Objective To assess and understand the service capabilities and existing problems of radiation health technical service institutions in Jiangsu Province, China, and provide a basis for improving in-process and post-process supervision as well as enhancing radiation health technical service capabilities. Methods Thirty radiation health technical service institutions in Jiangsu Province were selected as quality monitoring objects from the National Occupational Health Technical Service Institution Management Information System. Evaluations were conducted using a standardized national assessment checklist, and a comprehensive risk assessment was performed by combining the results of laboratory test capability comparisons. Results The 30 institutions all passed the quality monitoring, with an average score of （76.62 ± 5.07）. Comprehensive risk assessment identified 8 (26.67%) high-risk institutions, 22 (73.33%) medium-risk institutions, and 0 (0%) low-risk institutions. Conclusion The overall service quality of radiation health technical service institutions in Jiangsu Province is acceptable. However, further training and supervision are needed to improve technical service capacity and reduce service risks.

Objective:To study the risk and pattern of deaths caused by various diseases in the population and in the case of long-term occupational X-ray exposure.Methods:Using a combination of retrospective and prospective cohort research methods, an exposure group of medical X-ray diagnostic workers who worked in the radiology department of Jiangsu Provincial Hospital between 1950 and 1980 and a control group of medical workers from other departments who did not work with radiolog during the same period in the same hospital were selected to form a study cohort. The cumulative number of person years of observation in the cohort during 1950-2011 was calculated, and the Cox regression model was used to calculate the risk of deaths of medical X-ray diagnostic workers for various diseases through adjusting sex, attained age, birth age, and starting working age.Results:A total of 6 953 follow-up visits was completed to the cohort, including 3 649 in the radiation group and 3 304 in the control group, with a total of 347 362 person years of observation. There were 2 099 deaths in the cohort as of December 31, 2021. Cox regression results showed that diseases with a significantly higher risk of death in the radiation group compared with the control group were: all-cancer ( RR=1.20, 95% CI: 1.04-1.39, Z=2.56, P<0.05, including lung cancer RR=1.52, 95% CI: 1.17-1.98, Z=3.10, P<0.01, and pancreatic cancer RR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.11-3.46, Z=2.31, P<0.05); diseases of the circulatory system ( RR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.06-1.57, Z=2.58, P<0.01); endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases ( RR=1.90, 95% CI: 1.06-3.42, Z=2.14, P<0.05). Stratified analyses showed that, of male workers, the radiation group had an increased risk of death caused by all-cancer and lung cancer ( Z=3.50, 2.92, P<0.01); of the age group at starting ages 26 to 30, the radiation group had an increased risk of death distributed to circulatory diseases ( Z=2.06, P<0.05); and in the age group at attained ages elder than 61 years, the radiation group had an increased risk of death distributed to all cancers, lung cancer, and circulatory diseases ( Z=2.90-4.31, P<0.01). Conclusions:As has been shown, threre is an increasing risk of death distributed to lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and circulatory diseases in medical X-ray diagnostic workers in Jiangsu province. Further in-depth research in related areas may be conducted in the future.

Objective To analyze the external radiation dose rate and radiation protection measures during treatment of a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who underwent ⁹⁰Y selective internal radiotherapy (⁹⁰Y-SIRT). Methods A male HCC patient who received ⁹⁰Y-SIRT with an activity of 4.65×10⁹ Bq was selected as the research subject using retrospective analysis. External radiation dose rate meters were used to detect ambient dose equivalent rates around the radiation worker, the HCC patient, and the workplace during treatment. Surface contamination meters were used to detect surface contamination levels of the radiation worker and the workplace. Results The ambient dose equivalent rate around the interventional radiology staff during treatment ranged from 3.7 to 39.0 μSv/h. The patient's ambient dose equivalent rate of surgical site at distances of 30, 100, and 200 cm ranged from 45.0 to 5.6, 4.4 to 0.4, and 0.4 to 0.1 μSv/h respectively without protection, and 14.0 to 3.4, 3.2 to 0.3, and 0.4 to 0.1 μSv/h respectively when the surgical site was covered with a 1.0 mmPb lead rubber drape after 0.0 to 161.0 hours of the surgery. In the nuclear medicine department, ambient dose equivalent rate of the workplace ranged from 0.4 to 740.0 μSv/h. The ambient dose equivalent rate around all monitoring points in the digital subtraction angiography operating room accounted at 0.1 μSv/h, and the observation ward ranged from 0.1 to 0.2 μSv/h. The β surface contamination levels of the radiation worker and workplace were below the minimum detection limit (0.16 Bq/cm²). Conclusion Radiation doses for both HCC patients and radiation worker remained within acceptable limits when appropriate protective equipment was used. A well-designed workplace layout is essential to ensure effective implementation of radiation protection.

