing quality.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the feasibility,safety and follow-up results of multiple stents parallel placement and reconstruction technique for treating giant vertebrobasilar dissecting aneurysms.

METHODSFive consecutive patients with giant fusiform vertebrobasilar dissecting aneurysms in Department of Neurology,Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital were retrospectively reviewed from April 2011 to October 2013. All patients were diagnosed vertebrobasilar dissecting aneurysms by MRI and digital subtraction angiography (DSA), the aneurysm size ranged 8.2-15.0 mm. All patients were treated by multiple stents parallel placement and reconstruction technique under general anesthesia. In the endovascular treatment process, 2-3 Solitaire or Neuroform self-expandable stents were parallel implanted in the maximum extension segment of the aneurysms to reconstruct the cavity of the aneurysm and solved the problem that the diameter of the intracranial stent is less than the diameter of the aneurysms. Multiple stents parallel placement can keep the stents stable in the cavity. The parallel stent can close the dissection as well as strengthen the aneurysm walls to alleviate the vessel pulsative compression of the brain stem. Furthermore, one of the parallel stents was selected for the main blood flow channel. Based on the main channel, telescope technique was used to completely covering the dissection. It can not only prevent the progress of dissection to normal regions, but also be helpful for blood flow channel reconstruction to reduce the hemodynamic disorders. All Patients received routine antiplatelet therapy before and after endovascular treatment.

RESULTSThe operative procedures were succeeded in all patients. Five patients were implanted 18 stents (3 stents in 3 patients; 4 stents in 1 patient; 5 stents in 1 patient; parallel 3 stents in 2 patients; parallel 2 stents in 3 patients). The signs and symptoms of brain stem and posterior group of cranial nerves improved significantly. All patients lived and worked normally and had no recurrent symptoms on follow-up of 6-24 months. All patients performed DSA reexamination at 6-12 months postoperation. The aneurysm size lessened in 2 patients and had no change in 3 patients.

CONCLUSIONSMultiple stents parallel placement and reconstruction technique for treating giant fusiform vertebrobasilar dissecting aneurysms is feasible and have good operation safety. It may control the dilatation of the aneurysm and reduce the probability of thrombosis or hemorrhage. It can improve the patients' clinical symptoms and quality of life in short term follow-up. The long term result need for further follow-up.

Objective To understand the available preventive strategies of unplanned endotracheal extubation (UEX) among adult patients.Methods Twelve nurses were in-depth interviewed and data were processed and analyzed using categorization analysis method.Results Major themes were identified as follows:the incidence rate of UEX,tube fixation,efficacious physical restraint,appropriate sedation and training for younger nurses.Conclusions Nursing leaders should further standardize nursing process related to prevention of UEX,strengthen training for nurses,choose appropriate fixation method for patients and promote physical restraint and sedation care to prevent UEX and improve patient clinical outcomes.

Objective To investigate and analyze the current status of adult unplanned endotracheal extubation in China,understand the preventive strategies of unplanned endotracheal extubation,and supply reference for future research.Methods All publications concerning unplanned endotracheal extubation from CBMdisc,CNKI and Wangfang Database were analyzed by establishing the reference manage and appraisal databases with Noteexpress and SPSS software.Results The publications concerning unplanned endotracheal extubation grew steadily year by year.The major study type was case series report(36.4％)followed by review(16.7％) and experience introduction(14.6％).Most literature focused on risk factors,preventing strategies,patients' outcomes and so on.Lacking of effective physical restraint and patients' anxious were the most common factors leading to unplanned endotracheal extubation.Conclusions Unplanned endotracheal extubation has got much attention from the clinical faculties recently.However,the domestic researchers focused on this topic lacked strict research design and efficient statistical methods.So it is imperative to develop the best practice information sheet for preventing unplanned endotracheal extubation by evidenced-based and scientific method.