Objective:To study the risk and pattern of deaths caused by various diseases in the population and in the case of long-term occupational X-ray exposure.Methods:Using a combination of retrospective and prospective cohort research methods, an exposure group of medical X-ray diagnostic workers who worked in the radiology department of Jiangsu Provincial Hospital between 1950 and 1980 and a control group of medical workers from other departments who did not work with radiolog during the same period in the same hospital were selected to form a study cohort. The cumulative number of person years of observation in the cohort during 1950-2011 was calculated, and the Cox regression model was used to calculate the risk of deaths of medical X-ray diagnostic workers for various diseases through adjusting sex, attained age, birth age, and starting working age.Results:A total of 6 953 follow-up visits was completed to the cohort, including 3 649 in the radiation group and 3 304 in the control group, with a total of 347 362 person years of observation. There were 2 099 deaths in the cohort as of December 31, 2021. Cox regression results showed that diseases with a significantly higher risk of death in the radiation group compared with the control group were: all-cancer ( RR=1.20, 95% CI: 1.04-1.39, Z=2.56, P<0.05, including lung cancer RR=1.52, 95% CI: 1.17-1.98, Z=3.10, P<0.01, and pancreatic cancer RR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.11-3.46, Z=2.31, P<0.05); diseases of the circulatory system ( RR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.06-1.57, Z=2.58, P<0.01); endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases ( RR=1.90, 95% CI: 1.06-3.42, Z=2.14, P<0.05). Stratified analyses showed that, of male workers, the radiation group had an increased risk of death caused by all-cancer and lung cancer ( Z=3.50, 2.92, P<0.01); of the age group at starting ages 26 to 30, the radiation group had an increased risk of death distributed to circulatory diseases ( Z=2.06, P<0.05); and in the age group at attained ages elder than 61 years, the radiation group had an increased risk of death distributed to all cancers, lung cancer, and circulatory diseases ( Z=2.90-4.31, P<0.01). Conclusions:As has been shown, threre is an increasing risk of death distributed to lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and circulatory diseases in medical X-ray diagnostic workers in Jiangsu province. Further in-depth research in related areas may be conducted in the future.

Objective To investigate the basic situation and occupational health conditions of nuclear medicine radiation workers in Jiangsu Province based on the research protocol developed by the Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences for the nationwide study on the health effects of nuclear medicine radiation in China, understand the impact of occupational radiation on the physical health of nuclear medicine radiation workers, and provide a basis for improving the occupational protection of nuclear medicine radiation workers and reducing the risk of occupational radiation-related health issues. Methods A census approach was used to collect general data and occupational health information of nuclear medicine radiation workers in Jiangsu Province. The analysis focused on the abnormalities in physical examination indicators among radiation workers of different genders, ages, and working years to evaluate the health effects of occupational radiation exposure. Results The occupational health examination data of 472 nuclear medicine radiation workers were collected from 76 medical institutions in Jiangsu Province. The results showed that the detection rate of abnormal hypothyroidism in female workers (8.90%) was higher than that in male workers (2.54%) (P=0.028). With increasing working years, the detection rates of cataract and continuous decrease in white blood cell count increased (P＜0.001). The multivariate logistic regression identified working years as a risk factor for cataract and continuous decrease in white blood cell count (OR=1.59, 95%CI=1.40-3.35, P=0.0003; OR=4.15, 95%CI=3.11-29.91, P=0.0001). In addition, working years was also a risk factor for hypertension, fatty liver, and tumor (OR=2.28, 95%CI=1.51-3.47, P=8.76 × 10⁻⁵; OR=1.69, 95%CI=1.10-2.58, P=0.0145; OR=2.04, 95%CI=1.00-4.16, P=0.0469). Conclusion The study found that working in nuclear medicine could increase the risk of various radiation-related diseases, and the risk is influenced by factors such as working years.

Objective To investigate the basic situation and occupational health conditions of nuclear medicine radiation workers in Jiangsu Province based on the research protocol developed by the Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences for the nationwide study on the health effects of nuclear medicine radiation in China, understand the impact of occupational radiation on the physical health of nuclear medicine radiation workers, and provide a basis for improving the occupational protection of nuclear medicine radiation workers and reducing the risk of occupational radiation-related health issues. Methods A census approach was used to collect general data and occupational health information of nuclear medicine radiation workers in Jiangsu Province. The analysis focused on the abnormalities in physical examination indicators among radiation workers of different genders, ages, and working years to evaluate the health effects of occupational radiation exposure. Results The occupational health examination data of 472 nuclear medicine radiation workers were collected from 76 medical institutions in Jiangsu Province. The results showed that the detection rate of abnormal hypothyroidism in female workers (8.90%) was higher than that in male workers (2.54%) (P=0.028). With increasing working years, the detection rates of cataract and continuous decrease in white blood cell count increased (P＜0.001). The multivariate logistic regression identified working years as a risk factor for cataract and continuous decrease in white blood cell count (OR=1.59, 95%CI=1.40-3.35, P=0.0003; OR=4.15, 95%CI=3.11-29.91, P=0.0001). In addition, working years was also a risk factor for hypertension, fatty liver, and tumor (OR=2.28, 95%CI=1.51-3.47, P=8.76 × 10⁻⁵; OR=1.69, 95%CI=1.10-2.58, P=0.0145; OR=2.04, 95%CI=1.00-4.16, P=0.0469). Conclusion The study found that working in nuclear medicine could increase the risk of various radiation-related diseases, and the risk is influenced by factors such as working years.

Objective To investigate the implementation status and problem of WS 582-2017 Specifications for Testing of Quality Control in X and γ Ray Stereotactic Radiotherapy System (hereinafter refer to as "WS 582-2017") in Jiangsu Province since it was published, and evaluate the scientific, rational, applicable, and operational aspects of the standard. Methods A total of 122 professionals from 54 medical institutions, radiation health technical service institutions, and health supervision institutions in Jiangsu Province who were involved in the use of WS 582-2017 were selected as the research subjects using a judgmental sampling method. A survey was conducted on the implementation of the standard, technical content, implementation effects, opinions and suggestions on the standard and implementation work. Results The WS 582-2017 awareness rate was 76.2%, and the training participation rate was 62.4%. Among the 93 individuals who were aware of WS 582-2017, 92.5% believed that the standard was scientifically rigorous, 73.1% believed that the standard was highly operational, 96.8% believed that the standard was consistent with relevant regulations and standards, 87.1% believed that the standard played an important role in promoting the optimization of radiation protection in radiotherapy, 89.2% believed that the standard played an important role in standardizing the quality control inspection of radiotherapy equipment, and 86.0% believed that the standard played an important role in improving the professional competence of relevant technical personnel. The tracking evaluation score of the standard in Jiangsu Province was 81.9 points. Conclusion The overall implementation of WS 582-2017 in Jiangsu Province is good, with good scientific and operational technical content and great implementation effects. But the content of the standard needs to be further improved, and training needs to be strengthened to increase the awareness of the standard.

Objective To evaluate the implementation, application, problems, and suggestions associated with the WS 262-2017 Specification for Testing of Quality Control in γ-Ray Sources Afterloading Brachytherapy among radiation workers in Jiangsu Province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for further revision and implementation of this standard. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among employees of public and private institutions involved in radiation health technology services, radiation health supervision, and medical services in Jiangsu Province who carried out afterloading testing, supervision, and treatment. The survey primarily focused on the implementation status, technical content, and implementation effect of WS 262-2017, and the results were summarized and analyzed. Results A total of 185 valid questionnaires were collected, and 73.5% of the respondents were aware of the standard. Among the respondents who were aware of the standard, 29.4% did not participate in relevant training, and 41.2% did not use or infrequently used the standard. Moreover, 94.1% of survey respondents considered the standard to be scientifically robust and free of issues, 88.6% responded that the main technical content of the standard was highly operable, and 97.8% agreed that the main content of the standard was coordinated and consistent with relevant regulatory standards. In addition, 88.6%, 90.8%, and 87.0% of survey respondents reported that this standard provided significant assistance and played an important role in optimizing radiation protection, quality control and testing of radiation therapy equipment, and improving professional skills for technical personnel. Conclusion Radiation workers in Jiangsu Province have a high awareness rate of WS 262-2017 and believe that this standard is scientifically rigorous and plays an important role. There is no need for revision, but relevant departments should strengthen the promotion and training concerning the standard.

Objective:To investigate WS 582-2017 Specifications for testing of quality control in X and γ ray stereotactic radiotherapy system (hereinafter referred to as WS 582-2017) with respect to its current status, existing problems and evaluation since its implementation in Beijing, Chongqing, Jiangsu and Sichuan. Methods:The evaluation of this standard was carried out by means of field survey, questionnaire survey and expert seminar. In accordance with the WS 582-2017 implementation assessment programme, a total of 153 professionals involved in the implementation of WS 582-2017 from 80 radiological health technical service institutions, health supervision institutions and medical institutions of two municipalities and two provinces were surveyed in 2023. The investigation was carried out by using a combination of cluster sampling and stratified sampling and through sampling professionals with of different institution characteristics and different technical titles. The general survey method was used for Jiangsu province, while the cluster sampling method was used for others, with 153 individulas from 80 institutions being sampled for the investigation.Results:The awareness rate of WS 582-2017 was 80.39%, of which 90.85% considered it to be scientific and rigorous, 81.05% considered it to be operational and 97.39% considered it to be in consistency with the relevant regulatory standards, 90.20% considerd it to have played an important role in promoting radiological protection optimization for radiotherapy, 90.85% considered the implementation of it to have played a significant role in the quality control of standarded testing of radiotherapy equipment, and 86.93% considered the implementation of it to have played a significant role in enhancing the professional competence of relevant technicians.Conclusions:The overall implementation of WS 582-2017 in two municipalities and two provinces is good, with scientific and operable technical contents and the remarkable effect achieved in its implementation. However, the WS 582-2017 needs to be further improved in some areas, and training on the standard needs to be strengthened to improve the awareness rate of it.

Objective:To investigate the effects of long-term X-ray radiation exposure on the tumor risk of medical X-ray workers in Jiangsu province, and to provide a scientific basis for the development of occupational protection policies and the improvement of workers′ health.Methods:By using a combination of retrospective and prospective cohort research method, the medical diagnostic X-ray workers who worked in the radiology department of all hospitals in Jiangsu province between 1950 and 1980 were selected as the radiology group.In the meantime medical personnel in internal medicine, otorhinolaryngology, pediatrics and other medical departments who had not been engaged in radiology during the same period of time at the same hospital were selected as the control group to form a survey cohort. The cumulative number of person-years of observation of the cohort during 1950-2011 was calculated, and the relative risk of various malignant tumors among medical X-ray workers was calculated by using Cox regression model after adjusting for sex, attained age, year of birth, and year of work initiation.Results:A total of 6 954 follow-ups was completed for the cohort, including 3 649 in the irradiation group and 3 305 in the control group, totally 340 483 person-years of observation. As of December 31, 2021, there were 1 328 patients with malignant tumors in this cohort. Cox regression result showed that compared with the control group, the irradiation group who had developed lung cancer ( RR=1.60, 95% CI 1.24-2.08), lymphoma ( RR =4.28, 95% CI 1.54-11.93), solid cancer ( RR =1.17, 95% CI 1.04-1.31), and total cancer ( RR =1.29, 95% CI 1.14-1.46) had significantly higher relative risks ( Z=3.56, 2.78, 2.71, 3.96, P<0.05). Stratified analyses showed that the risks of lung, lymphoma, solid and total cancers were higher in the radiation group than in the control group for males and for those who arrived at the age of 61 years or older ( χ2=6.70-33.86, P<0.05). The risks of lung, solid and total cancers were higher in the radiation group than in the control group for those who started to work in the age group of 21 to 25 years ( χ2=6.46, 6.16, 5.62, P<0.05). Conclusions:The relative risks of lung, lymphoma, solid and total cancers among medical X-ray workers in Jiangsu province are significantly higher, suggesting that attention should be paid to strengthening radiation protection for radiation workers in their radiological practices.